英语(二)_自考笔记+自考资料.doc

科目：英语(二)课后答案Unit 1-A Exercises for the Text 阅读理解 1dall of the above 2Cdecision making also means risk taking 3CAlternatives，choice，decision 4ais good for a large organization 5dpersonal beliefs 从课文中找出下列词语的同义词 1alternative 2。fundamental 3accompany 4implement 5precedent 6attain 7objectives 8vary 9multiple l0isolate 词义搭配 1Cmake decisions 2ddesign programs 3isolve problems 4jsurvive accidents 5gseize opportunities 6epursue studies 7hattain goals 8aearn money 9fconsume time l0bpay debts 完形填空 One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinnerguests，our five-year-old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert(甜食)Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen andplaced the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next tomeDebbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as Ipassed it to another guest“You might as well keep it，”my daughtersaidTheyre all the same size 汉译英 1Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be 2Some people suggest that everything a manager does involves decisions 3If there is no right choicethere is no right decision to be made 4Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms 5A decision maker is usually the key to business development of a company。 Vocabulary Exercises 用所绐单词的适当形式填空 1abe organized borganizational Corganization 2asimple bsimplified Csimply dsimplification 3aprofit bprofitable cprofitability 4aintention bintended cunintended 用下列单词的适当形式填空 1precedent 2skilled 3achievement 4implement 5optimal 6goal 7accomplish 8accompanies 9tendency l0ongoing 汉译英 1He was accompanied to the concert by his friends 2He has argued her out of her decision 3His success was due in part to luck 4In accordance with his suggestionthe procedure has been remarkably simplified 5The broadcast station predicted that it would be colder tomorrow 6Movement is defined as a change in position or placeUnit 1-B Exercises for the Text 根据课文判断正误 1T 2T 3F 4F 5F 6F 7F 8F 9F l0T 根据课文填入所缺内容 1preparation，confidence 2idea 3unattractive indifference 4hardworking，personality，interest 5speechless 6holidays，pay 7clean，neat，conservative 8the floor beside your chair 9politely，naturally 10Would you mind rephrasing the question，please Vocabulary Exercises 从课文B中找出与下列各句中划线部分意义最相近的词语 1at a disadvantage 2conservative 3indifference 4make sure 5vague 6clutched 7turned down 8to your advantage 9clean and neat l0prospects 11take the trouble to 12placeGrammar Exercises指出下列句中as的词性及语法功能，并把句子译成汉语1as作连词，引导让步状语从句。 约翰虽然努力了，但还是一个词也想不起来。2as作连词，引导比较状语从句。 哈利和他几个弟兄一样，长得异乎寻常地高。3as作连词，引导比较状语从旬。 这儿有块儿大石头没人能搬起来。4as作关系代词，引导限定性定语从句。 他们和我持同样的观点。5as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 外语无用论是错误的，过去相当一部分人就持此观点。6as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 如前所述，语法不是一套一成不变的规则。7as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 海伦精神有点失常，她的同学都看得出来。8as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 以后你就会发现，所有的事情现在都已安排妥当。9第一个as作副词，表示程度；第二个as作连词，表示比较。 她和妹妹舞跳得一样好。10第一个as作副词，表示程度；第二个as作连词，表示比较。 