英语专四语法-限定词PPT课件.ppt

DETERMINER1 1.Warming-upexerciseMyhandwashurt.Couldyoudo_typingforme?Myhandwashurt.Couldyoudo_typingforme?a.someb.manyc.suchd.anya.someb.manyc.suchd.anyMostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe_thingsMostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe_thingsassociatedwitharelaxingholiday.associatedwitharelaxingholiday.a.anyb.anotherc.somed.othera.anyb.anotherc.somed.other_boxerwasstrong,but_hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet._boxerwasstrong,but_hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet.a.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/alla.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/allWehad_goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.Wehad_goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.a.suchab.suchc.sod.prettya.suchab.suchc.sod.prettyForyoungpeople,Carpenteris_singer.Foryoungpeople,Carpenteris_singer.a.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.theirmostpopulard.mosta.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.theirmostpopulard.mostpopularoftheirpopularoftheir_feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework._feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework.a.Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwomana.Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwoman 2 2.英语的限定词包括：定冠词（DefiniteArticle），不定冠词（IndefiniteArticle），零冠词（ZeroArticle）物主限定词（PossessiveDeterminer）：my，your，his，her，our，your，their，ones，its名词属格（GenitiveNoun）：Johns，myfriends指示限定词（DemonstrativeDeterminer）：this，that，these，those，such关系限定词（RelativeDeterminer）：whosewhich3 3.疑问限定词（Interrogative Determiner）：what，which，whose不定限定词（Indefinite Determiner）：no，some，any，each，every，enough，either，neither，all，both，half，several，many，much，(a)few，(a)little，other，another基数词（CardinalNumeral）和序数词（OrdinalNumber）倍数词（Multiplicative Numeral）和分数词（FractionalNumeral）量词（Quantifier）：alotof，lotsof，plentyof，agreat tgood good deal deal ofof，a a largelargesmall small amountamountquantity quantity ofof，a a greatgreatlargelargegood number ofgood number of等。4 4.3.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系3.2限定词与限定词的搭配关系3.3若干限定词用法比较3.4冠词的使用5 5.（1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如the，some，any，no，other，whose以及my，your等物主限定词和名词属格（Johns，myfriends）等能与三类名词搭配。例如：thebookthebooksthemoneymybookmybooksmymoneymyfriendsbookmyfriendsboodsmyfriendsmoneyanybookanybooksanymoneysomebooksomebookssomemoneynobooknobooksnomoneytheotherbooktheotherbookstheothermoneywhosebookwhosebookswhosemoney6 6.（2）只能与名词单数搭配的限定词有 些 限 定 词 如 a(n)，one，another，each，every，either，neither，manya，sucha等只能与单数名词搭配。例如：eachworkereverystudenteitherbookneithersentenceanappleonecopyanotherbookmanyabooksuchabook（3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如both，two，three，anothertwothree，many，(a)few，several，these，those，a(great)numberof等只能与复数名词搭配。例如：bothworkers(a)fewwordsseveralstudentsthesethosebooksanumberofessaystwothreevisitorsmanystudentsanothertwostudents7 7.（4）只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(little)bitof，alargeamountof，agreatdealof，(a)little，much，less，(the)least等只能与不可数名词搭配。abitofwateralargeamountofmoneymuchnoise(a)littlespacelessoil(the)leastoil（5）能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如thefirst，thesecond，thelast，thenext等既可与单数名词搭配，也可与复数名词搭配。例如：thefirstrosethefirstrosesthelastmanthelastmenthenextmeetingthenextmeetings8 8.（6）能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如this，that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如：thisthatjobthisthatwork（7）能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词还有些限定词如alotof，lotsof，plentyof，enough，more，most，such，other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如：9 9.alotofbooksalotofmoneylotsofchickenslotsoffoodplentyofchairsplentyofwaterenoughcopiesenoughcoalmorearticlesmoretimemostpeoplemostworksuchmensuchbreadothermenotherbread 这一类限定词也可以包括lessless和(the)(the)leastleast。