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自考英语重点语法.doc

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1、外语下载中心 自考英语重点语法动名词在句子中的作用 动名词是一种非限定动词,其构成同现在分词一样,即在动词原形后加-ing,在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂,但出现的频率却非常高,是考试常考语法项目,因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约,但不能做谓语。 1.作主语 动名词及其短语可以用来作主语,跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样,有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等,组成完整的句子。 如:Smoking does a lot of harm to ones health. (吸烟对人体非常有害。) Reading different kinds o

2、f books can enlarge your range of knowledge.(阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。) 但是,动名词作主语有两种特殊句型,那就是由it作形式主语和there作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此,必须给予足够的重视。 (1)“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中: It is no good. It is not much good. It is no use. It is hardly any use. It is useless. It is not any use. It is little use. It i

3、s hardly worth. It is worth. It is worthwhile. It is a waste of time. It is difficult. It is a waste of time arguing with him. (跟他辩论是在浪费时间。) It was no use talking without taking any action. (只说不做是没有用的。) (2)“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中,其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。 There is no denying the fact. (事实不容否认。) T

4、here is no joking over this matter. (这种事开不得玩笑。) There is no telling what she will be after she grows up. (说不准她长大后会干什么。)动名词在句子中的作用 2.动名词作表语 动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样,由be+动词-ing形式构成,但它所表达的是主语“是什么”,而不是主语“正在干什么”。 The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV. (史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。) The most

5、 important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job. (最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。) Seeing is believing. (眼见为实。) 我们知道,不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语,所表达的意义也非常接近,但两者也有一定的区别:一般说来,动名词多表示一般行为和状态,而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。 动名词在句子中的作用 3.动名词作同位语 同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词,是对该名词的进一步解释,起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。 His hard habit, s

6、moking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years. (他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。) Thats my pride, speaking five languages. (说五种语言,这是我的骄傲。) Thats your mistake, asking such a stupid person t do such an important job.(让这样一个傻瓜做这样重要的事情,这是你的错。) 动名词在句子中的作用 4.动名词作定语 动名词作定语修饰名词,通常用来说明该名词的用途, 如a s

7、leeping car (a car for sleeping) a swimming pool (a pool for swimming), a dining room (a room for dining), a dancing party (a party for dancing) a singing competition (a competition for singing)等等; 现代分词也可以作定语修饰名词,表示该名词正处在一种什么样的状态,现代分词这个动作实际上是由所修饰的名词所发出的, 如a sleeping beauty (a beauty is sleeping) a r

8、unning dog (a dog is running) a dancing girl (a girl is dancing) 等等。 区别一个作定 语的-ing形式的动词是动名词还是现代分词,我们可以用这样的方法:将被修饰的名词作主语,用be来连接带有-ing的动词,如果逻辑上行得通,那就是现代分词,反之就是动名词。 如把 a flying bird换成a bird is flying 在逻辑上行得通,flying就是现代分词,而把a dining room换成a room is dining就行不通了,因此dining就是动名词。当然,我们也可以把be换成for来进行检验,比如,把a b

9、arking dog 换成a dog for barking,结果不符合逻辑和常识,因此,barking是现代分词,而把a swimming pool换成a pool for swimming就顺理成章了。 动名词在句子中的作用 5.动名词作宾语 动名词可以作动词的宾语和介词的宾语 (1)动名词作谓语动词的宾语。谓语可以用很多种词类作自己的宾语,其中包括名词、代词、不定式、动名词等。学生常常感到困难的是,判断不准在谓语动词后面到底是接不定式还是接动名词。下面所列出的动词是英语四级中常见的动词,当它们被用作谓语时,要求接动名词作宾语: suggest, admit, finish, avoid,

10、 risk, keep, imagine, escape, appreciate, consider, stop cant help, delay, deny, enjoy, mind, miss resent, understand, postpone, practice, defer, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, endure, confess, acknowledge, justify, resist, involve, anticipate, abandon, mention等等。 如:He has finished reading the novel

