自考英语一重点语法复习全.doc

自考英语一重点语法复习全

资料仅供参考
一．名词
I. 名词的种类：
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
不可数名词量的表示语：
　　(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：　数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词
　　(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。
　　(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelry
　　a piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalk
　　a bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup
　　(B) 抽象名词　　a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;
　　a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information　a piece (an item) of news;
　　(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening;　　a bolt of thunder;
名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
　　What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?　　I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
　　I like this kind of flower.　　I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）

II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则
例词
1
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves
加-s
chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
两者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
特殊变化
medium media, child children,
2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其它形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,
3
只有复数形式
trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police
5
部分集体名词既能够作单数（整体）也能够作复数（成员）
class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１
表示时间
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time, the play’s plot
7
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，特别是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：
1
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
3
表示“每一”相当于every，one，per
We study eight hours a day.
4
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
5
用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6
用于固定词组中
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
8
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9
物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词
This is a good cloth for summer.
10
“have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”，与抽象名词的动词形同义
Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.
II. 定冠词的用法：
1
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
2
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4
用于乐器前面
play the violin, play the guitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
8
用于专有名词前：国家党派、公共建筑、机关、江河湖海、山川群岛、报刊、经典的名词前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9
用于表示创造物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
10
在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s
11
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
12
用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.
13
用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前
This is the book that I promised to lend you.
III. 零冠词的用法：
1
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?
3
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
学科，语言，球类，棋类，颜色名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
7
两个相正确名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day by day, man to man
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
9
表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。
He was elected president.
10
School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词
School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）
　　The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）

三．代词：
I. 代词能够分为以下七大类：
1
人称代词
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2
物主代词
形容词性
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such, some
5
疑问代词
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6
关系代词
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7
不定代词
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点：
1. one, some与any:
1) one能够泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词， 另外两者也可做副词。
Some of them are my students.〔代名词）　Is your mother any better?（副词）
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数能够是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆能够。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其它词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others表示其余所有的人或物。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

四．形容词和副词
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语一般前置，但在下列情况后置：
1
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等能够后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成正确形容词能够后置,为加强语气或音调美
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词
数词
性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格
序数词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名词
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
11
数词＋名词＋形容词
three-hundred-year-old
6
名词+形容词
world-famous

2.形容词的用法：
　1) 紧靠着〔代）名词的形容词：upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare
字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能放在名词的前面a wooden leg; earthen ware
　(2)形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
　　He could not do it in so short a time.　　He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).
　2) 作补语的形容词：
　　(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with
(to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.
　　(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后一般接at; about; with; in; of等介词。
　　 John is interested in English grammar.　　He was surprised at her behaviour.
　 (3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代〕名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句
不可直接作介词的受词。
　　 She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.　　She was not aware that there is danger.
　　(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句　　此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true;
(A) that子句中的假设法。　　It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略）
　　 (B) 人称形容词亦可接其它连接词引导的子句。　　I'm not sure why he came.
　3) 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:
　　(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词
　　(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词
　　(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词
　　(D) 主词 + be worthy + 不定词
　　This book is worth reading. = It is worth while to read this book.
= This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.
4) many和much的用法：
　　〔1〕many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。
　　 He has many friends, but few true ones.　　There hasn't been much good weather recently.
　　 (2) many a要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。
　　 Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
　　〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。
　　　　 They worked like so many ants.
　　 (4) as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
　　 He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）
　　 I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情）
　　 (5)many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。
　　 I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词）　　He is much taller than I. （副词〕
　 5) (a) few和(a) little的用法：　 (a) few用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little用在不可数名词之前。Few,little含否定的意味。
　 6) 其它的数量形容词：
　　(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。
　　(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量）， 修饰不可数名词。
　　(3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，而且要与复数动词连用。
　　the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词
　7) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词
　　冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) +复数可数名词
　 8) the rest of “其余的”， 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。
　　The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词）　　The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）
　　注：the rest作代名词， 等于 the others， 和复数动词连用。　　

II. 副词
副词的分类：
1
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地点副词
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
3
方式副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
关系副词
when, where, why
副词的位置：
1
副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，一般放在前面。
The mountain is very beautiful.
2
及物动词 + 受词 + 副词
She speaks English well.
3
表确定时间或场所的副词, 一般放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。
She was born in Taipei in 1948.

4
置于句首修饰全句
Fortunately he succeeded in the examination
5
同类副词 单位较小者 + 单位较大者排列
He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
6
地点+状态+次数+时间
She arrived there safely the other day.
7
频率副词
在一般动词前
They always say so
在be动词后
I am always busy
在助动词和实义动词间
This job will never be finished.
8
三种时间副词“期段＋频率＋时侯”
I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood
9
Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首，要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前。
Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.
10
地方副词一般置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。
He lives in a small village. They are not there.
11
两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。
The children running around upstairs.

几个特殊副词的用法：
　　(1) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面。
　　She’s old enough to do some work.　　She’s too old to do any work.
　　(2) very, much　　(A) very修饰原级形容词，副词； much (或very much)修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词或动词。
　　He spoke very carefully.　 This is much better. .This is much (by far) the best.　It is much talked about these days.
　　(3) already, yet, still
　　(A) Already用于肯定句，作“已经”解； yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解。Already用在疑问句或否定句时，表惊讶。
　　I already like him.　　He can’t drive yet.　　　Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)
　　(B) Still表动作或状态的持续，作“依然”解。Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。
　　He is still standing. (continue to stand)　　He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
　　(4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动，句意和语气也会改变。
　　Only John phoned Mary today.　　John phoned only Mary today.　　John phoned Mary only today (today only).
　　(5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前； alone则放在其后。
　　You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer.　　You can get a B grade for that answer alone.

副词应注意的事项：
　　(1) 有些字可当形容词又可当副词, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.
　　 We