他们爱他，她也同样爱他。11as作连词，引导比较状语从句。 他还没有她年龄大。12as作介词，构成介词短语作状语。 他小时候就参了军。13习语as long as引导时间状语从句。 既然你在这里，我们何不讨论一下我们的计划呢?t4as作连词，引导方式状语从句。 他根据自己的理解撰写关于中国的文章。15习语as if引导方式状语从句。 他总是努力工作，好像从不知疲倦似的。16as作连词，引导方式状语从句。 你怎么对待我，我就怎么对待你。17as作副词，构成状语成分。 他是部门领导，也确实得签这份文件。18as作介词，构成介词短语作定语。 你要对整个工作负责。19as作介词，构成介词短语作宾语补足语。 他们认为他是一个了不起的人。20as作介词，构成介词短语作宾语补足语。 这怎么能说成是缺乏经验呢?把as插入下列各句。注意正确使用大小写1Can you throw a stone as far as the tree?2As regards that matterI have no objection3As to his motherI know nothing about her4As for you，I will never want to see you again5She does not own him as her own husband6He is a guest，and we should receive him as such7Ias well as youdont lie8As is the teacherSo is the pupil9Badly wounded as he was，he never lost hope10Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong11As he was illI went there alone12He reached out his hand as though he were trying to catch something13You had better manage the business as before14We must study as long as we are alive15He has put his energy into literature - the same as his sisters have put theirs into music16They dont love him So much as she17He spoke so loudly as to be heard by all in the classroom18As is often the casethe girl forgot to bring her dictionary19They are doing the same work as I did last year20We have never doubted the honesty of so good a man as you are用as把下列句子译成英语1I have the same opinion as he2He was ill as other passengers3As was reportedthe man was knocked over by a car4He is not so foolish as to fail to understand that5He is not as strong as John6Spell the word as in American English7As I was speaking，I saw a dog lying on the lawn8Hard as he worked，he wasnot good at mathematics.9As is the father，so is the son10He works as a teacher of English in a high schoolUnit 2-A 课文译文Unit 1-A什么是决策?决策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择，它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。之所以要决策，是因为有问题存在，目标或指标错误，或者有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。因此，决策过程对于管理至关重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关。事实上，有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。管理者虽然不能预测未来，但很多决策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。通常，他们必须对未来事态做出最佳猜测，使偶然情况尽可能少地发生。不过，由于未知情况总是存在，风险与决策则往往相伴。有时，决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后果，但有时后果则不堪设想。选择就是从不同选项中进行取舍。没有选择，就没有决策。决策制订就是选择的过程，而且许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，就可能从多门课程中进行选择。对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。这些制约存在于一个组织的方方面面。选项就是可供选择的种种行动方案。没有选项，就没有选择，当然也谈不上决策。如果看不到任何选项，通常表明对问题尚未进行全面的分析研究。例如，管理者看待问题，有时采取两者择一(非此即彼)的方式，把复杂的问题简单化。这种倾向使他们难以看到某些选项。在管理层次上，制订决策包括识别选项及缩小选项范围两个方面，这个范围可以从极为狭窄到近乎无限不等。决策者必须掌握某种方法判定其中的最佳选项，也就是说，哪个选项对实现组织目标最为有利。组织目标指该组织要努力完成或达到的目的或情形。由于个人(和组织)对实现目标的方式常常见解不一，最佳选择可能就取决于决策者了。有时，一个组织的下属机构做出的决策有利于自己的个体利益，但对上一级部门来说，却并非最佳选择，这种增加局部机构的利益，同时减少其他机构的利益，在不能两全情况下做出的取舍，即所谓的局部最优化。例如，市场经理为增加广告预算，可能讲得头头是道，然而，从全局方案来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对整个组织有更多好处。这种权衡利弊进行取舍的做法之所以存在，是因为一个组织想要同时达到的目标很多。