第09单元数词及量词.doc

第09单元 数词及量词
　　Ⅰ．概说
　　482 量词（Quantitatives）和不可数名词一起用，如much（milk），little（courage）；数词（Numericals）和可数名词一起用，如many（houses），five（students）。在more water和lots of danger中，more和lots of分别为量词，而在more people和lots of people中，more和lots of都是数词。量词、数词可以是一个词，如much，most，numerous，也可以是一组词，如a great many，a lot of，a great number of，five bags of，ten pounds of，这类词组大多数以of结尾，可以用作形容词，把of省略掉时可用作名词。
　　483 量词和数词都可以用作1）限制形容词，2）作补语用形容词，3）代词，4）名词，量词甚至还可用作5）副词：
　　1）He has many friends．（在名词前作限制形容词）
　　Does he drink much water every day？
　　2）His friends are many．（在系动词后作补语形容词）
　　I find his demand too much for her．（在宾补动词后作宾语补语形容词）
　　3）I know few people，but he knows many．（代词many=形容词many+被省略的名词people）
　　The work has been started，and much has been done．（代词much=形容词much+被省略的名词work）
　　4）Many read for pleasure．（名词many不代表前面提的任何词，而仅仅指人。只有数词可以这样用。）
　　Few are free from faults．
　　Much can be done．（名词much不代表前面提的任何词，只能指读者很容易猜到的东西。只有量词可以这样用。）
　　I know little of life．
　　5）You should sleep more．（副词，修饰动词）
　　It is more difficult．（修饰形容词）
　　He works less diligently than you．（修饰另一副词）
　　He is more in love with her than he seems．（修饰介词短语）（只有量词可用作副词，数词不能。）
　　484 当量词和数词用作代词和名词时，它们仍具有形容词的特点，前面可以有一个副词（多为程度副词）修饰它们：
　　Very few can understand this poem．
　　Not much has been said．
　　He is not satisfied with so little．
　　Only three have come．
　　I say as much．
　　He knows but little．
　　He wants much more．
　　I want a little less．
　　John can supply us with a great deal more．
　　485 Few（或some，many，several，most）of the cities和few（或some等）cities是不同的。前者表示整个数目中的一部分，而后者没有这种意义。同样，little（或much，some，most）ofthe rice和little（或much等）rice也是不同的。前者表示整个数量中的一部分。不过little of danger，more of courage，the least of work和little danger，more courage，the least work却有相同意思。抽象概念无法分成若干部分，加上of只是出于音韵上的考虑。
　　486 “be+量词+of”可表示各种程度的肯定与否定：
　　He is much of a scholar．（=He is quite a scholar．）
　　He is little（or nothing）of a doctor．（＝He is hardly or not a doctor．）
　　John was a little of a liar．（=John was rather a liar．）
　　John was more of a businessman than a painter．（=He was rather a businessman than a painter．）
　　It is less of a school than a prison．（=It is rather a prison than a school．）
　　It is not so much a school as a prison．（意思与上句相同）
　　It is not enough of a good machine．
　　It is too much of a good thing．
　　（比较：You cannot have too much of a good thing．）
　　487 “see+量词+of”表示看见某人的频率：
　　I saw much of him．（＝I often saw him．）
　　I saw little of him．（=I seldom saw him．）
　　I have seen much less of him this year．
　　Did you see a great deal of him？
　　I saw quite a lot of Mary．
　　I saw nothing of him．
　　I have seen enough of her．
　　This was the last I saw of him．
　　I have come to see the last of you．
　　It was the first I ever saw of Mary．
　　488 数词可以表示不定数目，如many，few，a large number of；也可表示固定数目，如seven，ten thousand and one，two thirds．量词基本上表示不定数量，如much，a large quantity of a great deal of。它们若含有数词，也可表示固定数量，如five pounds of，six boxes of，two spoonfuls of．下面我们将首先讨论不定数词和量词，然后讨论固定数词与量词。
　　Ⅱ．不定数词和量词
　　A．Many
　　489 Many（＝a large number of）最常用在1）否定词，2）so，3）too，4）as和5）how后面：
　　1）He does not know many businessmen．
　　He has never been in many places．
　　2）He knows so many people．
　　3）You have made too many mistakes．
　　4）You can buy as many books as you like．
　　5）How many stars can you see？
　　还可用在6）问句，7）whether或if引出从句中：
　　6）Has he many rdlatives？
　　Does he meet many people？
　　7）I doubt（wonder）whether he has many friends．
　　I doubt if he knows many people．
　　此外还用来8）修饰主语或9）充任主语：
　　8）Many students come here during the vacation．
　　9）Many come here during the vacation．
　　也可用在10）副词短语（状语）中：
　　10）He has done it for many years and in many ways．
　　在其他情况下通常要用
　　11）numerous，a great many，a large number of，lots of，a lot of或plenty of代替many：
