第015章倒装.doc

第十五章 倒装
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种形式。全部倒装是把谓语动词全部放在主语之前，部分倒装是把谓语动词的一部分放在主语之前。从英语句子结构来分析，有些倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装，称为语法倒装;有些是出于修辞的需要而进行的倒装，称为修辞倒装。
第一节 语法倒装
语法倒装是由于句子结构的需要而必须进行的倒装形式。
一、以neither, nor或so开头的句子或分句的倒装形式
以neither, nor或so开头的句子或分句，用来表示不同主语的相同的看法，要用倒装结构。neither或nor用于否定句。so用于肯定句。例如：
They can buy the car, so can we. 他们能买得起那辆车，我们也能。
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she. 他昨晚没去看电影，她也没去。
She would never sing, nor would she dance. 她既不唱歌也不跳舞。
注：有时so放前面时，只是对对方所陈述的内容表示肯定，这时不用倒装。例如：
“He is a good student.” ”so he is.”
他是个好学生，他的确是。
二、省去了if的虚拟条件状语从句的倒装形式
在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有should, were或助动词had时，可省去if，将这些词提到句首引起倒装。例如：
Should we want to accelerate the motion, we should have to apply some force.
如果我们要使运动加速，我得施加某种力。
Had I known it earlier, I wouldn’t have lent him the money.
要是早知道这件事，我就不会把钱借给他了。
Were I you, I should not let him off lightly.
我要是你，就不会轻易放过他。
三、由as, be和though 引导的让步状语从句的倒装形式
由“as”和“be”引导的让步状语从句需用倒装。though引导的让步状语从句可用倒装，也可不用倒装。as引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装。例如：
Try as he did, he couldn’t finish the task successfully.
不管怎么努力，他都不能顺利地完成那个任务。
Bravely thought they fought (though they fought bravely) , they had no chance of winning.
虽然他们打得很勇敢，但没有可能获胜。
Be it rain or sun, we still start off.
无论是下雨还是天晴，我们都得启程。
Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high ranking official.
人人都必须守法，无论是普通公民还是高级官员。
四、以Here, there, now, then, thus, hence等词开头的句子的倒装形式
当某些以等词开头的句子，其谓语动词又为等的一般现在时或一般过去时时，句子为全部倒装。例如：
There stands a table in the middle of the room.房子中间放着一张书桌。
There goes the bell.
打铃了。
Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
我们期盼的那个时刻终于来到了
注：当主语为人称代词时，不用倒装，需用正常语序。例如：
There he comes.
他来了。
五、“there be”结构中的全部倒装形式
在“there be”结构中，用全部倒装。例如：
There is a pen, a rubber and two books on the desk.
书桌上有一支笔、一块橡皮和两本书。
There have been many such uprisings in our history.
我国历史上发生过许多这样的起义。
六、疑问句中的倒装形式
在疑问句中，常把谓语动词的一部分提前，引起部分倒装。例如：
Is carbon dioxide a mixture of carbon and oxygen?
二氧化碳是碳和氧的混合物吗？
What does it mean to say that heat is a form of energy?
说热是能量的一种形式，这是什么意思？
第二节 修辞倒装
有时为了强调句子的某一部分而将其提前，这时句子的主谓就要用倒装结构。
一、only引导的状语放在句首的倒装形式
当only引导的状语放在句首时需用部分倒装。例如：
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有以这种方法我们才能学好英语。
Only when you have read the book, can you answer these questions.
只有当你读了这些书后，你才能回答这些问题。
注：当only引导的状语不放在句首时，则不用倒装。例如：
We can learn English well only in this way.
二、有否定意义的词或短语放在句首作状语时的倒装形式
当某些具有否定意义的词或短语放在句首作状语时，句子要用部分倒装。常见的这部分词有：hardly, little, never, not until, rarely, seldom等；短语有：in no way, at no time, in no case, by no means, under no circumstances等以及部分关联词：hardly (scarcely/barely)……when……，no soon……than……等。例如：
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense!
