初中英语考试时态总复习.docx

一般现在时的用法一、定义：1表示经常性或习惯性的动作， 常与表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：every, often, sometimes, on Sunday, in the morning等。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上七点我离开家去上学。2表示客观真理、 客观存在和科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。3用于格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。4表示现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：Im happy.我很高兴。二、分类：一般现在时态分为：be动词的一般现在时和实义动词的一般现在时。1be 动词的一般现在时态：(1)肯定句：主语 be 动词(am/is/are)表语。例如：I am a teacher./You are his friends. /She is a nurse.(2)否定句：主语 be 动词(am/is/are)not表语。例如：I am not a teacher./You are not his friends./She is not a nurse.注意：is not isnt; are notarent; am not 没有简写形式。(3)一般疑问句： be 动词(Am/Is/Are)主语表语？例如：Are you a teacher?Yes, I am./No, Im not.2实义动词的一般现在时态：实义动词的一般现在时分为主语是非第三人称单数和第三人称单数两种。本模块我们学习主语是非第三人称单数的一般现在时形式。(1)肯定句：主语 动词原形 宾语。例如：I live far away from school. 我住得离学校很远。(2)否定句：主语 助动词 dont 动词原形 宾语。例如：I dont live far away from school.我住得离校不远。(3) 疑问句：Do 主语 动词原形 宾语？例如：Do you live far away from school? Yes, I do./No, I dont.注意：do除作助动词之外，还可用作实义动词，意为“做”。例如：do ones homework做作业， do housework 做家务。此时由肯定句变否定句时，不能在原句中的动词do后直接加not，而应在do前再加dont(doesnt)。例如：My parents do housework in the evening.我的父母在晚上做家务。My parents dont do housework in the evening.我的父母在晚上不做家务。句式结构1肯定句：主语动词的第三人称单数形式宾语，例如：He goes to school on foot every day. 他每天步行去上学。2否定句：主语 doesnt 动词原形宾语，例如：He doesnt go to school on foot every day.他每天不步行去上学。3一般疑问句：(1)一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实，要用yes作肯定回答，no作否定回答。(2)当主语是第三人称单数时，含有实义动词的一般现在时陈述句变一般疑问句遵循“一加二变”的规则：“一加”指变一般疑问句时在句首加助动词does；“ 二变”指句首加助动词之后，原句中实义动词的第三人称单数变为原形，然后把句末的句号变为问号。例如：She always goes to concerts.她总去听音乐会。Does she always go to concerts?她总去音乐会吗？The panda likes eating bamboo. 熊猫喜欢吃竹子。Does the panda like eating bamboo?熊猫喜欢吃竹子吗？注意：此类疑问句的简略回答也要用助动词。例如：Does he play football on Sunday?他在周日踢足球吗？Yes，he does. / No，he doesnt.是，他踢足球。/不，他不踢。特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词一般疑问句When do you have lunch?你们什么时候吃午饭？Where does he do his homework?他在哪里做作业？频度副词always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom和never这六个词是英语中常见的频度副词。它们用来表示动作发生的频率(即动作在单位时间里重复次数的多少)。这六个频度副词所表示的动作频率不同：1always意为“始终；一直；总是”，在这六个词中频率最高。其频率为100%，表示中间没有间断。其反义词是never。例如：The students always get up before six oclock.学生们总是六点前起床。2usually意为“通常”，表示通常如此，很少例外。其频率比always少，约为80%90%。如：He usually comes late.他通常来得很晚。3often意为“经常”。强调动作发生的次数具有经常性，但不如usually频繁。例如：Mr Liu doesnt often drink.刘先生并不常喝酒。4sometimes意为“有时”。表示动作偶尔发生，中间常有间断，频率不及often。可以位于句首，表强调。例如：We sometimes play football on Sundays.我们有时星期天踢足球。5seldom意为“很少”，频率较低。例如：We seldom go to school by bus. We usually go there by bike.我们很少乘车去上学，我们通常是骑车去。6never意为“从不，从来没有”。表示动作发生的频率为零。例如：I never go to school on foot.我从来不步行上学。二、 频度副词在句子中的位置1放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后。例如：He is always late for school. 他总是上学迟到。You must never tell her. 你千万别告诉她。2.放在实义动词之前。例如：They often help others. 他们经常帮助别人。现在进行时1用法：(1)表示此时此刻(指说话人说话时)正在进行的动作。例如：We are listening to the teacher carefully.我们正在认真地听老师讲课。(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr Green is writing another novel.格林先生正在写另一部小说。(说话时未必正在写，只是近期处于写作的状态。)(3)表示渐变，这样的动词有 get, grow, become, turn, go等。例如：Spring comes, and the weather is getting warm.春天来了，天气渐渐变暖和了。(4)与always等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观感情色彩。例如：2基本构成主语be v.ing(现在分词)其他。句中的be (am, is, are)要由主语而定。标志性时间词(1)当“now, at the moment, at this time, at 时间点”出现时常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。(2)look, listen，be quiet 等引导的祈使句后面所接的句子常用现在进行时。例如：Listen！She is singing an English song.听！她正在唱英文歌。(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且有all the time, this week, these days等时间状语时，常用现在进行时。例如：We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(4)描述图片中的人物的动作时，为了表达更生动，也常用现在进行时。 例如：Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图，那些孩子正在公园放风筝。一般现在时名称标志词肯定句的动词一般现在时sometimes, usually, often, always, every.,原形、第三人称单数现在进行时look, listen, now, Its .(几点了) . 后的句子Dont do sth. 后的句子be + doing一般将来时tomorrow, next week, next month,the day after tomorrow, .be going to dowill do否定句、一般疑问句的结构句中有be、can, may , must, would，will 的变法否定句一般疑问句只在其后not (some变any,and变or)将其放到句首. .？句中没有be、can, may , must, would，will 的变法动词否定句一般疑问句原形在主语后dont句前Do . .？第三人 称单数在主语后doesnt动词原形句前 Does 动词原形. .？