　　11）He reads a lot of books，a whole lot of（more emphatic） newspapers．
　　He has a great many dogs ond a good many cats．
　　John knows plenty of people and any number of VIPs．
　　不过在书面语中，12）many可以自由使用：
　　12）He reads many books．（书面语）
　　John knows many people．（书面语）
　　注：much的使用方法与many相近，只是意义不同。
　　490 Many可用作限制形容词，表示“许多”：
　　He has made five mistakes in as many（=five）sentences．
　　She has waited for him three days．They seem to be as many （＝three）years．
　　There are as many minds as there are men．
　　The children on that tree are like so many（=like the same number of）monkeys．
　　He considered his enemies as so many friends．
　　He is always telling you so many（=such and such a number of）sons of his spend so many dollars a year．
　　You must remember so many gallons of water should be used with so many pounds of sugar．
　　A great many（=Very many）families in this city come from the north．
　　He has waited many a day（=many days）．（书面语）
　　Many and many a child was（＝Many，many children were） killed during the war．
　　也可用作补语：
　　His friends are not many．（这样用时较少）
　　They are too many to enumerate．
　　John is one too many（=not needed）．
　　He is one too many（=or much）for（=stronger，cleverer than）me．
　　用作代词或名词：
　　He bought apples yesterday and found so many rotten．
　　Oranges are sold at so many（＝a certain number）for a dollar．
　　We have two forks too many．
　　You have given me three too many．
　　We shall need as many again（＝as many more，twice as many）．
　　Should the many（=the multitude，the masses）work for the few？
　　B．Few
　　491 Few可用作限制形容词，表示“很少”：
　　He has very few（＝not many，a small number of）friends．
　　Few，if any（=almost no），students passed．
　　There are few or no honest men．
　　Are there many people in this village？No，there are few（＝or but[a]few，only few，precious few）（people）．
　　Are there any people？Yes，there are a few（people）．
　　也可用作补语：
　　His friends are very few．（这样用时很少）
　　These opportunities are few and far between（＝very rare）．
　　These trees were few and far between．
　　还可用作代词或名词：
　　Many students took the exam，but few passed．
　　Few or none of them are willing to help anyone．
　　This author has few readers，but is satisfied with the few（= these few readers）．
　　The judgement of the few（=the minority）is not always wrong．
　　Only the fortunate few（people）can visit this restaurant．
　　Few of these paintings are worth more than ten dollars．
　　C．A few
　　492 A few可用作限制形容词，表示“几个”，“少数”：
　　Are there any streets in this village？No，there are none（=no streets），but there are a few paths．
　　Are there any streets in that village？Yes，there are a few（or some few）streets，but there are very few good ones．
　　A good few（＝or Quite a few，Not a few，No few）adventurers died in adventure．（=A fair number of adventurers…）
　　“I like to read those few books．”“Which few books？”
　　“My father’s few novels．”
　　There are only a few gangsters in this city，but the few gangsters have caused plenty of trouble．
　　The guns roared every few（=every several）minutes．
　　D．Much
　　493 Much只能用来修饰不可数名词，表示“很多”，而many用来修饰可数名词，但两者的用法是差不多的（参阅489节）。much常可用在1）否定句，2）so，3）too，4）as和5）how后；还可用在6）问句，7）whether和if引出的从句中，还可用来8）修饰主语，或9）充当主语，也可用在10）副词短语中。在其他情况下通常被11）plenty of，a lot of等代替，但在书面语中12）可自由使用。
　　1）He does not drink much coffee．
　　He never did much work．
　　2）He ate so much food．
　　3）You drink too much wine．
　　4）You can spend as much money as you may．
　　5）How much benefit can we get？
　　6）Does he have much time？
　　7）I doubt whether he has much time．
　　8）Much money and time has been spent．
　　9）Much has been spent．
　　10）This problem must be handled with much courage．
　　11）He has eaten plenty of bread．
　　12）We use much water to clean the house．（书面语）
　　494 Much可用作限制形容词：
　　He would tell you again and again that he could earn so much （＝a certain amount of）money a month．
