外研社八年级英语Module 4 Section 2 Words and Expressions.doc

MODULE 4 Education
Part 2: Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 2: Words and Expressions
1. nearly
adv. 1. 差不多；几乎 almost, not quite: I'm nearly as clever as you. 我快赶上你那么聪明了。 It's nearly five o'clock. 差不多五点钟了。 I nearly fell off my bike. 我几乎从自行车上摔下来。 Nearly everyone knows it. 几乎每个人都知道这个。 2. 密切地；亲密地 closely: The matter nearly concerns me. 这件事与我有密切关系。 They are nearly related. 他们的关系非常密切。
2. language
n. 语言 how people talk; speaking: How many languages do you speak? 你会说几种（或国）语言？ English is a modern language and Latin is an old language. 英语是现代语言，拉丁语是古老的语言。 These languages belong to the Latin family. 这些语言都是属于拉丁语族的。 A foreign language is a useful tool. 外语是有用的工具。 German was his native language. 德语是他的母语。 The Chinese language is very difficult. 汉语是很难（学）的。 bad language 粗话；骂人的话 a dead language 死的语言 the English language 英语 living language 活的语言 medical language 医学用语 the spoken language 口语，口头语 strong language 极不客气的（或骂人的）话 the written language 笔语；书面语 the language of bees 蜜蜂的语言 the language of science 科学用语 the languages of Europe 欧洲各种语言
3. since
adv. 1. 从那时以来 from then until now: I saw him in June, but we haven't met since. 我在六月见到过他，从那以后我们未见过面。 He has looked for a job ever since. 他打那一直在找工作。 2. 过去至现在的一段时间 at the same time between then and now: Mr. Li was ill last week but has since recovered. 李先生上星期病了，后来就痊愈了。 3. 以前；在现在以前 ago; before now: The word has long since been out of use. 此字老早以前就无人使用了。 ever since 从那时起一直到现在 Jack went to Canada in 1974 and has lived there ever since. 杰克于一九七四年去加拿大，从那时起到现在一直住在那里。
conj. 1. 从…以来；…以后 from the time when: What have you been doing since I saw you last? 自从我上次看到你以来，你做什么了？ He has been in the army since he left school. 他离开学校以来一直在部队里。 He has devoted himself to teaching since he graduated from the college in 1962. 他一九六二年大学毕业以后一直献身教学工作。 2. 因为；既然 because; as: Since I have no money, I can't buy any food. 因为我没钱，所以不能买任何食品。 We don't know much about the appearance of the surface of Antarctica, since it is covered with ice more than two miles thick in some places. 我们对南极洲的地面形状了解不多，因为在这个洲有些地面覆盖着两英里多厚的冰层。 Since we're League members, we should set a good example to others. 既然我们是团员，我们就应该给别人做个好榜样。 Since we have no money, it's no good thinking about a holiday. 既然我们没有钱，考虑度假有什么用。 3. 从…以来；自从 in all the time after: She has been ill since last Sunday. 上星期日以来，她一直在生病。 He has eaten nothing since yesterday. 自从昨天以来他没吃过东西。 Since my last letter I have heard from him twice. 自从我上次写信给他以后，我已经收到他两封信了。
4. sound
n. 1. 声音,音响 the sound of voices 人声 a musical sound 乐声,悦耳的声音 a vowel sound 母音 Not a sound was heard. 一点声音都没听到。 Sound travels in waves. 声音成波状传播。 2. [用单数; 常与修饰语 (短语) 连用] 声音,调子; (声音、言语的) 回响,感觉,印象 a joyful [mournful]sound 高兴[悲伤]的声音 This sentence has a queer sound. 这个句子听起来怪得很。 I don't like the sound of it. 我不喜欢那个调调。 3. (无意义的) 噪音,嘈杂声,闹声 sound and fury 噪音与愤怒 It has much sound but no [little] sense. 它声音很大,但没有 [少有] 意义。 4. 声音听得见的范围[距离] within sound of... 在听得见…的范围[距离]以内