有些目标虽然相比之下更为重要，但其重要性及紧迫性往往因人因部门而各不相同。不同的管理者对同一问题有着不同的看法，当他们面对一件日常事例时，销售经理趋向于看销售问题，生产经理着眼于生产问题，如此等等。一个组织多种目标的紧迫性与重要性部分地取决于决策者的价值观念。这种价值具有个人色彩，而且复杂多变，他们自己甚至也因此难以捉摸。在很多商业场合，对于风险与收益，不同的人有不同的接受标准，这使他们对决策正确与否也看法各异。人们常常认为，决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点看，问题的产生有多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果。一个组织是一个在发展中的实体，今天所作的决策可能在很远的将来才会有结果，因此，老练的管理者决策时总是放眼未来。Unit 1-B面试成功的秘诀我们今天谈的主题是面试。有两条秘诀会让你获益匪浅：一是准备，二是信心。首先要做好面试前的准备工作。要尽可能多地了解自己所申请的这份工作以及自己想去的这家单位的情况。我所采访过的许多雇主都对应聘者作了同样的批评：“应聘者对申请岗位上的日常工作有什么意义(会带来什么结果)一无所知，他们空具改进公司的前景或为公司服务的模糊概念，却从来不下功夫去了解他们将被要求去做的实际工作。”不要让这种事发生在自己身上。它表明你对雇主和工作毫不在意，当然你也不会讨人家喜欢。花些时间设身处地替面试官想一想，他所需要的是踏实能干、性格随和开朗、对工作确有热情的人。你所了解到的关于这位新雇主的情况，都可以在面试中为你所用，它表明你为了效力于意中的新雇主已经下了番功夫，熟悉了其中的一些工作。把想要询问的问题写下来(并记在心里)。这样，当面试官让你发问时，就不至于无话可说。切记不要一上去就询问假日及薪水问题。自己的所有问题得到解答后，你要说：“我刚才确实有些问题，但您已经全部解答过了。”你若要确信面试中对方话中的隐含之意，想请对方说明，不要畏缩，但一定要有礼貌。前去面试之前，要把这家单位的招聘广告原文、对方的回信、自己的求职信或申请表以及个人简历的复印件再看一遍。这样，你会记起自己曾说过什么，对方要求什么条件。如果你短时间内应聘过许多工作，这一点尤为重要，因为你很容易把它们互相混淆，而且给人留下效率不佳的印象。要记清楚自己面试的时间、地点，若有必要，提前一两天去看一下安排面试的楼房(但不要走进面试间)，弄清楚路上花多少时间，面试地点的确切位置。要争取提前五至十分钟到达面试地点，这样，你手头还有一点儿时间，不至于因迟到而慌恐不安。若是慌慌张张赶去面试，或者迟到了十分钟，一开始你就处于不利的境地。着装要干净、利落、保守一些。现在绝不是你一身蓬克打扮、随便一试的时候，也不是女孩子上身领口大开、下身超短裙装束的时候。此外，鞋子、双手和头发也要整整洁洁。要带上约你前去面试的信函，以免出现交流方面的问题。面试官也许只有一个，也许是几人专门小组。后者自然更令人担惊害怕，但不要因此过分怯场。面试官和你之间很可能摆放着一张桌子，但你可不能把自己的东西或手臂放在上面。你若带有提包或提箱，就放在你座椅旁边的地上，不要极不自然地紧抓不放，更不要把包扔到地上，将里边的东西洒得满地都是。若对方先伸手过来，要跟人家握手。若是五个人的面试小组，逐个跟你握手的可能性微乎其微。所以，即使没人与你握手，你也不必难过。握手时要有力度软弱无力让人感觉你意志薄弱，当然用力过大会让人疼痛不已。不要刚握手就马上松开，那样会让人觉得你对他没有好感。谈吐要礼貌、自然，即便你很害羞。回答每个问题都要三思而后行。你若是听不懂，就问一下：“麻烦您再解释一下刚才的问题好吗?”这样，面试官就会换换字眼把问题重复一遍。对方若是既未明确接受你，又未明确表示回绝，你就问：“请问我什么时候能知道面试结果?”你若是真的收到了让你前去工作的信件，你切记要尽快写封回信(要保留复印件)。祝大家好运!Unit 2-A重点难点句子详解Unit 1-A 1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available决策就是从可选的行动方案中做出选择。本句中“course of action”是固定搭配，意为“行动步骤；办事程序；做事方案”。that从句为定语从句，修饰courses，介词短语amongavailable作from的宾语，另如：They were mostly elected from among the workers他们大多数是从工人中选出来的。He took his watch from under the pillow他从枕头下把表拿了出来。We didnt meet until after the show我们直到演出后才见面。2some suggest that the management process is decision making有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。当suggest意为“建议”时，后面从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气，即 “(should)+动词原形”形式，而当suggest表达“认为；提出；暗示” 时，则不用虚拟语气。例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time人们建议会议改期进行。She smiled，but her eyes suggested that she was not happy at all她笑了笑，但眼神却显示出她并不幸福。Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job?你是说我老得干不了这份工作? 3.decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them决策既包括识别选项又包括缩小选项范围。在A as well as B结构中，语义侧重点通常在A项，一般可理解为“不仅B，而且A”或“既B又A”。例如：There are advantages as well as disadvantages of friction摩擦力既有消极作用，也有积极作用。Unit 1-B1In factI did have several questions，but you have already answered them all我刚才确实有些问题，但您已经全部解答过了。助动词do在肯定句中用在动词之前可以表示强调，其形式只有现在时 (do，does)和过去时(did)，这种用法叫做强调肯定式。例如：I do think you are a good cook我确实认为你是个好厨师。So you did come after all你毕竟还是来了。用在祈使句中，能使清求更加客气而友好，或者更具有鼓励作用一例如：Do have another cup of tea，please请再喝杯茶吧! 