1、形容词一,形容词类型1. 表语形容词: 只用作表语或者后置定语的, 一般由前缀a-构成,如: afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, awake, aloat, etc.【注】: 表示健康状况的 well, ill 也属于这类,但ill 可作前置定语, 意思是“坏的,邪恶的 a ill man 品质败坏的人 表语形容词若要用作定语且具有以上意义,可改用其他形容词:误:an asleep child, an ashamed girl, an alive poet正:a sleeping child, a shy gi
2、rl, a living poet2由-ed分词和由-ing分词转化来的形容词。原则上说,由-ed分词转化来的形容词表被动 / 完成含义,由-ing分词转化来的形容词表主动 / 进行含义:a broken heart 破碎的心(=a heart that has been broken) an interesting book 有趣的书(=a book which interests readers) falling leaves 下落的树叶(=leaves that are falling) Everyone was moved by the moving story. 大家都被这个感人的故
3、事感动了。You may be worried if you have worrying problem. 假若你有一个令人担忧的问题,你可能感到担忧。 关于-ed形容词和-ing形容词的用法,有的人认为-ed形容词只用于人,-ing形容词只用于物,此说法尽管记忆方便,而且在许多情况下也是可行的,但由于说得太绝对。 比较: Im interested in interesting people. 我对有趣的人感兴趣。 He was worried about his worrying son. 他为他令人担忧的儿子感到担忧。 He was annoyed with the annoying p
4、erson. 他对这个讨厌的人很生气。 另一方面,-ed 形容词用于指物的情况也不少见。比较并体会: a frightened look 害怕的表情(指带有这种“表情”的人感到害怕) a frightening look 吓人的表情(指这种“表情”令人害怕) an excited talk 心情激动的谈话(指“谈话”的人心情激动) an exciting talk 令人激动的谈话(指听“谈话”的人心情激动) 【注】: 并不是所有-ed 形容词都表被动,有的-ed可能表示完成或其他意义:fallen leaves 落叶,an escaped prisoner 逃犯,a learned profe
5、ssor 博学的教授,an aged man 老人。二,形容词在句中的位置1形容词用作定语一般应前置(即置于被修饰的名词前),多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:在通常情况下,它们的顺序为遵循以下原则:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)描绘形容词大小(长短高低)形容词(外观)形状形容词年龄(新旧)形容词颜色形容词国籍形容词(产地)材料形容词用途(类别)形容词名词(动名词):It was a small yellow wooden table. 那是一张黄色的小木桌。He bought a nice(好看的) small(小小的) round(圆形的) new(新的) brown(褐色
6、的) French (法国产的) oak(橡木做的) writing desk(写字台)2. 以下情况形容词作定语可以后置或必须后置: 表语形容词若用作定语,必须后置:Who is the greatest poet alive? 谁是当今世界上最伟大的诗人? 修饰something, anything, everything, nothing, everyone, anybody 等复合不定代词的形容词,必须后置:There must be something wrong with it. 它一定出了什么问题。Keep everything useful. 保存好所有有用的东西。 在“数词+
7、名词+old (long, high, deep, tall等)”结构中,形容词总是后置:The boy is only five years old. 这男孩只有5岁。The tree is about 20 meters tall. 这棵树大约20米高。【注】形容词heavy不用于该结构,如回答How heavy is the box? 时,不能用Its 10 kilos heavy.(应去掉heavy)3. 形容词enough修饰名词时可前置,也可后置(但以前置为多见):Do you have enough money money enough? 你有足够的钱吗?We have enou
8、gh time time enough 我们有足够的时间。三,形容词的较等级1形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式,具体而言,它们分别以下列形式出现在句中: (1)as+原级+as 否定结构有A.not as+形容词原级+as B及Anot so +形容词原级+as B两种结构。 表示倍数有times as+形容词原级+as的句型。如:This garden is ten times as large as that oneThis room is twice as large as that one(2) 比较级+than, “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。 如:
9、 He becomes fatter and fatter The+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越,越”。如: The busier he is,the happier he feels The more time you spend practising English, the easier you will find it. 比较级的修饰语有far, even, still, a great deal, a bit, rather, three times, any, no, very much 等:He is far more careful than I am. 他比我仔细得多。T
10、his is very much cheaper. 这个便宜得多。Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好点儿了吗?This one is even more expensive. 这个更贵些。(3)the+最高级+of (in) 常见结构有:“of+复数意义的词”表示“在之中的”,“在中”;“in+范围、场所”表示“在之中”。如:He is the tallest of all the boys.China is the greatest in the world 最高级的常见修饰语有 (by) far, much, nearly, almost, not q
11、uite, second等:He is almost the tallest here. 他差不多是这儿最高的。This is much the worst book of all. 这是所有书中最最糟糕的一本。【注】very不能修饰比较级,却可修饰最高级,但它与一般的修饰最高级的副词有所不同,即它要放在最高级前的定冠词之后,而不是之前:This is the very best one. 这是最最好的。另外,second, third等也要放在定冠词之后:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河流。 无比
12、较和最高级(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong, chief , eternal , fatal , final,infinite, inevitable , main ,naked ,perfect, possible ,primary /等。(2) 形容词本身就含“比年长”, “比优秀”, 如:Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, ante
13、rior(前面的), posterior (后面的)等,等些形容词习惯上要用介词 to (3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。(5)表示时间、方位或方向,国籍的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, fron
14、t, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等 副词中要注意的几点:一 , 兼有两种形式的副词, 不带-ly的副词往往用在直接和具体的场合,带-ly的副词用在抽象的场合,如: 1) close与closely close意思是近;closely 意思是仔细地。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。2) late 与lately late意思是晚;lately 意思是最近。例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。 Wh
15、at have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?3) deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地。例如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。4) high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如: The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。 I think highly of y
16、our opinion. 你的看法很有道理。5) wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方。例如: He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。 English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。6) free与freely free的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地。例如: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。 You may speak freely; say wh
17、at you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。二,表否定意义的副词:seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never等 (否定代词位于句首时也倒装)含有否定意义的频度副词置于句首时,其后要用倒装语序。如:Never have I been there. 我从未去过那儿。Never have I been there. Seldom does he see a film. 他很少看电影。另外,频度副词always 和 never通常不位于句首,除非是祈使句。如:时刻记住这一点。晚上千万不要出去。三,一些特别的词组或句型1. no + adj. + tha
18、n 与同样不 如:no richer than = as poor as 2. cant + V + 比较级 , 表示肯定 You cant be more careful. You cant be too careful (你再怎么仔细都不过分). I cant love you more. 3. more of a / much of a / less of a : “更像”“称得上”, “算得上”4. more 的固定表达:more than 不止 no / nothing more than 不过,仅仅 more than a little 时分,非常more or less 大体上,或多或少more often than not 多班,经常whats more 而且