资源描述
Collocation
词语搭配是大学英语教学必须遵循和利用的语言规律,其教学目的是减少学习者输入和输出语言的误差和错误,提高语言表达的准确性和流利性,使学习者最终实现自然、地道、流利的口语能力和书面表达能力。
What is collocation? 何谓搭配?
Collocation Is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing.
——牛津英语搭配词典
A combination of words in a language, that happens very often and more frequently than would happen by chance. ————牛津高阶英汉双解词典
搭配是指在某种语言中,能让口语和书面语言显得自然流畅的词汇组合。
例如:
strong tea 和heavy drinker 都是英语习惯上的搭配
英语中的“大风”是strong wind“,而“大雨”则是heavy rain,如果说成heavy wind或Strong rain就显得不自然。绿色食物是“organic food”而不是“green food”。
Why is collocation important?搭配为何重要?
(1) Collocation runs through the whole of the English language .No piece of spoken or written English is tally free of collocation. For a student, choosing the right collocation will make his speech and writing sound much more natural, more native-like.
(2) Language that is collocation ally rich is also more precise. A student who chooses the best collocation will express himself much more clearly and be able to convey not just general meaning ,but something quite precise.
Eg:
This is a good book and contains a lot of interesting details.
This is a fascinating book and contains a wealth of historical details.
丰富的搭配知识可以使语言表达更加生动有力。例如 , 在英语中 burning/ driving ambition 要比big/great ambition有力的多 , 这样形象的表达更能增加语言的审美效果。
词汇量的多少事关英语学习的成败,而对所学词汇能不能使用则直接影响英语的应用水平。英语学习者要加强词汇在语篇功能上的学习,如词语间的搭配、衔接和排序等,许多研究已表明写作水平与词语搭配使用频率是密不可分的,低、高分组作文的词语搭配使用频率存在显著差异. 因此搭配问题是影响学生作文语言水平的一个主要因素。二语学习者薄弱的语言搭配能力制约着学习者的写作速度和表达的流利性。
学生搭配错误的原因
(1)母语干扰 ( interference)。
由于学生缺乏英语搭配的有关知识而套用汉语中的搭配 , 生硬地将汉语搭配转换成英语搭配 , 忽视了英汉之间存在的差异。例如 “ (电视等的 )黄金时段 ”是 prime time, 不是 golden time; “热烈欢迎 ”是 warm /big/great / enthusiastic welcome, 不是 heated welcome;“ 装得满满的钱包 ”是 bulging/ fat / stuffed wallet, 不是 full wallet ; “参加考试 ”是 take / sit an examination不是take part in an examination; “ 深深地懂得 ”是 fully/perfectly understand, 不是 deeply understand; “高度重视 ”是 pay carefu1 / close / full /great / special attention, 不是 pay high attention to。
(2)目的语的规则泛化 (overgenera1ization)
主要表现在学生将已学搭配的组合方式错误地类推到其它的搭配上去。例如: 英语中一些名词可以分别和动词 have和 take搭配 ,如: have / take a bath; have / take a rest ; have / take a swim等 , 因此学生会犯诸如: take a fight ; have a risk的错误 ,而事实上只存在 have a fight和 take a risk这样的搭配。
(3) 回避策略的影响 ( avoidance strategies)。
作为一种学习策略 , 回避在语言学习焦虑中增加了学生的安全感。学生以不犯错误为目标 , 满足于已经学会的数量有限的搭配 ,尽量回避那些还比较陌生的或者更为困难的搭配 , 无形中自己将自己束缚起来 , 使搭配方面的能力得不到进一步的发展。例如: 一说起 “ 解决问题 ” , 不少人只会用 solve the Problem, 而不知道 attack / tackle /unlock the
problem等; 谈到“好机会”常常只有 a good opportunity, 而很少会说grand / glorious/ generous/ favorable / opportunity等。
搭配中的注意事项
注意(1)许多俚语的意思不是“顾名思义”的,要注意积累
如:
break a leg 祝(演出等)成功
shake a leg 赶快行动
pep talk 打气,鼓励的话
pet talk 请教某人
注意(2)翻译时必须注意两种语言的搭配差异,注意搭配的翻译
如:
strong tea 浓云