但是，在表示制止意义的祁使句中，助动词又可以表示说话人不耐烦的情绪。例如：Do stop talking!别说话啦！2.but do not let it worry you too much但不要为这种场面而忐忑不安。动词let，make，have，hear，see，observe等之后的宾语补足语为不定式结构时，省略to，又如：Let me go，will you? 让我走，好不好? 3There is little likelihood that 的可能性微乎其微；几乎不可能 其他类似的表达方法还有：There is little likelihood of几乎没有的可能性。There is a likelihood thatof有的可能性。There is every likelihood thatof完全有的可能性。There is no likelihood thatof绝无的可能性。There is a strong likelihood thatof的可能性很大。Unit 2-A重点短语Unit 1-A 1course of action行动步骤，办事程序，做事方案 what is the best course of action we can take?我们采取什么办法最好? Your best course of action is to forget about the whole unfortunate matter你最好的方法是忘掉这一切不幸。2in the way挡路，阻碍，妨碍 Im afraid your car is in the way看来你的汽车挡着道了。 I left them aloneas I felt I was in the way我觉得自己碍他们的事，就走了。3to make a guess at对进行猜测 Make a guess at an answer，please!请猜一下答案! If I might make a guess(at her age)，Id say she was about 30要让我猜(她年龄)的话，我看她大概三十岁。4to blind sb to sth使某人看不到某物，使某人对某物丧失判断力 His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties他急于做事的愿望让他对困难一无所知。 Her lore for him blinded her to his faults她非常爱他，这让她对他的缺点丧失了判断力。5to contribute to sth 1)促成，导致 Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗? Carelessness contributed to his errors粗心大意造成了他的错误。2)有助于，增添 Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject她的著作非常有助于我们对这个难题的了解。 We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。，3)捐助，捐赠，贡献 to contribute aid to refugeescontribute to the Red Cross 向难民提供援助捐助红十字会 Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。4)撰稿，投稿 She has contributed to literary magazines她给几家文学刊物投了稿。6a state of affairs情况，局势 What a shocking state of affairs!局势真惊人哪! That was the state of affairs before the election选举前的情况就是那样。7to seek to do sth设法做某事 They are seeking to mislead他们竭力进行误导。 They sought to bring their conflict to an end他们试图结束冲突。8the scheme of things事物的规律，安排 In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to succeed一般来说(按事物的规律)，小本生意难做。9in part部分地；在某种程度上 His success was due in part to luck在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。 Were losing money-in part because，with our ancient computers，we cant stay competitive我们在赔钱-在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。10vary fromto从变为；在与之间变化 Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。 These fish vary in weight from 31b to 5lb这些鱼的重量从三磅到五磅不等。Unit 1-B 1to apply for申请，请求 to apply for a jobpostpassportvisascholarship 申请工作职位护照签证奖学金 to apply to the publishers for the permission to reprint an extract 向出版者请求准予转印节录2day-to-day 1)日常的，每日常规工作的 She has been looking after the day-today administration她一直做日常的管理工作。2)逐日的 I have organized the cleaning on a day-to-day basis，until the usual cleaner returns我已经安排了清洁工回来前的逐日清洁工作。3to have no idea不知道；无能力 He has no idea how to manage people他根本不知道如何做人事工作。 You have no idea how worried I was!你根本不知道我有多么担心！4to take the trouble to do sth费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 Decent journalists should take the trouble to check the facts责任心强的新闻工作者应该不厌其烦地核实报导内容。 