我一生从未听说过这样的废话！
Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.
直到多年以后，人们才知道全部真相。
Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded.
一位忠诚的教师很少得到如此好的报答。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
他一到家，她就抱怨起来。
注：当这些表示否定意义的词不放在句首时，就不用倒装。例如：
I have never seen such a beautiful house.
我从来没看到过这么漂亮的房子。
三、由并弄连接词not only……but also……，neither……nor……等连接的句子的倒装形式
由并列连接词not only……but also……，neither……nor……等连接的句子，如果not only，neither放在句首，也要引起部分倒装。例如：
Neither at this meeting nor at the previous did they discuss the proposal.
在这次和上次会议上，他们都没讨论过这个提议。
Not only did he teacher school, but he wrote novels.
他不但在学校里教书，而且还写小说。
但是，当位于句首的neither……nor……或not only……but also……连接主语成分时，句子用正常语序。例如：
Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.
我姐姐和我都没坐过飞机。
Not only Tom but also many others enjoy reading the book.
不仅汤姆喜欢读这本书，其他许多人也喜欢。
四、当从属连词so……that和such……that中的so和such位于句首时的倒装形式
当从属连词so……that和such……that中的so和such位于句首时，句子用部分倒装。例如：
Such was the earthquake that the city was destroyed.
地震很厉害，整个城市都被毁坏了。
So brighten was the moon that the flowers are bright as by day.
皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样鲜艳。
当这一结构用在某些介词短语中时，也可用倒装。例如：
To such an extent did the temperature rise that the firemen had to leave the burning house.
温度升得太高，消防队员不得不离开这所着火的房子。
五、连词或引导的状语从句中的倒装形式
在连词as或than引导的状语从句中，为了保持句子平衡，常用全部倒装，有时也可局部倒装。例如：
He traveled a great deal as did most of his friends.
他到过很多地方旅行，他的多数朋友也是这样。
He was exhausted, as were all the others in the team.
与队里的其他人一样，他也筋疲力尽了。
The molecules of gases move more freely than do those of liquids and solids.
气体比液体和固体的分子活动得更自如。
六、“the+比较级, the+比较级”结构中的倒装形式
在“the+比较级, the+比较级”结构中，常用全部或部分倒装。例如：
The more I thought, the more extraordinary did it appear.
这件事我越想不寻常。
The more you know, the more you will realize how little you know.
知道的越多，越会体会到自己知道的多么有限。
The thicker is the wire, the smaller is the resistance.
导线越粗，电阻越小。
七、表示方位的副词in, out, away, off, down, up等位于句首时的倒装形式
某些表示方位的副词in, out, away, off, down, up等位于句首时，常常使用倒装。这些词常和go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词的一般过去时连用，目的是为了生动地描写这些动作。例如：
Up went the rocket into the air.
嗖地一声火箭上了天。
Down jumped the thief from the house.
小偷从房上跳下来了。
注：在这种结构中，当主语为代词时，则不用倒装。例如：
Back they came. 他们回来了。
八、为了强调句中的状语时的倒装形式
有时为了强调句子的状语，或是为了出于对句子结构平衡的考虑，常把一些频率状语、方式状语或地点状语等提到句子前面，引起倒装。常用的词有：often, always, once, every day, many a time, now and again, every few, well等等。例如：
Well do I remember the day when it happened.
我清楚地记得事情发生的那一天。
In the far distance was seen the glittering surface of a lake surrounded by pine woods.
远处可以看见一个波光荡漾的湖面，周围长满着松树。（介词短语提前主要是为了保持句子平衡，由于主语太长，把整个谓语提前。）
Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill.
我在童年时期曾多次爬过那座山。
注：这些状语放在句首，如不十分强调，也可不用倒装。例如：
In Beijing I was born, and in Beijing I’ll die.