如前所述，lessless和leastleast通常只与不可数名词搭配，但在现代英语的非正式语体中，间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如：Less and less peoplecanaffordtogoabroadfortheirholidays.PoliticalprogrammesonTVattractthe least viewers.1010.EXERCISES 3.1A1.Whyistheretraffic on the streets in February than in May?traffic on the streets in February than in May?A.less B.fewer C.few D.little2.On account of the typhoon2.On account of the typhoon shipment will arrive this week.shipment will arrive this week.A.neither B.all C.both D.these3.Have you got 3.Have you got copies to go round?copies to go round?A.the other B.enough C.a little D.much 4.There4.Theres s water in the bottle.water in the bottle.A.few B.a number of C.plenty of D.any5.There is 5.There is iron in this mine than in that one.iron in this mine than in that one.A.much B.a great deal of C.less D.a lot of6.He wrote 6.He wrote essays on Victorian novels in his class.essays on Victorian novels in his class.A.the next B.the most C.the other D.the more7.He has published 7.He has published short stories in English.short stories in English.A.a great amount of B.a number of C.another D.many a 8.We had 8.We had rainfalls last summer.rainfalls last summer.A.too much B.little C.a little D.only several9.9.care would have prevented the accident.care would have prevented the accident.A.Much B.Little C.A little D.A few10.The students spent 10.The students spent their time working in the fields.their time working in the fields.A.both B.most C.more D.halfAABCCBBDCD1111.在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时，就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置，限定词可分为：（1 1）中位、前位、后位限定词按照限定词和限定词之间的不同搭配位置，限定词可分为中位限定词（CentralDeterminer）、前位限定词（Predeterminer）和后位限定词（Postdeterminer）。a)中位限定词包括a(n)，the，zero；this，that，these，those；my，your，等；Marys，myfriends；some，any，no，every，each，either，neither，enough；what(ever)，which(ever)，whose等。1212.b)前位限定词包括all，both，half；double，twice，threetimes等；one-third，two-fifths等；what，such(a/an)等。c）后位限定词包括one，two，three等；first，second，third等；next，last，other，another等；many，much，(a)few，(a)little，fewer，(the)fewest，less，(the)least，more，most；several，plentyof，alotof，lotsof，agreat/large/goodnumberof，agreat/gooddealof，alarge/smallamountof；such等。1313.(2)(2)三类限定词搭搭配关系 如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词，其搭配关系总是按照“前位中位后位”的顺序排列。例如：allall thethe four four teachers teachers allall youryour three three booksbooks 前 中 后 前 中 后 allall thesethese lastlast fewfew days days 前 中 后 后 如果只有上述两类限定词，其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如：half hishalf his lecture lecture thosethose lastlast fewfew months months 前 中 中 后 后 1414.severalseveral hundredhundred guests guests allall otherother students students 后 后 前 后 such asuch a misfortune misfortune somesome such such alloyalloy 前 中 中 后 有上述诸例可以看出，中位限定词和前位限定词之间是相互排斥的，即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以，“我的那本书”不是my my that that bookbook而是that that book book of of minemine，因为my my 和that that 同是中位限定词，不可并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限制。例如：hishis lastlast twotwo books books thethe first twofirst two chapters chapters 中 后 后 中 后 后 threethree otherother twotwo girls girls twotwo moremore sheets sheets 后 后 后 后 后 1515.个别限定词有跨类现象，如such既属于前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在sucha.和suchan这样的搭配中属于前位限定词，而在与其他限定词（some，any，no，all，few，another，other，many，one，two等）搭配时，such则是后位限定词，一律放在上述这些限定词的后面，如somesuch，anysuch，nosuch，fewsuch，onesuch等，因此把它归入后位限定词。1616.EXERCISES 3.2AChooseanappropriatecombinationofdeterminerstofillineachblank:1.Hediditintimeittookme.A.theone-thirdB.halfaC.thedoubleD.one-thirdthe2.Isawboysatthecinema.A.thebothB.manyaC.boththeD.theseveral3.candidatesaregirls.A.HalftheB.ThehalfC.TheirhalfD.Halfa4.friendsusuallyspeakhighlyofhim.A.HissomeB.HismanyC.ManyhisD.SomehisDCAB1717.5.alloymaybeusedtoreplacecopper.A.SuchaB.SomesuchC.SuchsomeD.Severalsuch6.Areyougoingtobuyrice?A.alltheseB.theseallC.allthisD.boththese7.dictionaryisenoughforme.A.SuchoneB.OnesuchC.SuchaoneD.Onesucha8.factorsshouldbeconsidered.A.TheseallB.SuchallC.AllsuchD.Somethese9.meatistainted.A.Thatone-thirdB.One-thirdthatC.SuchaD.Fewsuch10.caseshavebeenreported.A.SuchfewB.SuchsomeC.FewsuchD.SometheseBCBCBC1818.Translate the following into English,using appropriatedeterminers:1.开凿隧道需要大量劳动力（labor）。1.Todigatunnelwillneedagreatamountoflabor.2.少说空话（emptytalk）多干实事（practicalwork）。2.Theremustbelessemptytalkbutmorepracticalwork.3.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。3.Therearefewerpeopletodayattheexhibitionthanyesterday.4.安娜（Anna）因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。