Nobody took the trouble to comfort the angry woman没有人费力去劝劝那位愤怒的女人，5to put oneself in sbs place设身处地替某人着想 If you put yourself in my placeyou would understand it设身处地替我想一下，你就会理解的。 cfin sbs place处于某人的境地 What would you do in my place?你要是我会怎样做? In her place Id sell the lot我要是她的话就全部卖掉。6to ones advantage对某人有利，对某人有帮助 You will find it to your advantage to learn some German before you visit Switzerland你会发现去瑞士前学一点德语将对你有好处。 It would be to our mutual advantage to continue the training centre把培训中心继续办下去对我们双方都有好处。 cfto ones disadvantage对某人不利，有损某人的声誉 It would be to your disadvantage to invest in the project在这个工程上投资对你会十分不利。 Have you heard of the turnouts to his disadvantage?你听说那些对他不利的谣言了吗?7at a disadvantage处于不利地位 His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage他不会说英语，这使他很吃亏。 They are working at a great disadvantage他们正在非常不利的情况下工作。8to ask for要求，请求 Did you ask(your boss)for a pay increase?你请求(老板)加薪了吗? Driving after drinking alcohol is asking for trouble酒后开车是自讨苦吃。9in hand 1)在手中(持有)；在手头(随时可用) I still have some money in hand我手头还有些钱。2)在控制下 We have the situation well in hand我们完全控制住了局面。3)正在办理、处理之中 The work is in hand and will soon be completed这项工作正在进行之中，不久即可完成。10to make sure(ofthat)1)弄清楚，核实，查明 I think the doors lockedbut Id better go and make sure(of itthat it is)我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查实一下。2)设法确保 We have made arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well 为确保参观顺利进行我们已经做了安排。11to turn down 1)to turn sbsth down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝 He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health他想参军，但因身体欠佳而被断然拒绝。 He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down他请求简嫁给他，可她拒绝了。2)to turn sth down调节(炉具、收音机等)使热量、音量、温度等降低 Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。 Turn the taperecorder down-Im trying to get some sleep把录音机关小点儿-我想睡一会儿。12as soon as一就，不迟于 He left as soon as he heard the news他一听到这消息就走了。 Ill tell him as soon as possible我会尽快告诉他的。Unit 2-A 单词表organizational :gnaizeinl a.组织（上）的 goal gul n.1.目的，目标；2.得分进球，球门objective bdektiv n.目标，目的；a.1.客观的，真实的；2.如实的，无偏见的accomplish kmpli vt.完成（任务等）predict pridikt vt./vi.预言；预示accompany kmpni vt.1.伴随，陪同；2.为伴奏implement implimnt vt.实现；完成（任务等）；履行（协定、诺言等）constraint knstreint n.1.强制；2.强制因素，制约条件precedent presidnt n.先例，前例simplify simplifai vt.简化tendency tendnsi n.趋势，倾向managerial mndiril a.1.经理的，管理人的；2.管理上的，经营上的maker meik n.制造者；制造商achievement ti:vmnt n.1.完成，达到；2.成就，成绩attain tein vt.达到；完成optimal ptiml a.最适宜的；最理想的suboptimization sbptimaizein n.局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现）trade-off treid f n.1.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；2.物物交换argue :gju: vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；vt.1.说服；2.用辩论证明budget bdit n.预算；vt.1.把编入预算；2.安排，预定scheme ski:m n.计划；方案；vt./vi.计划，策划define difain vt.1.解释，给下定义；2.限定，规定multiple mltipl a.多样的，复合的；n.倍数profitability prfitbiliti n.赚钱，获利correctness krektnis n.正确，正确性unintended nintendid a.非计划中的，非故意的ongoing ngui a.进行中的，前进的entity entiti n.1.存