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英语语法汇总 Author: Tutor: Date: June 13th, 2010 My dream: 人生最重要的不是所处的位置,而是所朝的方向 词 类·····································································3 频度副词·····································································6 There be句型、祈使句·························································7 情态动词·····································································8 反身代词感叹句······························································10 反意疑问句、句子的成分和类型················································11 形容词和副词的比较等级及基本用法············································13 状语从句····································································15 非谓语动词--分词、动词不定式·················································16 “···ed”形容词和“···ing”形容词的区别、被动语态··························18 连系动词、it引导的形式主语和部分强调句······································20 “使役动词”连连看、Wh+to do句型············································21 名词性从句··································································22 构词法······································································25 英语写作中数字书写的规则····················································27 直接引语和间接引语··························································29 不定代词····································································30 并列句······································································31 并列连词、定语从句··························································32 主谓一致····································································33 名词的分类··································································34 倒装句······································································35 虚拟语气(条件状语从句、其它从句)·············································37 省略ellipsis、复习主语·························································39 复习谓语····································································40 复习表语····································································41 复习宾语····································································42 复习宾语补足语······························································43 复习定语····································································45 复习状语····································································46 一般现在时/过去时/将来时·····················································47 现在进行时“am/si/are+短暂性verb.-ing”·········································48 过去进行时现在完成时························································49 过去完成时过去将来时························································50 现在完成进行时、复习动词时态16种···········································52 阅读题、翻译题的应试标准····················································53 动词、形容词+小品词··························································54 英语中的按意群断句··························································57 英语语音简介································································58 词 类 一. 词类(parts of speech) 绝大部分英语单词有4层意思,分别是基本basic meaning、比喻意figerate meaning、引申extention meaning和语境context meaning. 记单词时有三种实词要牢记意思,分别是名词、动词和形容词。 Parts of speech Meaning functions Examples The noun n. 表示人或事物的名称 名词face, eye The verb v. 表示动作或状态 动词hace, look The adjective a. 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 形容词 small, long, short The article art 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 冠词a, an, the The pronoun pron 用来代替名词、形容词和数词 代词I, they, which, mine The numeral num 表示数量或顺序 数词one, twenty, second The adverb adv 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 副词sometimes, soon The preposition prep 表示名词、代词等词和句中其他词的关系 介词from, for The conjunction conj 用来连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句 连词and, or, but The interjection interj 表示说话是的喜悦、惊讶等情感 感叹词oh, hey, dear 二. 名词(nouns) 1.名词按其所表示的事物性质分为可数名词(countable nouns)与不可数名词(uncount- able nouns)。