非谓语动词复习进程.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture Six,非谓语动词,Non-finite Verbs,本讲主要内容：,一、非谓语动词的分类、特征,二、非谓语动词的时态和语态,三、非谓语动词充当的句子成分,四、补充知识点,非谓语动词概述,英语中，动词具有两种形式：,1.谓语形式 2.非谓语形式,动词的谓语形式必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，受主语的限定，因此又被称为动词的,限定形式(Finite Forms of Verbs),。,非谓语形式不受主语的限制，因此又被称为动词的,非限定形式(Non-finite Forms of Verbs),。,确切地讲，非谓语动词实际上指动词的非谓语形式。,动词的非谓语形式有三种：,1.,不定式(The Infinitive)，,由to+动词原形构成，to 为不定式符号，并无实际意义。,2.,动名词(The Gerund),，由动词+ing构成。,3.,分词(The Participle),1）现在分词（The Present Participle),由动词+ing构成,2）过去分词（The Past Participle),由动词+ed构成。,非谓语动词具有以下特征：,非谓语动词可以做主语、宾语等,多种,句子成分，但唯独,不能做谓语,。,非谓语动词具有各种形态：原形、主动语态、被动语态、进行时态和完成时态。,非谓语动词具有动词的功能，如可以有自己的宾语，但不具有语法上的动词性质,如没有人称和数的变化。,Growing flowers,is my hobby.,Thank you for,helping,us,.,I hope,to see you,again.,使用非谓语动词的条件：,在一个句子中，已经存在一个谓语动词，而又没有连词的情况下，其他的动词就需要使用非谓语形式。,She got off the bus,_(leave)her handbag on her seat.,She got off the bus,but,_(leave)her handbag on her seat.,leaving,left,不定式的时态和语态,不定式,主动态,被动态,一般式,完成式,进行式,完成进行式,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been,done,to be doing,无,to have been doing,无,1.不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般式。,He wanted to see you.,2.强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用完成形式。,He is said,to have written,a novel.,3.强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用不定式的进行形式。,When I came in,he pretended,to be reading,a book.,4.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，用被动语态。,It is an honor for me,to be asked,to speak here.,The book is said,to have been translated,into English.,动名词的时态和语态,动名词,主动态,被动态,一般式,完成式,doing,being done,having done,having been,done,1.动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作,。,We are interested in climbing mountains.,I prefer singing to dancing.,2.如果强调动名词的动作已经完成，要用完成形式。,He was praised for,having passed,the exam.,3.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，,也,要用完成形式,。,He is proud of,having been sent,to work in Tibet.,4.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词动作的承受者，这个动名词要用被动形式,。,He remembered,being taken,to Beijing when he was a child.,分词的时态和语态,现在分词,主动态,被动态,一般式,完成式,doing,being done,having done,having been,done,过去分词的时态和语态只有一种，即done.,现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。,分词与其逻辑主语的关系,是主动的用现在分词；,是被动的，要用过去分词。,1._(look)out of the window,I can see many cars and buses.,2._(see)from the top of Dragon Tower,Harbin looks more beautiful.,3.The teacher came in,_,_,(follow)many students.,4.The teacher came in,_,_,(follow)by many students.,Looking,Seen,following,followed,如果强调,一个被动的,动作正在进行，要用,分词的被动形式being done,。,Being repaired,the building is forbidden to enter.,The house,being built,now is a Hope Project School.,如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。,Not having finished,his homework,Tom was made to stay at school.,Having closed,all the windows,I went home,.,Having been invited,to the party,Tom was very happy.,非谓语动词的否定形式,所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加上not.,不定式的否定形式：not to do,动名词的否定形式：not doing,现在分词的否定形式：not doing,过去分词的否定形式：not done,1.Mrs.Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.,A.never to drive,B.to never drive,C.never driving,D.never drive,2.-,I must apologize for _ ahead of time.,-,That,s all right.,A.letting you not know,B.not letting you know,C.letting you know not,D.letting not you know,A,B,3.,_ the programme,they have to stay there for another two weeks.,A.Not completing,B.Not completed,C.Not having completed,D.Having not completed,C,Key to Part 1:,not to have seen him,to have given you so much trouble,to be dreaming,to have been studying,to be better treated,being interrupted,having been there,Having reviewed his lessons,非谓语动词在句中充当的成分,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,主语,宾语,宾补,表语,定语,状语,不定式、动名词用作主语,1.直接作主语：,Seeing is believing.,Smoking is not a good habit.,To see is to believe.,To smoke here is dangerous.,2.用it作形式主语,Its no use talking too much without doing anything.,Its no good smoking too much.,It is very kind of you to say so.,Its not difficult for you to learn English grammar,well,.,动名词与不定式作主语时的区别,1.