adj. 录音材料的 <唱片、影片等>
vi. 1. 发出声音,响,鸣响 The bell sounded. 钟响了。 Some of the keys on that piano won't sound. 那架钢琴上有些键按不响。 2. [对…]听起来像,看似,似乎[to] "Rough" and "ruff" sound the same. rough. 与 ruff 的发音听起来一样。 That excuse sounds queer. 那个藉口似乎有点怪。 Her explanation sounds all right (to me). 她的解释 (在我听来) 似乎没有问题。 strange as it may sound 也许听起来奇怪 I suppose the story sounds absurd to you. 我想这故事在你听起来是荒谬的。 3. [对…而言] [像…] 声音, 听起来 [像…] [to][like] It sounded like thunder. 它听起来像雷声。 I must sound like a fool to you. 在你看来,我一定像个傻瓜。 That sounds like a lot of fun. 它听起来好像很有趣。 4. [在…听来] 好像 [犹如, <像…> 的口气] 令人觉得[to] It sounded (tome) as if the roof was falling in. 那声音在我听来犹如屋顶塌下来了 (一般) 。 It sounds to me as if somebody is calling you. (那声音) 在我听来像是有人在叫你。 He sounds like he is a great scholar. ((美口语)) (听他说话的口气) 他好像是位伟大的学者。
vt. 1. 吹响 <喇叭等> sound a trumpet 吹喇叭 2. 念出<文字>,发…的音 The 'h' in 'honest' is not sounded. honest的 h 是不发音的。 3. (以钟声、喇叭、打鼓等) 通知,发…的信号; 鸣 <警报等> sound one's horn 鸣 (汽车) 喇叭 sound a [the] retreat 发出撤退信号 4. 传播<名声等> He sounded her praises far and wide. 他四处赞美她。 5. 【医】叩诊,听诊 <胸部>
5. still
adj. 1. 无声的；不动的 not moving or making any sound: The air is so still that the smoke is rising straight up from the fire. 空气静止不动，烟从火上垂直升起。 There was no wind and the trees were still. 没有风，树也不动。 The Swede stood quite still. 那个瑞典人站着一动也不动。 2. 寂静的；平静的（略带感情色彩） without noise, quiet: How still everything is! There's not a sound to be heard. 多么宁静呀！一点声音也没有。 All sounds are still. 万籁俱寂。
adv. 1. 静止不动；寂静地 without moving or making any sound; quietly: Please sit still while I cut your hair. 请坐好别动，我给你理发。 That child can't keep still for a moment. 这孩子一会儿也坐不住。 2. 到那时还；那时仍然 up to then and at that time: When I left the fire was still burning. 当我离开的时候，火还在燃烧。 Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 到那时他还在那里呢，还是可能已经走了？ When I saw John, he was still working. 我看见约翰的时候他还在工作。 3. 还要；更 even; more: We must make it still better. 我们要使我们的生活更加美好。 Mary is young but Edith is still younger. 玛丽年轻，伊迪丝更年轻。 We've done well, but we must do still better. 我们做得不错，但是我们还要做得更好。 A still brighter future lies ahead. 更美好的未来呈现在我们面前。 4. 至今还；现在还 up to now; even now: He is still here. 他还在这儿。 I can't go because I'm still busy. 我不能去，因为现在还很忙。 But my neck is still cold. 但是我的脖子仍然很冷。 He is still busy; he has not finished his work yet. 他还是忙得很；他还没有完成他的工作呢。 "Has he woken up yet?" "No, he's still asleep." “他醒了吗？”“没有，他还在睡。” still more (less, fewer, further, etc.) 更多（少，远）
conj. 但是；不过 but; however: I don't want to get up; still, it's time for going to work. 我不想起床，但是，是上班的时候了。 The boy works hard; still he never seems tired. 那个男孩工作很努力，然而他好像从来不觉得疲倦。
n. 1. （诗）沉寂；寂静 (poet.) complete silence He liked to walk in the still of the night. 他喜欢在夜深人静时散步。 2. （广告用的）剧照 a single photograph, esp. One taken from a motion picture and used in publicity