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下: 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加-s 清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/ cake-cakes day-days student-students bed-beds 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 加-es 读/iz/ watch-watches 以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i加+es 读/z/ country-countries 以f(e)结尾的词 变f(e)为ves 读/vz/ life-lives 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/iz/ face-faces 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 man-men foot-feet 单复数相同 读音不变 fish,sheep,Chinese 其他形式 child-children 集体名词总是复数:people,clothes,family(指全家人),class(指全班同学)。 Jim’s family are on the sofa. 吉姆一家坐在沙发上。 2. 名词所有格 名词所有格的形式有两种,(1)凡表示有生命的名词(人和动物)通常加’s来构成所有格,作定语,放在被修饰的名词之前。 Helen’s teacher海伦的老师 a boy’s ball 一个男孩的球 (2)表示无生命事物的名词所有格时,则用由of引出的介词短语来构成,也做定语。 A picture of a classroom 一张教室的图画 有时生命的名词也可用of结构来表示所有格。The name of her cat=her cat’s name. 表时间、地点和距离,所有格也可用’s。China’s capital 表示共同所有,需在最后一个名词后加’s。Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的爸爸表示共同所有,在最后一个名词后加’s既可。Jane’s and Linda’s father 简的爸爸和琳达的爸爸。 名 词 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个体名词:表示个体的人或事物名称的词。如: tower,tourist,idiom,teacher,student 集合名词:表示一群人或一些事物名称的词。如: army,enemy,people,crowd,police 不可数名 词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的名词。如: cotton,air,rag,gunpowder,coffee,sand 抽象名词:表示状态、品质、动作、感情等抽象概念的名词。如: health,happiness,advice,courage,education 专 有 名 词 表示人、地方、机构、事情、组织等专用名词。如: Jane , China , Beijing Opera , UN , WTO , BBC 三.代词(pronouns) 1. 人称代词 人称代词表示人或事物,它有人称、单复数和主格、宾格的变化。 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 主格 I we you you he/she/it/they 宾格 me us you you him/her/it/them 人称代词分主格和宾格 1)主格的人称代词作句子的主语 We are good friends. 我们是好朋友。 2)宾格的人称代词作动词或介词的宾语 We all like her very much. 我们都非常喜欢她。 Please help me with Chinese. 请帮助我们学习汉语。 2. 物主代词(possessive pronouns) 表示所有或所属关系的代词叫物主代词。也称代词所有格。物主代词分为名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its our your their 物主代词用法如下: 1)形容词性物主代词必须置于名词前,修饰限定名词,作定语。 What’s your name? 你叫什么名字? 2)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句子中主要作主语、宾语和表语。 Is this pen yours宾语? No ,it isn’t. It’s his表语. Mine主语 is on my desk. 我的在我课桌上 3)名词前若有形容词性物主代词,不可再出现a,an,the,this,that,these,those之类的限定修饰词。如果要表示这种意义,则用“of+名词性物主代词” a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 4)whose既是形容词性物主代词又可以是名词性物主代词。 Whose is this book?(名词性)这本书是谁的?whose book is this?这是谁的书? 四.数词 在英语中,有编号的事物,通常把名词第一个字母大写,数词放在名词后,数词若为英文单词,第一个字母应该大写。 一年级 Grade 1或Grad One 英语中单位大小的排列通常是由小到大,与汉语不同,并用逗号隔开。 中国北京 Beijing,China 五年级三班 Class 3,Grade 5 五.动词 1. 一般现在时(the simple present tense) 一般现在时表示现在的状态。如:my name is michael. I am five.表示经常或习惯性的动作。如:he gets up at six.表示主语具备的性格和能力等。如:she likes basketball games. 注:当主语是第三人称单数时,动词形式需做下列变化:①一般动词在词尾加-s,在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音后面或元音后面读/z/,在d后面读/dz/。②以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es,读/z/。③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词加-es,读/iz/。 2. 现在进行时(the present continuons tense) 现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行的动作。 1) 现在进行时的构成 现在进行时由助动词be+doing(动词的现在分词)构成句子的谓语。其主要句型有: 肯定(否定)句:主语+be(+not)+doing+sth. 一般疑问句:be+主语+doing+sth.? 回答:yes,主(代)+be。No,主(代)+be+not。 特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+doing+···? He is (not) doing his homework.他正在(现在不在)做作业 Is he doing his homework? 他在做作业吗? Yes,he isn’t. What’s he doing? 他在做什么? 2)现在分词的构成规则 ①一般在动词原形末尾加ing。 work-- working ②以不发音e结尾的动词,去e加ing。 make—making ③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加+ing。put—putting ④以ie为重读音节结尾的动词,把ie变为y,再加ing。 die—dying e--lying ⑤以re音节结尾的动词,先去e再加ing。 prepare—preparing ⑥以er结尾的动词,如果是重读音节结尾,先双写r再加ing;如果不是重读音节结尾,直接加ing。 prefer—preferring water—watering 4. 现在进行时的用法 1)表示现在或说话时正在进行的动作,常与now,at the moment连用,有时也和look,listen,at···o’ clock等词连用。 