回答:Can you .? Yes, I can./ No, I cant.Is he.? Yes, he is. /No, he isnt.Do you .? Yes, I do. /No, I dont.Does.she ? Yes she does. /No, she doesnt.Did they.? Yes, they did. /No, they didnt.Would you.? Yes, I would. /No. I wouldnt.Were they.? Yes, they were. /No, they werent.Should you.? Yes, I should./No, I shouldnt.一般过去时：定义：动词的一般过去时态表示过去发生的动作、情况或存在的状态。be动词和行为动词两种基本形式be动词（或系动词be）的过去式为was和 were 两个。行为动词的过去式，其变化分为规则和不规则的两种。（例如 ： looked rushed did)He was born on July, 18th,1918.I watched TV last night.一般将来时概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间标志：常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow（明天）， next week（下周），from now no(从现在开始)，in the future(将来)，soon, in 2015, in two days(两天之后)等。基本结构：1.肯定句 主语+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +动词原形+其它My sister is going to learn English next year. 我姐姐准备明年学英语。 2.否定句 主语+be(am / is / are)not going to +动词原形 +其它I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight. 我今天晚上不打算去看电影。 3.一般疑问句 Be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它? Is your father going to play basketball with you ?No , he isnt.你父亲打算和你去打篮球吗？不。 4.特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词(Wh-)+一般疑问句 ? Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.? 春节你打算在哪过？2.will +动词原形1.肯定句： 主语+will+动词原形+其它Tomorrow will be Sunday. 明天就是星期天。 The rain will stop soon. 雨很快就要停了。2.否定句： 主语 + will + not + 动词原形 +其它They wont watch TV this evening。今天晚上他们不看电视。3.一般疑问句： will +主语 +动词原形+其它；一般疑问句如用will you？其简略答语须是Yes，I will或 No，I wont；Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ？ 明天你和我们呆在家里好吗？4.特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词(Wh-) +一般疑问句When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么时侯回来？注意：be或will提到句首，some改为any， and改为or，第一二人称互换。对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 1. 问人。Who 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon. 2. 问干什么。What do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3. 问什么时候。When.例如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is she going to bed?同义句：be going to = will e.g: I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow.填空。 1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends. I _ have a picnic with my friends. 2. 下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。 What _ _ _ _ _ next Monday? I _ _ _ play basketball.一般过去时态常用的时间状语一般来说，一般过去时都有明显的时间状语，它们可以是单词，也可以是短语或从句。1.yesterday或以其构成的短语：yesterday morning(afternoon, evening)等；2. 由“last+一时间名词”构成的短语：last night, last year (winter, month, week)等；3. 由“时间段+ago”构成的短语：a moment ago, a short time ago, an hour ago等；4. 由“介词+一时间名词”构成的短语：on Friday, on Monday morning, on April 155.频度副词：often, always 等；6. 其它：then, just now, once,以及由after或before构成的介词短语等7. 由某些表示过去时态的从句等。行为动词的过去式规则变化(V+ed)规则动词过去式的构成：1）. 一般动词原形末尾加-ed。如：looklooked, staystayed ;2）. 以不发音e结尾的动词只加-d。如：hopehoped, livelived;3）. 末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed.如：stopstopped, plan(计划) planned;4）. 结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，先将y改为i,再加-ed. 如：studystudied, carrycarried.2. 不规则变化 come came go went do did getgot have had read readleave leftmeet metbuy boughtteachtaughtsendsentseesaw swim swam take took write wrote beginbegan句型（1）一般过去时的肯定陈述句： 主语 动词过去式 宾语或表语。 He worked in Shanghai ten years ago.（2）一般过去时的否定句： a主语 didnt 动词原形 宾语。 (did + not = didnt) He didnt do morning exercises yesterday. b主语 wasnt/werent 表语。(was + not = wasnt were + not = werent) He wasnt an English teacher ten years ago.（3）一般过去时的一般疑问句： aDid 主语 动词原形 宾语 ？ Did you study English in 1990 ? bWas/Were + 主语 表语 ？ Was he a pupil five years ago ?（4）一般过去时的特殊疑问句： a特殊疑问词 did + 主语 动词原形 宾语？ Where did your parents live five years ago？ What did you do last Sunday？ b特殊疑问词 were/was 表语？ Who was at the zoo yesterday?句式变化（一）一般过去时的一般疑问句1把was, were放在句首，其余位置不变。由Was？引导的一般疑问句，肯定答为：Yes， was. 否定回答为：No，. wasnt. 由Were？引导的一般疑问句，肯定回答为：Yes， were. 否定回答为：No， werent.如：（1）I was born in Shanghai. Were you born in Shanghai?Yes, I was. (肯定回答) No, I wasnt. (否定回答)（2）They were in Li Yans home last night. Were they in Li Yans home last night?Yes, they were. (肯定回答) No, they werent. (否定回答)2在行为动词的句子中，要用助动词词did来引导，其余的语序不变。要注意的是，要把行为动词的过去式改为原形。肯定回答为：Yes, did. 否定回答：No, didnt.如：John played computer games last night.Did John play computer games last night?Yes, he did. (肯定回答) No, he didnt. (否定回答)（二）一般过去时的否定句1在表示过去存在的状态的句子中，相接在was, were的后面加上not。如：1）He was in the park the day before yesterday.He was not in the park the day before yesterday.