vt. 1. 使安静；使平静 make quiet: The mother stilled the crying baby. 母亲使哭泣的婴儿平静下来。 The people prayed that the storm might be stilled. 人们祈祷暴风雨能平息。 2. 静止；平静 become calm or quiet: As the violinist prepared to play, the audience stilled. 当小提琴手准备演奏时，全场静下来。
6. describe
vt. 1. 描写；描绘；形容 say what something or someone is like: She described the man she had seen. 她描述她看见过的那个人的模样。 He described his journey at full length. 他详细地介绍了他的旅程。 This paragraph describes how the young man struggled bravely against the strong waves. 这一段描写那个年轻人怎样同恶浪英勇搏斗。 Would you describe that lady as beautiful or handsome? 你看那位妇女是漂亮还是端正？ He was described as being very clever. 人家说他非常聪明。 2. 作图；画；绘 mark out; draw: Describe a circle on the floor with a piece of chalk. 用根粉笔在地板上画个圆。
7. point
n. 1. 尖；尖端 thin, sharp end: I'm putting a point on this stick. 我在把这根棍子削出尖儿来。 It looks like the point of a needle. 它象是针尖。 2. 点 dot(.): Do you see this point on the map? 你看见地图上这一点了吗？ 3. 地点；时刻 certain place or time: At this point the car stopped. 车子停在此地。 We are on the point of leaving. 我们刚好要离去。 It started to rain and, at that point, we went home. 就在开始下雨的那会儿，我们回家了。 4. 要点；目的 most important idea; purpose: He came to the point at once. 他一下子就说到了点子上。 The point of going to school is to learn. 上学的目的是学习。 5. （比赛中所得的）分 mark that you win in a game or sport: Our team scored five points. 我们队得了五分。 6. 度；程度；阶段 a stage; a degree: The temperature fell down two points. 气温下降了两度。
v. 1. 瞄准；指向（枪、手指等） aim or direct (a gun, finger, etc.) at an object: A boy pointed a toy pistol at me. 一个男孩用玩具手枪对准我。 2. 指；指向 show with your finger, arm, stick, etc. where something is: I asked where the bank was and he pointed across the road. 我问银行在哪儿，他指了指马路对面。 I pointed it out to him. 我向他指出了这一点。 3. 使尖；使锐利 to shape a point, sharpen: The father taught his son how to point a pencil. 父亲教儿子怎样削铅笔。
8. drop
n. 1. [C] 滴 very small spot of liquid, etc: There's not a drop left. 一滴也不剩。 I felt one or two drops of rain on my face. 我感到有一两滴雨水落在我脸上。 2. [C] 少量的液体 a small quantity of liquid: I have not taken a drop of water. 我一点水都没喝。 3. [C] 急剧下降，下跌 a sudden fall or descent: There was a sudden drop in the temperature. 温度急剧下降。 We should welcome a drop in prices. 我们应当欢迎价格下跌。 4. [C] 下降的距离 the distance through which something falls: The falls have a drop of 3,000 feet. 飞流直下三千尺。
vi. 1. 落下；掉下 fall: He dropped to the ground, wounded. 他受伤了，倒在地上。 My watch dropped out of my pocket. 我的表从口袋里掉了出来。 2. 降低；下降 become or make lower in amount, degree, etc: The temperature suddenly dropped to zero (40°below zero) C. 气温突然下降到了零度（零下四十度）。
vt. 1. 使落下；（失手）落下 let something fall: From the top of the tower Galileo dropped a light ball and a heavy ball at exactly the same time. 伽利略从塔顶上让一个轻球和一个重球准确地在同一时间里自由落下。 He dropped his bag (book, hat, etc.). 他把提包（书籍，帽子）掉在地上了。 The old man dropped his head. 老人低下了头。 Gordon dropped the cup and it broke. 戈登把杯子掉下打破了。 The nurse is dropping medicine. 护士在点药水。 He dropped two letters into a post box. 他把两封信投入了邮筒。 I dropped it between my house and the station. 我在从家里到车站的路途中遗失了此物。 2. 让某人下车 set a person down from vehicle: Shall I drop you at your house? 我让你在你家门口下车，好吗？ 3. 停止；终止 stop doing something: I have dropped my music lessons. 我已经停上音乐课了。 4. 略去；遗漏 omit; fail to pronounce, write or insert: Don't drop the "g" in "dancing" and "walking". 不要在"dancing"和"walking"两词中漏掉"g"。 5. 降低；变弱 become lower or weaker: The wind dropped down. 风小了。