11、. (他已经读完了这本小说。) Would you mind passing me the dictionary? (把字典递给我,好吗?) He never can resist making a joke. (他从不反对开玩笑。) Mary said in her letter that she would appreciate hearing from me very soon.(玛丽在信中说,她希望早日收到我的来信。) 英语中,有些动词既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语, 如like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue,

12、 attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve等等。 对其中一部分词而言,这种两种结构之间意义区别不大,但在remember, regret, want, try等动词后区别就十分明显了。请看下面几组例句的区别: I remembered turning off the light when I left the classroom. (关灯的事已经做完,而且我记得我做过这件事。) I remembered to turn off the light when I left the c

13、lassroom. (尽管关灯这件事还没有做,但我记得有这件事要去做) He forgets sending the letter for me. (信已经寄走了,但他忘了自己已经做过这件事) He forgets to send the letter for me. (信根本就没有被寄走,他忘了自己有这么一件事要做) We must try to do a better job.(努力去做) Lets try solving the problem some other way.(试一试) 在like, hate, prefer dread, love等动词之后,接不定式和动名词,在意义上有

14、一些差别,接不定式表示或具体的一次动作,接动名词则表示习惯性动作。 如:Ii like reading detective stories. I like to read detective stories tonight. I hate speaking before a big audience. I hate to speak under such an unfriendly circumstance. (2)动名词作介词的宾语。 动名词作介词宾语的时候非常多,主要出现在带有介词的动词词组这类固定搭配的后面,如:He finally succeeded in persuading her

15、 to give up such a silly idea.(他终于成功地说服了她放弃这样愚蠢的主意。) The court charged him with stealing the equipment. (法庭指控他盗窃设备。) 一、动词-ing形式的时态和语态 1.时态 如动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生,或表示正在发生,用它的一般式。若表示其动作先于谓语动作的动作,须用它的完成式。看下例: Having worked in the fields for three hours, they took a rest. (在田里工作了三个小时后他们休息了一会儿。)

16、 动词-ing形式结构的完成式可以带有自己的逻辑主语;也可以有否定形式,not须放在having之前。如: We know nothing about Reagan having served in the army. (有关里根在军队服役的事我们一无所知。) Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal. (很长时间没有她儿子的来信,这位母亲非常担心。) 2.语态 动词的-ing形式结构的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的承受者。如: The problem being d

17、iscussed is of vital importance. (这个正被讨论的问题极其重要。) Having been warned about the typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor. (受到台风的警告后,渔民把船驾驶到最近的港湾。) 二、动词-ing形式的用法 1.作定语 动词-ing形式作定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。 (1)动词-ing形式作前置定语表示它所修饰的名词所做的动作。 如:a sleeping child sleeping volcano changing situation 作前置定语用的动

18、词-ing形式有时还可以在它的前面加上形容词、副词或名词来构成合成词。 如:hard-working peasant epoch-making event breath-taking performance (2)作后置定语的动词-ing形式一般是由动词-ing形式加上其他成分构成。 如:The banana tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. (香蕉树结满了果实,在微风中轻轻摇摆。) We shall arrive too late to catch the train leaving at nine.

19、(我们到得太晚,赶不上9点的火车。) 2.作表语 动词-ing形式作表语时,动词-ing形式往往表示主语所具有的特征,对主语加以描述。 如:The music is much pleasing to the ear. (音乐听起来很悦耳。) The flowers look even more charming after the rain. (雨后的花儿格外迷人。) 3.作宾语补足语 动词-ing形式和动词-ing形式短语可以用在表示感觉的动词(如see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, feel等)以及其他使

20、役、致使动词(如catch, set, have, make, get, start, leave, keep, find)的宾语后面,作宾语补足语。 如:Do you think you can get the radio working? (你认为你能修好这个收音机吗?) I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond. (我看到一个小女孩站在金鱼缸前。) 在一些感官、使役动词后既可以接不定式宾补也可以接动词-ing形式宾补,其区别在:动词的-ing形式宾补表示动作正在进行,不是指全过程;不定式宾补表示动作的完成,指全过程。另

21、外,短暂性动词的动词-ing形式宾补表示动作的反复,而不定式则表示动作的一次性。 如:I saw the thief getting on the train. (正在上火车) I saw thief get on the train and disappeared. (上了火车,消失了) He heard the door slamming. (反复经常发生的动作) He heard the door slam. (一次性动作,已完成) 4.作状语 动词-ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等意义。 (1)表示时间 Opening the door. I saw nobo