　　He looked on that liquor as so much poison．
　　To him，kindness toward his enemies is so much cruelty toward his own friends．
　　Much good may it do you！（放在句首有讥讽意味）
　　Much courage you have！（=You are a coward！）
　　495 Much可用作补语：
　　His desire is not much．
　　He is too much for（=stronger，cleverer than） me．
　　This book is too much for（= too difficult for） anyone．
　　496 Much还可用作代词或名词：
　　Much of the sugar was spoiled．
　　How much is this a pound？（=What is the price of this for each pound？）
　　The child drank water and much has been spilled．
　　I did not see much of her．（=I seldom saw her．）
　　He eats much，drinks much and earns much，too．
　　This much is enough． Cut that much off．
　　Too much is as bad as none at all．
　　The plan did not amount（or come） to much （＝mean or produce anything good）．
　　This is worth much（=valuable）．
　　There is much（= something good or uncommon） in it（or him）．
　　He made much of（= considered as important） this incident．
　　Don‘t make too much of trifles．
　　He thought much of（= esteemed） your friendship．
　　He thought too much of himself．
　　I can pay as much as（=as high a price as） a hundred pounds for it．
　　He drank as much as（= as much amount as） five bottles．
　　The building is as much as（= even） a hundred stories high．“Don’t cry，”said I．It was as much as I could do to comfort her．（=I did all I could to comfort her．）
　　It was as much as she could do not to cry．
　　He suddenly became silent，which was as much as to say（＝which seemed to say），“You can leave me now．”
　　This is as muck as saying that（= This is equal to saying that） he has not done his duty．
　　There was not so much as（= not even） a chair to sit on．
　　He never paid so much as a cent．
　　He left without so much as saying good－bye．
　　He has studied four years without so much as knowing his teachers‘ names．
　　I think（or believe，guess，expect，fear，say） as much（=so）．
　　I told her that much（=so）．
　　This much is certain，that he has done his best．（I am very certain of this，though not of the rest．）
　　So much for（= That is all that can be said or done about） this man（or the journey，his plan）．
　　Much he knows about sports！（放在句首有讥讽味道）
　　497 Much可用作副词，表示“很多”，在修饰动词时，前面常加very，too，so，as这类副词：
　　He sleeps very much，and works very much．
　　You praise（or help，criticize，rely on） him too much．
　　I admire（or regret，prefer，like，enjoy，miss） it very much．
　　（这里可译为“非常”）
　　He is so much astonished（or shocked，amused，charmed）．
　　（much这里修饰过去分词，so much可译为“那样”。）
　　（但：The story is very astonishing，very amusing，very charming．）
　　I love her as much as that（= so much） and she owes me as much as that，but…
　　I would not so much as（= not even） give a cent to help him．
　　He did not so much as glance at her．（他连看都不看她一眼。）
　　He smiled to me as much as to say（= seeming to say），“You are wonderful．”
　　He likes nothing as much as playing mahjong．（= He likes it most．）
　　Much as he liked it（= Though he liked it very much），he said nothing．
　　Much as he loved her，he failed to do anything for her．
　　They are much taller than we．（修饰比较级的形容词）
　　This book is much more difficult．
　　This house is much the best of all．（修饰最高级的形容词）
　　She is much the most beautiful among them．
　　They are much afraid（or alone，alike，alive）．（修饰带有前缀a- 的作补语的形容词）
　　He walks much faster than anyone else．（修饰比较级的副词）
　　Thirty men can build this large bridge in a hundred days，much more fifty men（主语相比）．
　　（= If thirty men can build this large bridge in a hundred days，fifty men can build it much more easily．）
　　Thirty men…days，much more repair（动词相比）it．（=If thirty men… days，they can repair it much more easily．）
　　Thirty men…days，much more a smaller one．（宾语相比）
　　（= If thirty men…days，they can build a smaller one much more easily．）