4.Annahasenoughworriesbecauseshehasntgotenoughmoney.5.你读的诗（poetry）和做的练习（exercises）都比我多。5.YouhavelearntmorepoetryanddonemoreexercisesthanIhave.1919.（1）many，much，alotof，lotsof，plentyof等 表示“多”的意思，可用many，much，alotof，lotsof，plentyof，agood dgreat manygreat many，a large amount ofa large amount of等。作为限定词manymany和a gooda goodgreat manygreat many之后须跟复数名词：muchmuch和a large a large amount ofamount of之后须跟不可数名词。例如：Manyanimalshavediseases.MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE-mail.Wehavea great many questionstodiscussatmeeting.Wearegoingtospenda large amount of moneyonchildrenseducation.2020.many，much，agreatmany等既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。例如：Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?No,Ihaventdonevery much.HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginals?Yes,a great many.Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse?Oh,a large amount.2121.many，much可以带有howtoosoas.as等修饰语。例如：Iwanttoknowhow muchmoneywillbespentontheproject.How manycopiesdoyouneedforyourclass?Ihave(far)too manybooksontheshelf.Wehavehad too muchraininthespring.Itsreallysurprisingthattheboyshouldhaveso muchstrengthathisage.Youcantakeas manycopiesasyouneed.2222.（2）(a)few，(a)little 表示“少”的意思，可用（a）few，(a)little，既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词。afew，alittle表示“少量”，带有肯定含义。例如：Letsinvitea fewfriendstocomewithus.Thereareonlya very fewleft.Ihada littledifficultyinsolvingtheproblem.Giveme a little ofthatwine.Iamtryingtousethe littleFrenchIhavejustlearnt.2323.fewlittle若不与a连用则表示否定意义，相当于notmanymuch，notenough。例如：Ihaveveryfew(chocolates)left.Iunderstand little ofhisspeech.要注意，quiteafew，agoodfew，notafew不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”的含义，相当于afairnumber(of)。例如：Quite a fewofusaregettingworried.Youwillhavetowaita good fewweeks.little的比较级和最高级是less和lest，通常只能与不可数名词搭配，但在当代英语中也有用less与复数可数名词搭配的。例如：Ifonlytherewereless holesintheroof.但这只见于非正式语体中；在正式语体中仍以用fewer为好。2424.（3）some，any要表示“一些”的意思，可用some，any。some是肯定词（Assertive Word），常 用 于 肯 定 句：any是 非 肯 定 词（NonassertiveWord），常用于否定句或疑问句。例如：Therearesomelettersforme.Therearentanylettersforme.Arethereanylettersforme?Iseldomgetanysleepthesedays.any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定意义的句子中：Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.Iforgottoaskforanychange（零钱）.2525.当说话人期待肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句，比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问到：Aretheresomelettersforme?当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some：CouldIhavesomeoftheseapples?Wouldyoulikesomechocolatecake?当some与单数可数名词搭配时，some相当于acertain（“某一”）的含义；而any与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于every（“任何一个”）的含义。例如：Someboyhasbrokenawindow.Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.2626.（4）all，both，every，each，either，neither，any这一类词，除every只能作为限定词外，都是既可作为限定词，也可作为不定代词。例如：all(of)theboysboth(of)theboyseveryboyeveryoneoftheboyseachboyeither(one)oftheboyseitherboyeither(one)ofthe(two)boysneitherboyneither(one)ofthe(two)boysanyboyany(one)ofthe(threeormore)boys2727.由上述诸例可以看出，这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处：a)表示“全体”，可用all和both，但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的“全体”，而both则表示两个人或物的“全体”。例如：Allthefourapplicationsarebelowtheaverage.Bothhisparentsareagainsthisgoingtherealone.如果要表示“全体都不”的意思，当“全体”为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none。例如：None of thestudentsfailedtheexamination.Illhavenone ofyourstupidideas.（我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。）2828.在上述第一例中，既可用none，也可用noone：No onefailedtheexamination.但noone只能指人，不能指物。如果要表示两个人或物“都不”，通常要用neither:NeitherstudentNeither(one)of the(two)studentsfailedtheexamination.b)表示全体中的“每个”，如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every。例如：Everystudentintheclasstookpartintheperformance.Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.2929.如果这个“全体”包括两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each。例如：Eachsideofthestreetwascrowdedwithpeople.在这里，不可以用every。如果说“广场的每一边都挤满了人“，那就既可用each也可用every:EachEverysideofthesquarewascrowdedwithpeople.every与each的区别还在于every指许多人或物中的“每个”，侧重在全体，近乎all的含义。例如：Everystudentfailedtheexamination.=Allthestudentsfailedtheexamination.而each则指许多人或物中的“各个”，侧重在个别。例如：Eachchildwillfindhisownpersonalroadtosuccess.3030.c)表示全体中的“任何一个”，也要看这个“全体”包含三个或更多，还是只包含“两个”。