22、dy in. (打开门,我没看到有人进来。) 如果动词的-ing形式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,并已完成,这时要用动词的-ing形式的完成式。 如:Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. (作出决定以后,他们马上开始工作。) Having been experimented several times, this new product will be put into mass production. (经过多次实验后,这个新产品会大批量生产。) (2)表示原因。 Having lived in Paris

23、for many years, he knew the city well. (在巴黎住了这么多年,他非常了解这个城市。) Knowing French well, he translated the article without much difficulty. (他法语水平很高,没费劲就翻译好了这篇文章。) (3)表示条件。 Working hard, you will succeed. (努力工作,你就会成功。) (4)表示让步。 Weighing almost one hundred pounds, the stone was moved by him alone. (这块石头重达近

24、100磅,他竟然一个人把它移走了。) (5)表示结果。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (他们的车遇到了交通堵塞,结果造成他们迟到。) (6)表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明等。 He sat at the window reading. (他坐在窗口读书。) She stood there, waiting for him in the rain. (她站在那里,在雨中等他。) I wrote Tom, thanking him for his help. (我给汤姆写信,感谢他的帮助。) 另外,正

25、常情况下,动词-ing形式短语的主语和主句的主语是一致的。 My wife had a long talk with Jenny, explaining why she didnt want the children to play together. (我妻子同珍尼进行了长谈,解释了她为什么不让孩子们在一起玩的原因。) 5.作独立成分 动词-ing形式独立成份可以进一步说明动词的动作或整个句子所表达的概念,这样用的时候,它们同副词短语相似。 如:Not knowing what to do, I telephone the police. (= Because I didnt know wh

26、at to do ) Putting down my magazine, I walked over to the window and look out. (= After I had put down my magazine) 三、动词-ing形式的独立结构 相当于状语从句的动词-ing形式结构的逻辑主语经常是主句的主语。但有时动词-ing形式结构有自己的主语,这个主语由名词或代词表示,放在动词-ing形式的前面,与动词-ing形式构成逻辑上的主谓关系;这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,称为独立结构,意义上相当于各种形式的状语从句以及伴随状况等。 如:Weather permitting

27、(= If the weather permits), well go to the zoo tomorrow. We all went home, he remaining behind (= and he remained behind. 为了简练起见,独立结构中的being或having been有时可以省略。 如:The work (being) done, we felt relieved. (工作干完了,我们感到很轻松。) The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eyes (being) wide open.(孩子们

28、瞪大眼睛观看杂技表演。) Breakfast over, he went to school. (=Breakfast having been over, he went to school)。(吃完早饭后他上学去了。) 独立结构有时也可以由介词with, without引出,这时逻辑主语采用名词或代词宾格形式,句法作用同上。 如:We could hardly work with him fussing us all the time. (他很喜欢挑剔,我们很难与他共事。) 过去分词 动词-ed形式(以往的语法书称之为过去分词)的构成为动词原形+ed(不规则动词除外),在句子中可以作定语、表

29、语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。动词-ed形式在很多情况下都有自己的逻辑主语。 一、动词-ed形式的性质 动词-ed形式用来表示已经完成的动作;及物动词-ed形式带有被动的意义;动词-ed形式没有时态和语态的变化。 二、动词-ed形式的用法 1.作定语 充当前置定语的动词-ed形式通常来自及物动词,具有被动和完成意义。 如:written language a conquered army a finished article the spoken word a recorded talk a closed shop 来源于不及物动词的动词-ed形式很少能单独用作前置定语,能这样用的仅限于

30、下列几个词,这时它们仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义: a retired worker = a worker who has retired a faded/withered flower = a flower that has faded/withered an expired contract = a contract that has expired the vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished 有些动词-ed形式单独一个词不能作前置定语,但如加上某些前缀或与某些副词构成复合形容词,便可以作前置定语。 如:well-behaved