dense fog 浓雾
thick cloud浓茶
Heavy cloud厚云
~wine烈性酒
~road泥泞的路
~heart忧伤的心
~smoker烟瘾大的人
~news 令人悲痛的消息
~sea 波涛汹涌的海洋
~reading 沉闷冗长的读物
。。。。。。。。
总之 , 能否正确运用英语词汇搭配是制约学生口语作文语言质量的一个重要因素。 搭配能力的提高在于平时的积累。只有引导重视搭配能力的提高 , 才能从根本上解决表达的正确得体和丰富多样等写作中涉及学生语言能力的这类长期难以解决的问题。
参考文献:
《英语词语搭配》
《英译汉教程》西安交通大学出版社2008年8月第一版
《美国街头俚语》朱方庆/编著 北京理工大学出版社2006年8月第一版
搭配集锦
俚语中的搭配
against the swim逆大流
all ears 全神贯注
all thumbs 笨手笨脚
all wet 错误的
bad blood不和,敌意
beats me 我不知道
bell the cat 为众人利益承担风险
bite the bullet 要紧牙关,忍受痛苦
blow the lid off 揭发(丑闻)
break a leg 祝(演出等)成功
catch some Z's睡觉
chew the fat 闲聊
chicken out 退缩,临阵退缩
clean up one's act洗心革面 ,重新做人
cute act 小伎俩
dangle a carrot 开空头支票
dead meat 完了,死定了
dig in 开饭了
double speak夸张
eat crow 食言,因犯错而丢脸
familiar talk庸俗的谈话
fish out of water 不能适应,格格不入
fix someone up撮合某人
fly high雄心勃勃
game plan 策略,计划
get out of feet退缩,胆怯
grease some wheels 拉关系,贿赂
have money to burn 胡乱花钱,挥霍
have someone's number 清楚某人的底细,看穿某人
hide your fin身藏不露
hit one’s eye 吸引眼球
hot number 新鲜,迷人的人或事物
in a rut 循规蹈矩
in the bag 十拿九稳,必然的事
ins and outs 细节
jump the gun 草率行事
just because 没有原因,没有理由
keep eyes peeled 留意,关注
keep my edge 保持最好的状态
keep one's skirt on 别紧张,别发火
kick oneself 自责
lip service 口惠,空头许诺
money shot 精华,精彩
no sweat 不麻烦,没问题
of two minds犹豫不决,拿不定主意
oil the wheels 让事情顺利进行
on the dot 准时,准点
on the high ropes 高傲,洋洋得意
on top of 除。。。。之外
personal remark 人身攻击
pep talk 打气,鼓励的话
pet talk 请教某人
pig out 狼吞虎咽
put somebody up 留宿某人
rain check 下次,改天
rub in 伤口撒盐,雪上加霜
search me 我不知道
shake a leg 赶快行动
smooth talker 花言巧语的人,嘴甜的人
spread oneself thin 身兼多职,过分劳累
steal one's thunder 抢风头
under the table 幕后交易,暗箱操作
up in the air 悬而未决,还没确定
zone out 心不在焉,分神
动词
Call the attendance 点名
Local call 市内电话
Loss call 未接通的电话
No-charge call 免费电话
Break a contract/promise/prejudice/law
Beak into tears/sweat
Make or break 成败在此一举
Sit for an exam 参加考试
Sit pretty 处于有利局面
Read music 识谱
Read a riddle 猜谜语
Read someone’s mind 看出某人心思
Sleep off a headache 用睡眠治好头痛
Sleep like a log 睡得像猪一样香
Build a fire 生火
Build a character 培养性格
A man of strong build 健壮的人
Hit the bottle 借酒消愁
Hit the ceiling 火冒三丈
Hit something hard 产生严重影响
Hit-and-run 交通逃逸
Move heaven and earth 惊天动地
Hang by a hair 千钧一发
Count one’s blessing 知足常乐
A flow of traffic 车水马龙
Wake up to the serious satiation 意识到形势的严重性
At one’s wits’ end 黔驴技穷
Eat like a horse 狼吞虎咽
Eat one’s words 说话不算话
Strain one’s nerves 神经紧张
A strained laugh 假笑
Relieve somebody from anxiety 消除某人的忧虑
Kill someone’s affection 挫伤漏人的情感
Kill someone’s interest 扫了某人的兴趣
Kill someone’s appetite 掉了某人的胃口
Kill an idea 打消主意
Kill a plan 取消一个计划
Kill somebody with kindness 过多的热情世人受不了
Kill joy 扫兴
Command fund /skill /resources
Commend the student
Make comments on something
Presume an attempt 大胆尝试
Assume ignorance 假装不知道
Assume office 就职
