语言学认知语言学What-Is-Cognitive-Linguistics说课材料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Language and Cognition,Cognitive Linguistics,What Is Cognitive Linguistics?,Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s.It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.,Main Points in Cognitive Linguistics,Construal and Construal Operations,Categorization,Image Schemas,Metaphor,Metonymy,Blending Theory,Construal and Construal Operations,Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity,different mental scanning,directionality,vantage point,figure-ground segregation,etc.,Attention/Salience,Judgment/Comparison,Perspective/Situatedness,Construal and Construal Operations:Attention/Salience,The operation in salience have to do with our direction of attention towards sth.that is salient to us.,In cognition,we direct our attention to the activation of conceptual structures.,We use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.,Construal and Construal Operations:Judgment/Comparison,The construal operations of judgment/comparison have to do with judging sth.by comparing it to sth.else.,The figure-ground alignment apply to space,with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration.,Static and dynamic figure/ground,Trajector for a moving figure,Landmark for the ground of a moving figure,Categorization,Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.There are three levels in categories.,Basic level,Super-ordinate level,Subordinate level,Metaphor,Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of another.It is often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.Lakoff and John classify conceptual metaphors into three categories,Three Categories of Metaphor,Ontological metaphors,Structural metaphors,Orientational metaphors,Three Categories of Metaphor,Ontological metaphors,Ontological metaphors means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.as entities and substances.,Three Categories of Metaphor,Structural metaphors,Structural metaphors allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.,Three Categories of Metaphor,Orientational metaphors,Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation,Metonymy,Metonymy is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain,Two Conceptual Configurations,Whole ICM and its part(s),Parts of an ICM,Metonymy Whole ICM and its part(s),Thing-and-Part ICM,Scale ICM,Constitution ICM,Event ICM,Category-and-Member ICM,Category-and-Property ICM,Reduction ICM,Metonymy Parts of an ICM,Action ICM,Perception ICM,Causation ICM,Production ICM,Control ICM,Possession ICM,Containment ICM,Location ICM,Sign and Reference ICMs,Modification ICM,What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Blending Theory,Fauconnier and Turner propose and discuss blending or integration theory,a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more“mental spaces”are integrated via projection into new,blended space which has its unique structure.Conditions are needed when two input spaces I1 and I2 are blended:,Cross-Space Mapping,Generic Space,Blend,Emergent Structure,What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image Schemas,Image schema is a recurring,dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.,What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image Schemas,A center-periphery schema,A containment schema,A cycle schema,A force schema,A link schema,A part-whole schema,A path schema,A scale schema,A verticality schema,类属空间,输入空间1 输入空间2,合成空间,施事,经历者,锋利的刀具,工作场所,程序,（目标、方式）,角色:外科医生,(外科医生身份),角色:病人,(病人身份),手术刀,手术室,目标:康复,方式:手术,角色:屠夫,角色:商品(动物),屠刀,屠宰场,目标:切肉,方式:屠宰,外科医生身份,病人身份,切肉手术刀,手术室,目标：康复 方式：屠宰,不称职,