31、children a widely-traveled businessman an undetermined boundary unheard-of stories 此后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他修饰成分,在意义上起关联从句的作用,在用法上比关系从句简洁、紧凑、生动。 如:The quantity of oxygen liberated to atmosphere by growing plants is obviously very large. = The quantity of oxygen which is liberated to atmosphere by gro

32、wing plants is obviously very large. (很显然,植物释放到大气中的氧气很多。) Most of the people invited to the party were old friends. = Most of the people who had been invited to the party were old friends. The lobster broiled over pepper was delicious. = The lobster which was broiled over pepper was delicious. (加胡椒烧

33、烤的龙虾味道很美。) 动词-ed形式可以通过一些形式上的变化表示不同的时间意义: (1)动词-ed形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 如:Is this the novel written by Charles Dickens? Half of the guests invited to the reception were diplomatic personnel. (被邀请参加招待会的客人有一半是外交人员。) (2)动词-ed形式表示的是与句中谓语动词相应经常发生的动作。 如:He was a teacher respected by all the students. These shi

34、ps carry goods exported to foreign countries. (这些船运输出口国外的货物。) (3)动词-ed形式表示一个正在进行的被动动作,用being+动词-ed形式结构。 如:The man being questioned was an ex-spy. The matter being discussed is of little importance. (4)动词-ed形式表示一个将来动作,?quot;to be +“动词-ed”形式结构。 如:He was invited to a meeting to be held the next month.

35、These are the machines to be imported from America. 注意:同一动词的动词-ed形式作后置定语与作前置定语,有时意义有所不同。 如:All people involved in the scandal were investigated. (作卷入、涉嫌、牵连解) This is an involved problem.(作“复杂、麻烦”解) The method used is very effective.(作“被采用、采纳”解) This is a used car.(作“旧的、用过的”解) All parties concerned a

36、re present.(作“有关”解) He sat musing with a concerned look.(作“关切”解) The book given to him is a novel written by Charles Dickens. (作“给”解) We will be meeting each other again at given time and place. (作“特定的”解) 2.作表语 动词-ed形式作表语往往表示主语所处的状态。 如:The door remains locked. He was sunk in thought. Youre mistaken.

37、 They are satisfied with their present job. 同一动词的动词-ed形式作表语与作定语用时,意义和形式经常有不同。 如:A drunken man is one who has drunk too much alcohol and has got drunk.(醉鬼是喝醉酒的人。) A lighted candle is one that has been lit. 3.作宾语补足语 动词-ed形式与使役或感官动词连用作宾语补足语时表示被动意义和已完成的动作。 (1)感觉、感官动词后动词-ed形式作宾补。 这类动词有listen to, notice,

38、look at, see, observe, watch, hear, find, smell, feel, think等, 如:He was very happy to see his parents taken good care of by the government at home. He heard his name called. (2)使役、致使动词后面动词-ed形式作宾补。这类动词有catch, set, have, make, get, start, leave, keep等。 如:I have my hair cut every month. Please keep us

39、 informed of the latest development. (3)want, like, wish, order等表示希望、命令、要求等意义的动词后动词-ed形式作宾补。 如:The commander ordered the contingent reorganized. She wont like such taboos discussed. 4.作状语 动词-ed形式在句中作状语时,在意义上相当于一个状语从句,可以用来表示时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等。 如:Seen from the tower, the south foot of the mountain

40、is a sea of trees. When it is seen from the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. (从塔上望去,南山脚是树的海洋。) She hurried to the hall, followed by two agents. = She hurried to the hall and was followed by two agents. (她匆匆赶到大厅,后面跟着两个代理商。) 三、动词-ed形式的独立结构 动词-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致;否则,动词-ed形式应

41、有自己的逻辑主语,以构成动词-ed形式的独立结构。 (1)独立结构一般位于句首,作伴随情况时则常居于句尾。动词-ed形式的独立结构由名词、代词+动词-ed形式构成,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。 如:This done, he left the room.(表示时间) Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.(表示条件) He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (表示方式) He returned four days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces. (表示伴随情况) (2)独立结构有时可以用with或without引导,构成“with (without)+名词词组+动词的-ed形式”,即带有复杂宾语的介词词组。 如:With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. With the first point agreed o

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