Assume responsibility 承担责任
名词
Fair weather friend 酒肉朋友
Day in ,day out持续不断
As open as the day 光明磊落
As plain as the day 非常清楚
Against a rainy day 未雨绸缪地
Hold water 站得住脚的(理论)
Show one’s honor to one’s parents 尊敬父母
Do the honor of the house 尽地主之宜
A guard of honor 仪仗队
A roll of honor 光荣榜
Business honor 商业信用
Buy time 用拖延手法赢得时间
Give sometime a hot time 是某人过得不舒服
Ahead of one’s time 思想超时代的
Against time 争分夺秒
A time bomb 定时炸弹
Big time 最愉快的时间
Time a runner 给跑步者定时
Have a clear conscience 问心无愧
Freedom of conscience 不知羞耻
Lose consciousness 失去知觉
Fashioned-conscious 很有时尚意识的
Do wonder 取得惊人的成就
Open-eyed wonder目瞪口呆
A nine-days wonder 轰动一时的事情
Wonder at 对某事惊讶
Wander into the room 徘徊走进屋子
形容词
Big with child 怀有身孕
Look big 摆了不起的样子
A big official 首要官员
Small fry /potatoes小人物
Small years 小时候
Be fast asleep 酣睡
Stand fast 站稳
A slow season 淡季
A thin voice 细细的声音 thick voice 粗嗓音
A thin smile 没有诚意的一笑
Thin soup 稀汤 thick soup 浓汤
As thick as thieves 非常亲密的
Thick and thin 同甘共苦
Wild times 乱世
Wild talk 轻率的谈话
A tame river 一条潺潺缓流的河流
A dedicate child 瘦小的孩子
Dedicate features 瘦小的身材
Dedicate Color 精细的颜色
Dedicate melody 柔和的曲调
Negative answer 否定的回答
Negative acknowledgement 否认
Negative current 负电流
A positive demand 明确的要求
Positive proof 不容置疑的证据
A positive manner 过分自信的态度
A positive fool 彻头彻尾的傻瓜
A respectable upbringing 高雅教养
Be respectful of other people’s customs
Respective interests 各自的兴趣
A
Accommodation
1)住所
Adj decent /suitable /inadequate /poor /substandard /luxurious /overnight/temporary
V Have/look for /seek/secure/ offer
2)满意的安排
V come to /make/reach /work out
Prep ~ between …之间的调解
Account
1) 描述
Adj Brief/short/ comprehensive /vivid /eyewitness/firsthand/glowing (热情洋溢的)
V give /provided with
By all accounts 根据各方面的说法
2) 银行账户
Adj Current /deposit/sayings/ joint/ separate
V hold/close/ withdrew
3)帐目
V Do/keep /check/audit
Achievement
1) 办成功的事
Considerate /extraordinary/impressive/remarkable/tremendous/crowning /supreme
Constitute/represent
2)完成,实现
High/personal/academic
A feeling /sense of
A lack of
Acquaintance
1) 相识的人
Casual/close/mutual/business
2) 对。。。了解
Nodding/passing/slight/intimate
Make sb’s acquaintance
Strike up
~ With
Have an ~with
Affinity
1) 强烈情感
Close~ 密切的关系
Natural ~ 自然地亲和力
Strong~ 特别的喜好
Feel /have/share 共同之处,有共同爱好
Affinity between /towards
3) 相似,类似
Close/great 酷似
Have/show 有相似之处
Anger
Bitter/cold/deep/fierce/savage/genuine/growing/mounting/raising /suppressed/pent-up/righteous (义愤)
Shake with /tremble with /give vent to /vent/voice /arouse/fuel/provoke /stir up/give way to
Anger + verb
Boil over /bubble up /build up /flare up /well up
Anger in /with anger /anger against /anger over
Appitite
1) 胃口
Enormous/healthy/hearty/huge/insatiable /ravenous/poor /small
