英语语法大全(句法部分).doc

感谢你来百度 英语聊聊吧，欢迎以后再来： Steven630句法第18章 名词性从句一.概念 名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句二.相关知识点精讲1 主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。(1)不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。That the driver could not control his war was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.(2)if 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whetherWhether he left (or not) is unknown(3)当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。What we need is more time and money.What we need are many more books.2.表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。The trouble is that we are short of money. Go and get your coat. Its where you left it.(1) 引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because, as if/ as though等等 The reason (why/for which.) is that It/This/That is because(2) 连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型It seems/appears that.It looks/seems as if/as though(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)(3) as 也可以引导表语从句 Things are not always as they seem to be3. 宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。(1) 宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun(2) 连词whether和 if可以互换，但注意下列情况连词后紧跟or not时用whetherI want to know whether or not they will come.作介词宾语是用whether引导宾语从句He was interested in whether he saw her there.连接词后直接加不定式，不能用if只能用whetherHe doesnt know whether to stay or not.如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导I care if he will not attend the meeting.(3) 当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause,that不可省略I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.(4) 当主语是I, we ，主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时，用否定转移I dont think he will win the game, will he?(5) that在宾语从句常可以省略，但由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词thatHe said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasnt hungry.(6) 注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句I dont know if he will come.If he comes, Ill let you know.4.同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词 fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion, word etc.(1) There is no doubt that he will come.There is doubt whether he will come.Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them.There is no possibility that.(2) that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.We are interested in the news that he told us.when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)Go and get your coat. Its in the place where you left it.(定语从句)5. 疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句No matter where I go, my heart is towards China.I believer whatever he says. Whatever he says, I will never believe him.who与 whoever的区别 who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyone who“无论谁”Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.Can you tell me who that gentleman is?6当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词通常用what，它相当于。另外，有时具有感叹意义all that, anything that或 the thing(s) thatWhat we cant get seems better than what we have.Tom thought what a beautiful girl Mary was.7.注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句What was it that he wanted? I dont know what it was that he wanted.It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem8.注意it 作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同It is known to all that the earth is round.As is known to all. the earth is round.三.巩固练习1_he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all_. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. _more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. _you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where21. _he always serves the people very well is known. A. What B. That C. Which D. Who 22._has passed the test will get a prize . A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who 23.Is_ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week? A that B it C his D he24.It has not been decided _ they will leave for New York. A. when B why C that D what25. Obviously_ we do morning exercises every day _ us good. A. that do B. if; do C what; does D. that; dose26 It is said_ _ was all _ he said. A that; that; that B what; what; what C that; which; what D that; that; which27_ gets home first is to cook the supper. A. Who B Whom C. Those who D. Whoever28_ moved us most was_ he liked after the old man for more than twenty years. A. That; that B. What; that C What; what D. That; what29._ you did it is not known to all. A. Who B. What C. How D. Which30._ you do should be well done. A How B. That C. Whatever D Why31. The reason I plan to go is_ she will be disappointed if I dont. A. because B. that C. thanks to D. what32. What time do you think_? A. will Tom come back B. Tom will come back C. is Tom coming back D. can Tom get here33. The teacher said that light_ faster than sound. A. Has traveled B. traveled C. had traveled D. travels34._ is still a question_ will win. A. It; that B. It; who C. That; who D. This; that35. If you know_ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand. A. whom B. which C. who D. that36. In some countries,_ are called “public schools” are not owned by the state. A. that B. which C. as D. what37. Thinking_ you know_ in fact you dont is a terrible mistake. A. that; that B. what; what C. that; what D. what that38. Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just_ worries the public. A. why B. which C. that D. what39. Why dont you bring_ to his attention that you are too busy to do it? A. that B. what C. that D. it40._ David says sounds right to Helen. Thats why she has made up her mind to leave with him_ happens. A. whatever; whatever B. No matter what; whatever C. No matter what; No matter what D. Whatever; however41. That is_ I was born and grew up. A. There B. in which C. where D. the place42._ she was invited to the ball made her very happy. A. What B. That C. When D. Because43._ we are doing has never been done before. A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether44.-Have you found your book yet? -No, Im not sure_ I could have left it. A. whether B. where C. when D. why45. The doctor couldnt answer the question_ the patient could survive that night. A. if B. that C. whether D. what 46. I firmly believe_ he said at the meeting was right. A. that B. which C. that what D. what that47.-What were you trying to prove to the police? -_ I was last night. A. That B. When C. Where D. What48. I think, though I could be mistaken, _ he liked me. A. who B. which C. that D. what49. At the meeting, we discussed_ we should employ more workers. A. if B. whether C. that D. /50. After_ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. A. which B. it C. what D. that四.答案15 ABABC 610 AABAC 1115 BBCAB 1620 BCBAA2125 BABAD 2630 ADBCC 3135 BBDBC 3640 DCDDA4145 CBBBC 4650 CCCBC第19章 定语从句一.概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句二.相关知识点精讲 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）2.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。3.判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。4.限制性和非限制性定语从句 1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。5.介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club?6.as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。7.先行词和关系词二合一 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：3） that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。9.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。三.巩固练习1. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that3. In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whomD. to whom4. The weath