动词不定式和动名词的区别.doc

动词不定式和动名词的区别
作主语
①动词不定式和动名词作主语均为单数。不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.
如: It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如: It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语

①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.
如: I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.
如: We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.= He feels that it’s his duty to help the poor.

③介词but, except, besides +to do(do) 在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do.
如: The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.

⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off等.如: I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.

②动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech 动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing, lose no ti me(in)doing, prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等.

⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, start, hat e, like, love, need, require, want等. 在need, require, want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为. 在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate, like, love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时,如:The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.
③begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand what was happening.

⒋advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如: Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.
①forget, remember, regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如: Don't forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着…… I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语) doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住…… to do不能帮助干…… They couldn't help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势. We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语) doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.

三,做表语
1. 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定 式说明主语的内容.
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the people is out work, 而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语,说明主语的性质,状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来.

四,作定语
⒈不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.
如: ①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister
③Do you have anything to say on the question
④Would you please give me some paper to write on
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系: (1)表示将来的动作(例①). (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④). (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②). (4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive. ⒉动名词作定语 ①This passage can be used as listening materials. ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. ③All moving bodies have energy. ①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五,不定式作补足语 ⒈作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为,状态,特征,这时意思才相对完整.

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