我是在北京出生，我也将在北京死。
九、表示地点的介词短语在句中充当状语时的倒装形式
当表示地点的介词短语在句中充当状语，而谓语又为某些表示状态的动词，如come, lie, stand, run, walk等时，为了上下文联系紧密，常把介词短语放在句子前面，谓语动词置于主语之前，引起全部倒装。例如：
Below the mountain ran a little stream.
山下有条小溪。
Round the corner walked a large policeman.
拐角处有个大个子警察在走着。
To the north of the city lies a small island.
城市的北边有一座小岛
十、情态动词may放在句首的倒装形式
情态动词may可放在句首引起部分倒装，用来表示祝愿。例如：
May you continue in your efforts and achieve new and greater successes.
祝你继续努力取得新的更大的成就。
May Gold be with you.
愿神与你同在。
第三节倒装结构在其他句型中的用法
一、复合宾语的倒装
复合宾语的正常语序是“宾语＋宾语补足语”，但有时因为宾语太长，为了平衡句子结构，便将宾语补足语提前，这种倒装被称为复合宾语倒装。例如：
Many people consider impossible what really is possible.
许多人把本来可能做到的事认为不可能做到。
You had better start running the engine standing below the window.
你还是把窗户下的那台机器开动起来。
二、从句中的倒装
凡是引导从句的疑问句或关联词，不管它们在从句中作什么样的句子成分，都一律放在从句的开头，但从句中的谓语不用倒装语序。例如：
The scholar spent what little money he had on books.
那位学者把他所有的一点钱都花在书籍上了。
This is the boy of whom I spoke to you.
这就是我曾对你说过的孩子。(whom在从句中作宾语)
He could not decide which book he should take.
他拿不定主意拿哪本书。(which在从句中作宾语)
三、感叹句中的倒装
感叹句中主谓不倒装，只是将what或how在句中构成的宾语、表语和状语等成分提到前面。what用来修饰名词，how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。例如：
What beautiful flowers they are! 这些花多漂亮！
How well Tom writes! 汤姆写得多好！
How beautiful a girl I have seen! 我看到了一个多么漂亮的好女孩。
1、选择题：
1. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
A. Jumped down the burglar B. Down the burglar jumped
C. The burglar jumped down D. Down jumped the burglar
2. No sooner than the realized that he should have remained silent.
A. had the words been spoken B. the words had spoken
C. the words had been spoken D. had the words spoken
3. Only by reading extensively your horizons.
A. you will widen B. can you widen C. you may widen D. therefore you widen
4. So small that the most powerful microscopes cannot detect them.
A. are these particles B. were these particles
C. these particles are D. these particles were
5. More remarkable than those planets , a few of which are of great brightness.
A. comets are B. is the comets C. the comets are D. are the comets
6. I wonder how many years ago .
A. did your father retire B. your father retired
C. has your father retired D. your father has retired
7. there can be no avoiding it.
A. However the decision is difficult
B. However difficult the decision is
C. The decision however difficult
D. However the difficult decision
8. “They couldn’t have done that, you know,”she gently remarked.“They were ill.”
“ ”, said the man, “very ill.”
A. So they were B. So were they C. So they had been D. So had they been
9. Not until the game had begun at the sports ground.
A. should he have arrived B. had he arrived
C. did he arrive D. would he had arrived
10. the woman’s possessions that she could carry them in a single suitcase.
A. Were so few B. So few were C. Few were so D. There were so far
11. Must people would agree that only in exceptional circumstances the truth from the patient.
A. a doctor should hide B. should a doctor hide
C. a doctor would hide D. a doctor will hide
12.. a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.
A. I t existed B. There existed C. There had D. Existed there
13. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar write correctly.
A. you will B. you can C. can you D. can’t you
14. I didn’t hear because there was too much noise where I was sitting.
A. what said B. what he said C. what did he say D. what was he saying
15. when everyone has to think for himself.
A. There comes a time B. Here comes a time
C. There a time goes D. A time comes here.
16. but he also proved himself a good athlete.