(2)We were busy last week.We were not busy last week.2在表示过去的时间发生的动作的句子中，要在行为动词的前面加助动词didnt.然后把过去式的行为动词改为动词原形。即：didnt + 动词原形。如：（1）She played the violin last night.She didnt play the violin last night.(2)They swam in the lake yesterday.They didnt swim in the lake yesterday.(三)、一般过去式的特殊疑问句1.What did ?（主要是询问过去发生了什么事情，注意要把过去式改为动词原形。）We ate Chinese food last night. What did we eat last night?2.Where did ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的地方。)They sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning. Where did they sing and dance yesterday morning?3.Who + 动词过去式 ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的人物。) Mike and Tom climbed mountains last weekend.Who climbed mountains last weekend?过去进行时的用法 过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行，正在发生的动作。由_构成。句式变化与现在进行时相似。过去某一时间常常通过at that time/moment, at 8:00 last night等词组表示，也可以通过when, while引导的从句表示，还可以通过上下文提示表示，在运用能够时，要注意和现在进行时，一般过去时的区别。如：( ) 1. What _ you _ at 9:00 yesterday evening? A. did/do B. are/doing C. were/doing D. have/done( ) 2. She _ by the river with a book when a white rabbit ran past her. A. was sitting B. is sitting C. sat D. sits( ) 3. I called you last night, but no one answered. Oh, sorry, I _ with my parents. A. went shopping B. shopped C. was shopping D. am shopping过去进行时的构成：肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing否定形式：主语+was not (wasnt)/were not (werent)+V-ing疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。基本用法：1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句，如： What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。 I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。 2. when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如： When the car exploded I was walking past it.= While I was walking past the car it exploded. 3.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如： I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。 4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如： I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较：一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”，而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。如：Tom wrote a letter to his friend last night. 汤姆昨晚给他的朋友写了封信.（信写完了）Tom was writing a letter to his friend last night.汤姆昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。（信不一定写完，只是强调了动作的延续性）。过去进行时和一般过去时的差别：一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”，而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。如:I was reading an English novel last night.昨晚我在看一本英文小说。（可能没看完）I read an English novel last night我昨晚看了一本英文小说。（已经看完）现在完成时（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (havent) studied.Have I studied?You have not (havent) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasnt) studied.Has he studied?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）Have I not (Havent I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you havent.Have you not (Havent you) studied?Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he not (Hasnt he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.（2）用法：1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 Im sure weve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for, since,yet等,肯定句: already, just，疑问句和否定句: ever, yet, never，yet 常置于句末already, never, ever, just一般置于助动词have/has之后，过去分词之前。如： I havent heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We havent seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday.注意：1）since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。Exercise: 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country _1974.6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been in hospital _ October.2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 months. They have left only for 5 minutes. 以上三句话可以改为：He has been here for 2 weeks.The old man has _ _ for 4 months.They have _ _ only for 5 minutes.have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：1. have (has) been (to)意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如：Ive just been to the post office.Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗？Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们已经去了那个村庄好几次了。Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）2. have (has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.4）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year,