当“全体”包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如：Any(=Every)childwouldknowthat.Hisgiftwasunknowntoany(ofthem)excepthimself.当“全体”只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用either。例如：TherearetwoflightsforBeijinginthemorning.Youcantakeeither(one).但在oneitherside，oneitherend等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如：Therearewarehousesoneither side of theriver(=onbothsidesoftheriver).3131.EXERCISE 3.3Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners or correspondingindefinitepronounssemanticallyrelatedtoquantity:1.A:Doyouneedmoremilk?B:No,thereistoo_already.2.Icantopenthislock.Theremustbe_keythatwillopenit.3._peoplewillbelieve_storyyoutellthem.4.On_sideofthestreettherewereassembledalotofsoldiers.5.Whentheshipwassunk,allthesailorsweredrowned,_oneofthem.6.Thepresidentgotdownfromtheplaneandshookhandswith_onewaitingattheairport.muchsomesomeanyeithereveryeach3232.冠词1 1、不定冠词、不定冠词a,ana,an的位置的位置不定冠词不定冠词a a用在以用在以辅音音素辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前；不定冠词的名词前；不定冠词anan用在以用在以元音音素元音音素开头的名开头的名词前。例如：词前。例如：Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.OldHen:Letmegiveyouapieceofgoodadvice.OldHen:Letmegiveyouapieceofgoodadvice.YoungHen:Whatisit?YoungHen:Whatisit?OldHen:Aneggadaykeepstheaxaway.OldHen:Aneggadaykeepstheaxaway.Tellingliesisafaultinaboy,anartinalover,anTellingliesisafaultinaboy,anartinalover,anaccomplishmentinabachelor,andsecond-natureinaaccomplishmentinabachelor,andsecond-natureinamarriedman.marriedman.AnAn还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如：还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如：anSOSsignanSOSsignAnLletterisinthewordAnLletterisintheword“letterletter”.3333.2、名词与冠词使用的重要技巧从名词角度来看，对于名词与冠词的使用，以下几条是核心：单数可数名词：单数可数名词不能单独使用，必须与冠词或其它限定词连用。复数名词和不可数名词：对于复数名词和不可数名词，以下两点必须掌握：1）不能与不定冠词a(n)连用。2）复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时，不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时，要用the。3434.例如：例如：LifeLifeishardsometimes.ishardsometimes.LifeLifeiseducationinitself.Thewriterisiseducationinitself.Thewriteriswritingabookaboutwritingabookaboutthe lifethe life ofblacksinAmericaofblacksinAmerica.IloveIlovemusicmusic,poetrypoetryandandartart.Idon.Idon tlikethefilm,butIliketlikethefilm,butIlikethe the musicmusic(ofthefilm).(ofthefilm).AirAirisacolorlessandtastelessgas.isacolorlessandtastelessgas.The airThe airinthisroomisinthisroomisstuffy.Pleaseopenthewindows.stuffy.Pleaseopenthewindows.BooksBooksbecomemoreandmoreexpensive.Putawaythebecomemoreandmoreexpensive.Putawaythebooksbooks ononyourdeskyourdesk.PencilsPencilscontainlead(containlead(铅铅).Whoput).Whoputthe pencilsthe pencilsonthedesk?onthedesk?SugarSugarisnisn tverygoodforyou.Canyoupassmetverygoodforyou.Canyoupassmethe sugarthe sugar,please?please?请注意请注意，表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，他们一般带，表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，他们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。围。3535.冠词的用法第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an，这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the：A mancameuptoa policemanandaskedhima question.The policemandidntunderstandthe question,soheaskedthe mantorepeatit.Ihada bananaandan apple.Iatethe bananaandgavethe appletoClint.3636.在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时，要用the。比如在自己家的房间里，我们要说thelight,thefloor,thedoor,thewindow,thecarpet。例如：Canyouturnoffthe light,please?(thelightinourroom)Shutthe door,please!Howdoyoulikethe film?A:Doyouneedthe cartoday,honey?B:Yes.Ihavealotofthingstodo.WhydontIdriveyoutoworktoday?C:OK.Butbesuretofillthe carupwithgas.3737.表示世界上独一无二的事物：表示世界上独一无二的事物：theearth,thesky,theearth,thesky,theequator,themoon,theworld,theuniversetheequator,themoon,theworld,theuniverse 形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及onlyonly用作形容用作形容词加名词连用时，它们前面一般要用词加名词连用时，它们前面一般要用thethe。例如：。例如：theonlybestwaytocopewiththeproblemtheonlybestwaytocopewiththeproblemThisisthefirsttimeIThisisthefirsttimeI vecometoBeijing.vecometoBeijing.在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加thethe。例如：例如：theBeatlestheBeatles，thePhiladelphiaOrchestrathePhiladelphiaOrchestra，playlearntheguitarplaylearntheguitar，learnthepianolearnthepiano注意注意：运动项目前不用：运动项目前不用thethe。如。如playche