Listen!who is singing in the classroom? 听!谁在教室里唱歌? It’s 12 o’ clock.Mr King is watching tv. 12点了,金先生还在看电视。 2) 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 They are working on a farm in Anhui these days. 这些天他们在安徽的一个农场工作。 3)表示经常反复的动作,常与always等频度副词,含有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。 She is always helping others. 她总是在帮助别人。 4)表示打算、安排好最近即将发生的事情。这种用法仅限于少数动词(多为表示位置移动的动词),如go,come,arrive,leave,return,stay等。 Tom is coming tomorrow evening. 汤姆明天晚上要来。 Is your father leaving for Hong Kong next month? 你父亲下个月要去香港吗? 规则 原形 -ing形式 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing Wash Washing 以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去e加-ing Prepare Preparing 以重度闭音节结尾的动词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双些这一字母,再加-ing Sit Sitting 5. 一般现在时与现在进行时的比较 1)一般现在时强调动作的经常性和反复性,实际上是一种无时间性的动作;而现在进行时强调动作暂时性。 He lives in Beijing. 他住在北京。 He is staying in Beijing now. 他目前在北京。 2)一般现在时着重说明事实和特征;而现在进行时可以表示某种感情色彩,对某些经常性的动作的厌烦或赞赏的情绪。 She always helps others.(说明事实) She is always helping others.(表示赞赏) 3)一般现在时可以表示现在的瞬间动作,强调动作本身;而现在进行时强调动作的进行 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 The bell is ringing. 正在打铃。 4)表示感觉或状态的动词一般不用现在进行时;而用一般现在时表示现在的感觉或状态。 I believe what he says. 我相信他说的话。 六.冠词 1. 定冠词(the definite article)the 用法 例句 表示说话人与听话人都知道的共同所指的东西 Shut the door,please 表示事物的整体 The train goes faster than the bus. 某些专有名词之前 The Summer Palace looks beautiful today. 在序数词前 He is the last one to come. 与其他词连用,构成固定词组 On the left 在表示乐器名称的名词前 Play the piano. 表示独一无二的事物名词之前 The sun,the moon 形容词和副词最高级之前 He is the tallest of us three. 2. 不定冠词(the indefinite article)a,an 用法 例句 第一次提到某人或某物时,起介绍作用 What is he? He is a teacher. 与名词连用时,通常概括人或事物的整体 A bike is very useful in the country. 可用于某些词组,是该词组不可缺少的部分 Go out for a walk. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“某一”之意 Three times a day 用于抽象名词之前表示具体介绍 The little girl is a joy to her parents. 七.序数词 序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。其前面有this,that,my等限定词修饰时不和the连用。如: Turn right the second turning/street. 在第二个街口向右拐。 八.介词 介词一般位于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。 下面时本册课本中出现的一些表示场所、方向的介词。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。下面时一些表示场所、方向的介词: 1)表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,near,between,in front of,behind 2)表示方向的介词:along,through,across from Of:the first day of your new term take photos/pictures of you some places of interest For: thank you for your hand work tickets for making a wrong turn To: the same to you happy birthday to you take them to the party By: by bus/bike/car/boat/ship/train Honor their mothers by giving cards and gifts At: 后跟具体的时刻、小地点 At twenty to eleven at the end of Elm Road at the second street 对于……中, 表状态 如: The family are at breakfast now .(=the family are having beakfast now.) 其他:at the party at the zoo at home at school have a look at the doll on: 后跟日期、星期几、具体时间或含有日期和星期几的时间状语 如: on December 22nd on Sunday on that day on the night of May 5th in: 后面跟年、月、季 in June in spring in the season in the year in 2003 后跟地点 如: Work in hospital the animals in the zoo in the gym in bed From: be different from be far from come from from 9:00 to 11:00 In front of : there is a smalll garden in front of my house. Between```and```: between you and me About: learn about math problems With: play with the ball After: after school Next to: next to the teachers’office Along: walk along the road 介词、副词常常和动词构成固定的搭配 Look at look after look like listern to get to 副词和动词的固定搭配 Wake up get up work out take offf 九.句子的种类(kinds of sentences) 英语的句子按照用途可分为一下四类: 种类 用途 例句 陈述句 说明事实或说话人的看法 They are having a picnic. 疑问句 用来提出问题 What does your father do? 祈使句 表示请求、命令 Stand up,please. 感叹句 用来表达强烈的感情 How lucky you are! 频度副词 表示频繁程度的副词称为频度副词,这些词表示经常性的动作或状态,而不是某一具体动作,常用于一般现在时。 1. 