A. He showed himself not only a good student
B. He showed not only himself a good student
C. Not only he showed himself a good student
D. Not only did he show himself a good student
17. , he would have been able to pass the exam.
A. If he studied more B. Had he studied more
C. Studying more D. If he were studying more
18. Einstein seldom wore strange clothes, nor a cruel man.
A. is he B. he was C. he couldn’t he D. was he
19. who had arrested him three times for drug-taking.
A. Before George stood the policeman
B. Before the policeman George stood.
C. Before the policeman George stood
D. Before the policeman stood the George
20. Around the would may be as a million earthquakes in a single year.
A. yet B. they C. there D. ever
21. “That house belongs to the Greens.”“ living in it now, is there?”
A. Aren’t there any people B. Isn’t there anyone
C. There’s nobody D. There’s no people
22. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and .
A. Florida also B. Florida too C. Florida is as well D. So does Florida
23. I seldom watch television, .
A. so does my daughter B. my daughter is too
C. my daughter doesn’t too D. nor does my daughter
24. He was told under no circumstances the computer.
A. he may use B. he use may C. may he use D. may use
25. Nowhere in the world .
A. travelers can buy so much beauty with so little money as in Hawaii
B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii.
C. so much beauty can be bought for so little money in Hawaii.
D. can travelers buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii.
26. We have been told that under no circumstances the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
27. Only under special circumstances to take make-up tests.
A. are freshmen permitted B. fresh men are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
28. absurd was his manner that everyone stared at him.
A. Too B. So C. Such D. Much
29. ,she would not conceal her eagerness for praise.
A. In spite of her clever B. As she was clever
C. Though clever she was D. Clever as she was
30. visiting that city, but we have been too busy.
A. We often have thought of B. Often we have thought of
C. Often have we thought of D. Often we did think of
31. “I thought he was present at the meeting”“ ”
A. So was he B. So did he C. So he was D. So do I
32. who had been in prison for seven years.
A. In the robbery a man involved
B. Involved a man in the robbery
C. Was a man involved in the robbery.
D. Involved in the robbery was a man
33. , I must do another experiment.
A. Be it ever so late B. It is ever so late C. It be ever so late D. So late it be ever
34. She didn’t want to buy it,
A. however good was it B. however good it was
C. for how good was it D. for how good it may be
35.Here notebook and report that I promised last week.
A. is the B. are the C. was the D. has been a
36. , we shall go on a picnic.
A. The weather is fine B. Should the weather be fine
C. The weather be fine D. Would the weather be fine
37. Flying demands a much greater supply of energy other forms of transportation.
A. than do most B. most than do C. than most do D. do than most
38. , I would give it up early.
A. Was I in your place B. I was in your place
C. Were I in your place D. I were in your place
39. By no means their own language well.
A. it is true that all English people know
B. is it true that do all English people know
C. it is that do all English people know
D. is it true that all English people know
40. was his anger that his face turned red.
A. Such B. Great C. So D. It
41. Up went the prices and
A. the living standard came down B. came down the living standard
C. down the living standard came D. down came the living standard
42. He believed, , that people should start as early as possible to look at the world and at nature and to think about what they saw.
A. as does his mother B. as his mother does
C. as did his mother D. his mother as did
43. Many of the successful men, , would have selected other different professions.
A. if they were able to choose for themselves
B. had they been able to choose for themselves
C. were they able to choose for themselves
D. been able to choose for themselves
44. where we can have Chinese food.
A. Next to it another restaurant is there
B. Next to it another restaurant stands
C. Next to it does another restaurant stand
D. Next to it is another restaurant
45. you have to think about it before answering.
A. Though this question may simple
B. Simple thought this question many
C. Simple thought this question may be
D. May this question thought be
II.改错题
1. Never the world has been so many nations cooperating in such a worthy venture.
A B C D
2. Not until the 19th and 20th centuries did modern nationalism in Europe produced its ripest fruit
A B