Build up /develop/work up /regain /ruin/spoil
2)渴求
Have/lose /satisfy
Appetite for
Base
1) 最底部
Firm/solid/strong
2) 根源思想或状况
Secure/sound/strong
Establish /provide
3) 支持,收入,力量
Broad/narrow/power
Develop/expand/improve
4) 主要地点
Ideal/perfect
Base camp
V base sth on/upon sth
Blood
Cold /warm/clotted /congealed /aristocratic /noble
Drop/pool/trickle /loose/shed/spill/donate /
Blood +verb
Blood dribble .drip/flow /gush/splash /spur /well up
Bound
Bound to do 注定
Absolutely /irrevocably /in duty (duty-bound)
Bound up 紧密联结
Business
Profitable /core /private
Carry on /conduct /transact .go into/set up in /go out of
Business deal/community /contact( 业务联系)
Business or pleasure 因公还是游玩
A place of business 营业地点
Brisk /slack /slow
Drum up /generate /tour for(拉生意)
Business boom/pick up 生意好
Own/manager /run /set up /.start /build up /take over /expand/get down to
None of your business
Businesslike 高效,听起来讲求实效的
Campaign
Major/ massive /lengthy /long-running/sustained/effective /intensive /vigorous
International/nationwide /election/presidential
Advertising/marketing /promotional /sales
Propaganda /anti-corruption /anti-drug/ literacy/air /bombing
Launch/mount /conduct/run /intensify
Chance
1) 可能性
realistic/reasonable /sporting (均等的)
The merest /minimal /slender/slight /slim
Boost/enhance /maximize
By any chance 也许 万一
Fat chance 没有可能
2) 机会
Fair /ideal/once-in-a-lifetime /clear-cut
Deserve /spot/blow/pass up squander/turn down
Half a chance 一点机会
3)风险
Take chance
3) 运气,机缘
Pure /sheer 纯粹的
Clear
Verb1)清除
Hastily
Clear away/off
2) 头脑
明朗,清醒
4) 清白
Clear 哦佛
Adj 1)易懂
Abundantly/crystal/perfectly
2) 确定
Clear about /on
3) 易看见 听见
Fairly/pretty
4) 易看透
5畅通
Remain /stay
Color
1) 颜色
Bold/bright/brilliant/vibrant/vivid
Dark/intense/rich /strong
Pale /pastel/subtle/dull
Color clash (不协调) fade/run
2) 气色
Heightened /high 红润的脸色
Be drained of color 苍白,失去血色
3) 令人感兴趣的细节
Local color 地方色彩
Lend /add 增添色彩
Demand
1)坚决的要求
Legitimate正当的要求
Radical 过激的/Fresh /renewed /Growing/increasing
Issues /make/present/ put forward /step up 逐步提高
Give into/meet/yield to
2) 对商品,服务的需要,欲望
Excess/extra/constant/steadying /changing/fluctuating/seasonal /overall
Declining /sluggish
Domestic/ foreign
Meet/satisfy/generate
Economy
Booming/ buoyant /dynamic/sound/stable
Ailing/ depressed /flagging /fragile /stagnant /weak
Advanced / capital /industrial/ socialist
Black /informal /underground 黑市经济
Build /rebuild/ handle/manipulate /revive /stimulate /liberalize
Weaken/ wreck
Economy expands /flourishes /goes into recession /collapses
他们想问题做事情的方法,他们的历史习惯跟我们不同
The way they think, the way they do things and their traditional habit are different from ours.
历史习惯不是 historical habit
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