对称原则:主语和表语对称,Seeing is believing.,To see is to believe.,2.动名词做主语表示抽象的、经常性的动作，,不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作。,Climbing mountains is interesting.,To climb th,is,mountain will take us two hours.,3.不定式做主语，一般用it 当形式主语，而把不定式短语后置。,It will take us two hours to climb the mountain.,固定句型,:,1.Its no use/no good/useless/worthwhile+doing,在暗淡的灯光,下,看书不好。,It is no good reading in dim light.,2.Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sth,It is very kind of you to help us.,3.Its important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth,我们学好英语很重要。,It is very important for us to learn English well.,不定式、动名词作宾语,He chose not,to go home,this weekend.,The manager desires,to see you,.,My mother dislikes,seeing you,with me.,He could hardly resist,laughing,.,He is fond of,playing tennis,.,动名词既可做动词宾语，也可做介词的宾语，而不定式只能做动词宾语。,有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而有的只能接不定式做宾语，有的既可接动名词也可接不定式做宾语，但意义不同。,A.下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：,admit,allow,avoid,appreciate,consider,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,complete,forgive,keep,mind,miss,risk,resume,recall,practise,prevent,resist,suggest,understand,be/get used to,devote oneself to,look forward to,object to,prefer.to,refer to,pay attention to,stick to,lead to,这些词组里的to为介词，而非不定式符号。,B.下列动词只能接不定式作宾语：,afford,agree,attempt,aim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,prepare,promise,refuse,seem,tend,threaten,wish,C.在一些动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义有差别,。,forget,remember,regret+doing,表示,动作已经发生,；,+to do,表,动作未发生,want,need,require+doing,表被动,=to be done,try doing,试着做;,try to do,尽力做，想要做,stop doing,停止做某事,stop to do,停下来做,另一件,事,go on doing,继续做某事,（前后是同一件事）,go on to do,接下来做某事(,前,后不是同一件事),mean doing,意味着,.,意思是.,mean to do,故意或想要做某事,cant help doing sth,抑制不住、禁不住做某事,cant help to do sth,不能帮忙,做某事,D.,在,begin,start,continue,等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大，但要注意：,1)这些动词本身是,-ing,形式时，其后要接,不,定式,；,2)主语是物，多用不定式；,3)其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关,的，不用,v-ing,形式,而要用不定式，,如：,know,realize,hate,love,understand,wonder,remember,forget,Practice:,1.Would you mind _ the door?,A.open B.opening,C.to open D.opened,2.“So much for the new words and,expressions;lets go on _the text.”the,teacher said with a smile.,A.to talk about B.talking about,C.to be talking D.talk about,B,A,3.Have you got used _ in,Guil,in?,A.to living,B.to live,C.living,D.to be living,4.Nobody is willing to go to a party without _.,A.asking B.to be asked,C.being asked D.having asked,A,C,非谓语动词做宾语补足语,可以接不定式做宾语补足语的动词常用的有：,ask,want,advise,allow,encourage,force,forbid,like,order,permit,persuade,request,require,tell,warn,urge,expect,这些词后均可接,+sb.to do sth.,的结构,Father will not,allow us to play,on the street.,My teacher,advised me to do,more exercises.,常接分词做宾语补足语的动词有：,have，keep,get,find,see,hear,watch,notice etc.,I,saw him working,in the field yesterday.,He kept the water,boiling,.,I found my car,missing,.,I will have my watch,repaired,.,see,hear等词+sb.+do sth.与+sb.+doing的区别：,前者强调动作的真实性、完整性，后者强调动作的连续性、进行性。,I saw him work in the garden yesterday.,强调“我看见了”这个事实。,I saw him woking in the garden yesterday.,强调我见他正在干活这个动作。,非谓语动词作表语,1.不定式作表语（be to do):,按计划、趋势将要做的,She is to get married next week.,有责任、义务必须做的,Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow,祈使、命令不得不做的,Youre to stand here,do you understand?,命运安排,注定做的,Disney met the mouse and he was to become a famous artist.,2.,动名词作表语表明主语的性质或内容,（有时可与主语互换）,My job is teaching you English.,Teaching you English is my job.,3.,分词作表语表示主语的特点特征,现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动和完成。,The book is,interesting,.,Skiing is more,exciting,than skating.,She felt,confused,even,frightened,.,The guests are,gone,.,做表语的分词，其实很多已经转化为了形容词。,非谓语动词作定语,A.动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途,drinking water=the water that is(used)for drinking,drinking water,living room,sitting room,washing powder,B.分词作定语，表被修饰词的特点、特征.单个分词作定语前置,分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。,现在分词作定语表示正在进行和主动，过去分词作定语表示已经完成和被动。