9. important
adj. 1. 重要的；显要的 powerful; special: Maths and physics are very important. 数学和物理都很重要。 It is very important to keep your teeth in good condition. 保护牙齿完好是很重要的。 Question-and-answer drills are important when you are learning a foreign language. 当你学习一种外国语言时，问答练习是很重要的。 We think it very important to grasp the spirit of a foreign language in order to use it freely. 我们认为对一种外语要做到运用自如，重要的是要抓住它的本质。 Shanghai is an important industrial base for our country. 上海是我国一个重要的工业基地。 2. 重要人物 a person of importance: Which parent is more important in the first year of life? 在出生后的第一年，父亲与母亲哪一位更重要？ He is important at court. 他在宫中是个举足轻重的人物。
10. ill
adj. 1. 生病的；不健康的 sick, with bad health: Jill is in bed because she is ill. 吉尔生病卧床了。 I was ill all summer. 我病了一夏天。 "My mother's ill this week." "So's my sister." “这个星期我妈病了。”——“我姐姐也病了。” I was ill yesterday. 我昨天病了。 He was ill for three years before he died. 他生了三年病，后来就死了。 He has been ill for a long time. 他病了很久了。 2. 坏的 bad: He is an ill man. 他是个坏人。 He has an ill temper. 他脾气不好。
n. 1. 恶事 evil; harm; wickedness; a wrongful action: I don't know whether the outcome will be for good or for ill. 我不知道结果是好是坏。 2. 困境；灾难 an unfavorable circumstance; difficulty 3. 不幸 misfortunes: He suffers great ills. 他遭受很大不幸。
adv. 1. 坏地，不利地 badly: The child has been ill treated. 这孩子受到虐待。 2. 几乎不；不充分 hardly; not enough: It becomes ill you to do so. 你这样做是挺不合适的。 I can ill afford the time. 我抽不出时间。
11. project
n. 1. [C] 计划,企画 form [draw up] a project 订计划 2. [C] (大规模的) 事业,企业 3. [C] <美>国民住宅 (housing project)
vt. 1. 计划,企划 project a new dam 计划建造新水坝 2. 预料,预估,预算 project expenditures for the next year 预估明年的经费 3. 投出,发射[into] A multistage rocket projects missiles into space. 多段式火箭把导弹发射至空中。 4. 投射 <光、影等> [于…],放映<电影等>[于…][on, onto] The tall oak projected a long shadow on the ground. 那棵高大的橡树在地上投下长影。 The film was projected onto the screen. 电影放映在银幕上。 5. 表现,反映,传达 <感想、思想等> He projected his view of the world upon the events in his novel. 他把自己的世界观反映在小说的事件中。 6. [~ oneself]传达自己的想法 7. 把 <心、想象> 放置[于…][into] You must project your mind into the situation. 你必须设身处地考虑该情况。 8. [~ oneself]站在…的立场[into] He tried to project himself into the hero's situation. 他试着站在主角的立场上思考问题。 9. (尤指) 把 <不好的态度、想法> 投射 [于他人] [onto, on, upon] He projects his hostility onto others. 他对他人满怀敌意。 10. 【数学.地图】投影 11. 以投影法 [平面图法] 描绘 [绘制] 12. 伸出 <舌头等>
vi. 1. 突出[于…] [into, over] The breakwater projects far into the sea. 防波堤一直伸向远处的海面。 2. 传达 (思想) 3. 投射 (感情)
12. raise