　　Thirty men…days，much more in two hundred days．（状语相比）（＝ If thirty men… days，they can build it much more easily in two hundred days．）
　　Thirty men can NOT complete such a bridge in a hundred days，much less ten men，much less complete two，much less a larger bridge，and in only fifty days．
　　It is difficult for him to understand arithmetic，much more algebra．（more=more difficult）
　　It is NOT easy for him to understand arithmetic，much less algebra．（less= less easy）
　　Thirty men were unable to move the rock，much more （=more unable） ten men．
　　Thirty men were not able to move the rock，much less（＝much less able） ten men．
　　They suddenly came，much to my surprise．（修饰介词短语）
　　They are much in love．
　　They talked much（= almost）in a similar way．
　　They are much（= almost） the same size．
　　He learns English much（= almost） as you do．（修饰介词）
　　He talks with his friends much as if he knew plenty．
　　注：在上述句子中副词 much均不能由 very代替；反之，very 修饰原级形容词及副词，也不能由much替换。
　　E．Little
　　498 Little可用作限制形容词，修饰名词，表示“很少”：
　　The ship carried little（= not much，a small quantity or amount of） food and little water．
　　Little knowledge is dangerous．
　　He has but little（= very little） common sense．
　　There is but little hope．
　　I was in no little（=much） trouble．
　　There is little or no difference between them．
　　He has spent what little（=the little）money he had．（what little后面必须跟一个形容词从句，如 he had．）
　　还可以作补语：
　　Little knowledge is not dangerous if one knows one’s knowledge is very little．
　　Little as his success was，he was content．（as=though）
　　还可用作代词或名词：
　　Some have too much money，others have too little．
　　There is little to choose between them．
　　Little has changed since 1988．
　　He does much but eats little．
　　He gave much but got little．
　　He has no confidence，and I have as little（=no confidence either）．
　　“He did not succeed．”“I think（ or believe，expect） as little （＝not）．”
　　With the little he had，he became prosperous in a few years．
　　From the（or what） little I saw（or learned），he seemed unhappy．
　　I will do what little I can．
　　We need but little here below．
　　He raised our salary little by little（=by degrees）．
　　He made little of（=neglected） all obstacles．
　　He thought little of（=neglected） anybody and anything．
　　He saw little of life．
　　We know little or nothing of the snowman．
　　还用作副词：
　　We met very little（=rarely）．（修饰动词）
　　The child slept very little（= only slightly）．
　　He knows life too（or so，very） little．
　　How little this child fears the storm！
　　It matters very little．
　　They little（=do not） understand（or suspect，imagine，know，realize，expect，dream of，comprehend） it．（书面语）（Little可放在表示“理解”等的动词前面）
　　He little cares about（ or Little does he care about） what people say．
　　He is little richer than（＝ almost as poor as） before．（修饰比较级）
　　He is little better than（=almost as bad as） a murderer．
　　John‘s escape is little short of（=almost） a miracle．
　　He won little less than（=almost as much as） a million dollars．
　　F．A little
　　499 A little表示“有一点”（肯定），而 little表示“很少”（否定）。 A little可用作限制形容词，修饰名词：
　　“Have you much food to spare？”“No，I have little（=not much）．”
　　“Have you any food to spare？”“Yes，I have a little（=some little，some）food．”
　　John can’t do the job，as he has little experience，but Richard can，as he has a little experience．
　　也可用作代词或名词：
　　We were offered tea，and we drank a little．
　　A little is better than nothing．
　　He knows a little of everything．
　　He ate a little of each dish，but the little satisfied him．
　　From what little（=the little）I saw，he seemed honest．
　　He has done not a little（=much） for the community．
　　He has seen not a little of（=much of） the world．
　　We started in（or after）a little（=after a short while）．
　　还可用作副词：
　　He has helped me a little．（修饰动词）