,boiling water 正在沸腾的水,boiled water 白开水（煮开过的水，可能是凉的）,a retired worker 一位退了休的工人,分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句：,现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动关系：,Due to the many changes,taking place,in our way of life,people,s way of thinking has also changed a lot.,=Due to the many changes,which take place,in,过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系：,Most of the people,invited,to the party were famous scientists.,=Most of the people,who were invited,to the,C.动词不定式作定语,1.后置，表示将来,This is the Hope Project School to be built next year.,2.不定式与其所修饰的词之间可能是主谓或动宾关系：,The train to arrive is from London.,I have a lot of work to do.,I want to get something to read.,Do you need some water to drink?,3.当名词有特定的定语,如形容词副词的最高级,序数词及next,only,right等,其后接不定式作定语。,He is the first student to come and the last to leave.,Where is the best place to meet?,We need the next room to hold corn.,4.不定代词something,nothing,little,much等习惯上用不定式做定语。,There is nothing to worry about.,5.如果动词要求用不定式做宾语，则它们相应的名词一般也要用不定式做定语,如：,decide to do,wish to do,His wish to buy a car came true.,Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.,6.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词，这里的介词不能省略。,I need a pen to write,with,.,Key to Part 4:,called/named Sally,standing behind the counter,being built,to be completed next year,to put the bookshelf,often playing football on the playground,非谓语动词作状语,不定式做状语，表示原因,目的或结果。为了强调目的,可与,in order to,或,so as to,连用,。,I reached home,only to find,my old dog dead.,He got up early,to catch,the early bus.,To improve,our English,we come here.,Im so glad,to see,you.,They went to the railway station,only to be told,that the train had left.,注：,only,+不定式”常表示出乎预料的结果.,分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随或方式，及独立成分。分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词。,Hearing the news,he couldnt help laughing.,（时间）,Given enough time,I can do it better,.,（条件）,Being ill,he didnt go to school,（原因）,The glass fell to the ground,breaking into pieces.,(结果),Our teacher came in,followed by many students,(伴随）,Generally speaking,one must be confident.,(,独立成分,),分词做时间、条件、原因状语往往可,以,转换成一个状语从句,做伴随状语可转换为并列句。,Hearing the news,he couldnt help laughing.,=,When he heard the news,he couldnt.,Given enough time,I can do it better.,=,If I am given enough time,I can do it better.,Being ill,he didnt go to school.,=,Because he was ill,he didnt go to school.,They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.,=They came into the classroom,and they were singing and laughing.,Notice:,使用非谓语动词做状语时，一定要注意，非谓语动词的逻辑主语一定要,与,该句话的主语,保持一致,。,判断下列句子正误并改错。,1.To learn English well,a lot of practice must be done.,To learn English well,I must do a lot of practice.,2.Seeing from the hill,the city is more beautiful.,Seen from the hill,the city is more beautiful.,3.Being ill,his classmate sent him to hospital.,Being ill,he was sent to hospital.,4.Broken by him,I cant use the cup.,Broken by him,the cup cant be used.,(,),(,),(,),(,),Key to Part 5:,followed by many students,leaving him an orphan,only to be told that the train had left,to/in order to/so as to catch the early bus,Seen from the top of the hill,Being a student,to believe your nonsense,不定式的省略,1.当两个或更多相同功能或意义的不定式并列使用时，除第一个不定式带,to,外其余的不加。,She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.,如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加,to。,To try and fail is better than not to try at all.,2.使役动词（,have,let,make）,和感官动词（如,see,feel,hear,find,etc.）,后,接不定式作宾语补足语需要,省略to,但当变成被动态时要加to.,The boss made them work the whole night.,They were,made to work,the whole night.,I saw him dance.=He was,seen to dance,.,3.介词but,except前面有行为动词do及其相应形式时，其后的不定式不带to,否则带to.,即有do 无to,无do要加to,We have no choice but,to turn back.,We could do nothing but,obey the order.,4.Why not.后面的动词不定式符号to省略。,Why not do it now?,Why not go for a walk?,动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构，是指,由物主代词或人称代词宾格、,名词,所有格,或名词加上动名词构成。在句子开头必须,用名词所有格或物主代词。,Marys coming,late made her teacher angry.,Its no use,your,/you,telling,me not to worry,.,Mother insisted on,my brothers,/my brother,going,to college.,Would you mind,my,/me,opening,the door?,What is troubling us is,their,/them,not having,enough money.,