vt. 1. 举起；抬起；提起 put up, lift something or someone up: They raise glasses to the friendship between the two peoples. 他们举杯为两国人民的友谊干杯。 This weight is too heavy; I can't raise it. 这东西太重，我举不起来。 He raised the lid and looked into the box. 他掀开盖子，往盒子里瞧了瞧。 Raise your arm to get permission to speak. 举手争取发言权。 2. 提高；增加 make prices, wages, etc. higher: Salaries have now been raised. 现在薪水已增加了。 The level of our scientific research has been raised. 我们的科研水平有了提高。 The price was raised to ￡10. 价格涨到十英镑。 3. 饲养 keep animals, to make young animals: They increased their income by raising silkworms and so on. 他们靠养蚕等增加了收入。 He is a farmer and raises horses. 他是农民，又养马。 4. 养育 have and bring up children: raise a family (rear a family) 抚养子女 They are proud to have raised such a fine son. 养育这样一个好儿子他们感到很自豪。 5. 种植；种 grow plants: The farmer raises chickens and corn. 农夫养鸡和种植玉米。 We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year. 今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。 6. 弄到；筹集 fetch something; bring something together: We had great difficulty in raising the money. 我筹集这笔钱有很大困难。 7. 提出 bring forward for consideration; present: She raised a very important question at the meeting. 她在会上提出一个非常重要的问题。 Why didn't you raise the question at the meeting? 这问题你怎么没在会上提出来？ 8. 提高声音；使被听到；大声说出 make (one's voice) louder; cause to be heard; say (something ) in a loud voice: The gang raised the roof with their singing. 这帮人大喊大叫，好像要掀翻屋顶似的。 The leader raised his voice so that we could all hear. 领袖放大了嗓门，以便我们都听得见。
n. 量之增加；（尤用于美）提高薪资 an increase in amount, a rise in wages: He got a raise in his monthly wages. 他的月薪增加了。 The two brothers made quite a raise in the California mines. 两兄弟在加利福尼亚矿区搞到一笔钱。
13. rural
adj. 1. (对都市 (urban) 而言的) 乡下的,乡村的,田园的,乡村风味的,有乡村气息的 rural life 田园 [乡村] 生活 a rural scene 田园景色 We are now in rural seclusion. 我们目前过着乡村隐居生活。 2. (无比较级、最高级)农业的 rural economy 农业经济
14. area
n. 1. [C] 区域；地区 part of a country; part of the world: This is a redevelopment area. 这是个重新开发区。 the desert areas of North Africa 北非沙漠地区 Some areas of the town are dirty. 这个城里的一些地区很脏。 A park is a large area with trees and grass. 公园是一个有树木和草地的大片地方。 2. [U] 面积 size of a flat place: If a room is 3 metres wide by 3 metres long its area is 9 square metres. 如果一个房间是三米宽三米长，它的面积就是九平方米。 Our school covers an area of 300 mu. 我们学校占地三百亩。 The farm covers a large area. 这农场面积很大。
15. abroad
adv. 出国；在国外 to or in another country or other countries: Guy came back to Scotland after studying abroad. 盖伊在国外学习后回到了苏格兰。 He is going abroad for his holiday this year. 今年他将要到国外度假。 He has gone abroad. 他已经出国了。 letters for abroad 寄往国外的信 letters from abroad 来自国外的信 get abroad 外传 at home and abroad: inside and outside country 在国内外 We must grasp the situation at home and abroad. 我们必须了解国内外形势。
16. lucky
adj. 有好运的 having good luck: You're lucky to own a car. 你有一辆小汽车真幸运。 We were lucky enough to catch the last bus. 我们真幸运，赶上了末班公共汽车。 John is lucky to get that job. 约翰真幸运，找到了那个工作。
17. electricity
n. [U] 电，电流 power that come