频度的区别 always>usually>often>sometimes>seldom>never 总是 通常 经常 有时 很少 从不 Certainly >>absolutely/necessary >>probably >>perhaps/maybe >>possibly >>never 的确 绝对 必然 可能、大概 或许 从不 2. 句中的位置 1)一般放在系动词be、情态动词(can,may,must)和助动词(do等)之后,行为动词之前。 2)有时未了表示强调,也可放在句首或句末 Sometimes I go to the park on foot. 3. 使用中应注意的问题 1)对频度副词提问时,疑问词用how often We go to the library sometimes. How often do you go the library? 2)频度副词与not连用时,表示部分否定。 We are not always this busy. 我们并不是总是这么忙。 There be 句型 由there be(not)构成的句子称为“存在句”。此句型构成形式为“there be +某人/物+地点/时间”。它通常译为某时某地有某人某物。 1. 基本用法 在there be结构中,there是引导词,本身没有实际意义,其主语时be 动词后的名词或名词短语,而且充当主语的名词或名词短语之前常常有表示数量的限定词来修饰,如a,two,some ,many,much, a lot of 等。 There be结构中的主语不能用形容性物主代词或名词所有格修饰。若表示某人/物在某地时,常用“某人/物+be+地点+其他”结构。 There is my shirt on the bed. 错My shirt is on the bed. 对 there is Kangkang’s football under the tree. 错 Kangkang’s football is under the tree. 对 2. 句型的常见形式,且be动词的数量采用就近原则 There is (not) a bag on the desk. Is there a bag on the desk?桌子上有书包吗? There is an apple and two eggs in the bag. 包里有一个苹果和两个鸡蛋。 3. “”用there be句型来回答,需要特别注意的时在问的时候,be动词只能用is,而回答的时候则视实际情况而选用单、复数。 What’s on the desk? There are 5 eggs on the desk. 4. there be结构与have结构的区别 There be结构表示“某地有某人(物)”,其含义为“存在、有”;而have的含义时“有、拥有”,其主语一般为某人。汉语中的“有”在译成英语时主语:如主语为人,用have(has);如果表示某处有某物,则用there be结构。 祈使句 祈使句是用来提出要求、建议或发出命令的句子。祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(实际应用中常省略),谓语用动词原形,句尾用句号或感叹号,常见的祈使句形式: 1. 祈使句的肯定形式一般以动词原形开头 Open the door,please. 请开门 2. 祈使句的否定形式,在句首谓语动词前加don’t,有时加never。 Never ao that again. 千万别再那样做了。 Don’t be late for the meeting,please. 开会请不要迟到。 3. 当祈使句的说话对象时第一人称或第三人称时,表示建议做某事,这时我们通常用let来开头。 Let us put it up. 让我把它挂起来。 4. 祈使句除了就可以用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词。形容词、副词等短语表示。 Quiet,pleas! 请安静! 5. 祈使句有时和其他句子一起使用,常见的结构有: 1)“祈使句+and+简单句”表示“···就···” Go along the street ,and you’ll seee a post office. 沿着这条街走,你就会看见一个邮局。 2)“祈使句+or+简单句”表示“···否则···” Be quick,or we’ll be late. 快点,否则我们就迟到了。 3)有事在祈使句后常加一个问句,使预期更加委婉 Don’t tell anyone,will you> 不要告诉任何人,好吗? 情态动词(modal verbs) 1. 情态动词的含义和特征 情态动词具有情态意义,即它所表示的是说话人对动作的观点,如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等。 情态动词的特征: 1)在形式上,情态动词不像实义动词那样有各种变化,只有could,would,had to,might等几个过去式。其它如must,ought to等表过去时形式不变。 2)在意义上,大多数情态动词有多个意义:如can可表示“能够”,“可能”,“允许”等;may可表示“可能”,“目的”,“允许”,“让步”等。 3)情态动词没有人称和数的变化,适用于各种人称。 4)在用法上,情态动词后面需接动词原形共同构成谓语部分。 2. can(could)的形式和用法 1)can(could)的形式 现在时: can can not 过去时: could could not 2)can(could)的基本用法 Could是can的过去式,表示过去的能力。could表示可能时,比can所表示的可能性小,表示请求允许和许可时,可以代替can,意为“可以”,语气更为委婉。 3. may(might)的形式和用法 1)may(might)的形式 现在时:may may not 过去时:might might not 2)may(might)的基本用法 ①表示可能但不肯定,通常用于肯定陈述句,暗含不确定。而might比may的可能性小,更具有不确定性。如: Usually a fever or an illness may cause a headache. 通常发烧或其它一些疾病可能会引起头痛。 He may arrive tomorrow. 他可能明天到。 He might get there in time. 他可能会及时赶到那里。 ②表示允许或征求同意,多用于肯定句和疑问句。在提出请求时,might比may语气更委婉,更礼貌。如: You may use my pen. 你可以用我的笔。 May I park here? 我可以在这儿停车吗? Might I use your phone?我可以用一下你的电话? ③might是may的过去式,用于间接引语中。如: She said that she might go home later. 她说她可能晚点回家。 3)句型can/may/could/might I ···?表示请求对方许可,其中can语气最不正式,could语气比较客气、委婉,may/might用于正式场合,语气恭敬,might比may更为客气。如: Can I sit beside you ? 我可以坐在你旁边吗? May I use your car? 我可以用你的车吗? Could I park my car here? 我可以在这里停车吗? Might I have you e-mail address? 我可以要你的电子邮箱地址吗? 应答时可以说: 肯定:of course,you can/may 否定:No,you can’t. 4. must的形式和用法 1)must的形式 must must not mustn’t 2)must的基本用法 ①表义务,可用于肯定句和疑问句 You must take care of your parents. 你必须照顾你的父母。 ②must的否定式,表不许,禁止。 You must not park here. 你不能在这儿停车。 ③must表推测,暗含很大的可能或符合逻辑,只用于肯定句。 You must be hungry now. 你现在一定饿了。 ④表chuan告,必须做某事,表明事情的必要性与重要性。 You must wear a mask. 你必须带面具。 ⑤回答带must的疑问句,用needn’t或don’t have to 作为否定回答,不能用mustn’t。 Must we keep the window open all the time? 我们得一直让窗户开着吗? No ,you don’t have to. / No,you needn’t. 不,没有必要。 3)must和have to的比较 ①must和have to 都有“必须的含义
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