六级考试命题规律与技巧心得.doc

最新大学英语710分新题型
六级考试命题规律与技巧突破
I. 写作命题规律与技巧突破
六级考试改革之后，写作成了新六级考卷的第一大题。从传统六级的最后一题一跃成为第一道题，新老六级考试写作大题位置的转换，让我们再次感受到写作在六级考试中的沉甸甸的分量。教育部颁发的最新《大学英语课程教学要求》明确指出，大学英语的教学目的就是：培养学生的英语综合应用能力。在六级考试的诸多题型之中，考查学生的英语综合应用能力的题型有好几种，然而没有哪一种题型能像写作那样，能如此充分地反映考生的英语综合应用能力。
按照最新《大学英语课程教学要求》对六级写作设置的目标：能就一般性的主题基本表达个人观点，能写所学专业论文的英文摘要，能撰写所学专业的英语小论文，能描述各种图表，能在半小时内写出160词的短文，内容完整，条理清楚，文理通顺。为了帮助六级考生实现这一目标，掌握行之有效的应试方法与技巧，本章将从如下三个方面进行介绍。

A写作的六大题型与应试对策
1、写作提纲
提纲作文是六级考试采用得最频繁的写作测试模式。提纲作文是一种控制性作文，此类作文是控制和约束学生漫无边际展开说明议论的一种命题方式。考生应根据所提供的题目和提纲要点对文章主题的内容和规定进行拓展，形成一篇充分表达提纲中心思想的短文。这类作文多采用议论文体。
短文提纲不仅清楚地显示了短文的段落层次，而且还明确地提出了各段的段落的依据，为写作提供了一个很好的框架。由于有了命题提纲的提示，考生不易偏题，但千万不能把所给的提纲（有时是短语，有时是句子）照搬到文章中去或把汉语提纲翻译成英文。因此这种题型更容易检查学生的英语表达能力。注意，近年来六级考试中的这类作文题，超过了所有考试的二分之一
写好提纲作文要注意以下几点：
l 仔细审题，细致推敲，根据提纲确定主题。
l 写好每段的主题句，扣住主题，言之有物。
l 段落扩展必须紧扣主题句。
l 切忌不可逐字逐句地翻译提纲，或把提纲照搬到文章中。
例：Directions: For this part your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Have a Better Command of Chinese according to the following outline given below ( given in Chinese) your composition should be no less than 150 words.
1)大学生的语文水平普遍不高
2)造成这种情况的原因
3）如何提高文化水平
通过认真阅读作文要求，写作者知道这是一篇提纲作文。作文标题及所给的提纲比较明确地规定了短文的主题及扩展方向。根据提纲，我们可确定短文写威二段。
1)语文水平不高的现状
2)造成水平不高的原因
3)解决措施方法
参考作文：
Have a Better Command of Chinese
Nowadays the phenomenon has aroused wide concern that more and more university students have much trouble using good Chinese, either orally or in paper work. Many employers complain that many college graduates are not good at written work-some even can' t write a note properly. The public can't help wondering what has happened in our education.
The answer involves many factors. The major one lies in our elementary and secondary schooling. Now a vast majority of schools adopt standard tests involving a uniform pattern-multiple choices. The consequence is serious: many students become too passive in their study. Worst of all, teachers place too much emphasis on mechanic memorizing, so that the language learning becomes a dead thing. Another factor is that our schooling neglects the application aspect. So students find it hard to put book knowledge to practical use. And our media often appear many wrong uses of Chinese , which also have a misleading effect on the young.
It is time for society to do something to correct the situation. A larger-scale reform should be carried out in our schools different levels. Teaching theories and methods should be up-dated to meet the needs of a new age. Most important of all, students must be aware of the importance of learning Chinese well. It should be borne in mind that a good command of Chinese is of vital importance to both individuals and the future of our nation.
2．命题作文
命题作文也称标题作文，是一种常见的传统命题方法0命题作文就是出题者只给出一道作文题目，要求考生根据所给题目运用恰当文体，在规定时问内写出切题、流畅、无语法错误的文章。由于命题作文只提供题目，既没有提供主题句或关键词，也没有情景规定，因而命题作文给考生的思考空间大些，考生可以发挥想象力和独创性，运用多种文体进行写作，如议论文、说明文、描写文等。但是考生必须按照题目指定的内容和范围，确定好全文的主题思想。
写好命题作文要注意以下几点：
l 注意审题，充分理解题目要求，确定中心思想
l 决定写作文体，记叙文、说明文、描述文还是议论文。
l 构思内容，适当选材，切忌跑题。
例：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words based on the following title: How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic"!
参考范文：
How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?
Today, heavy traffic has been a headache in big cities. It makes people waste much time on the way home or to office. What' s more, according to a recent survey, millions of dollars are also wasted in traffic each year. So it is necessary to solve this problem.
There are a few solutions to this problem. But the most important one is to lay down more roads so that it is able to relieve the traffic density and accelerate the flow of traffic. Secondly, more bus lines should be opened up. If there are enough roads and bus lines available, more people will take the bus and fewer will drive cars or take taxi. Then the traffic problem will certainly be alleviated. Thirdly, I think, people should be encouraged to ride bicycles. Riding bicycles cannot only help solve the traffic problem but also does good to our health. Besides, riding bicycles has no bad effect on environment.
Traffic problem will continue to exist as more and m。re people can afford private cars．But with your help，it may not be so serious any more．
3．关键词作文
关键词作文是六级考试大纲中规定的备考题型之一。关键词作文的命题形式是给出标题和关键词(key words)，要求考生根据所提供的题冈和关键词语的提示进行写作。这类作文需要考生根据关键词提供的实际上并不连贯的信息片断通过联想来构造短文的主题及提纲，并要求将全部关键词恰到好处地运用在整个文章中，所以这类作文较难把握，写起来有一定难度。
写关键词作文时必须注意以下几点：
l 理解题目，分析关键词属于哪方面内容，正确领会题目意图及写作要求。
l 推敲关键词，将关键词合理分段分层。
l 正确运用关键词，切忌不可遗漏，并注意文章的合理性、连贯性和切题性。
例：Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write o composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 150 words and you should have your composition on the outline (given in Chinese)below．
1) 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?
2) 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?
3) 我的看法。
Suggested KEY WORDS: firecrackers 鞭炮；set off / let off 放（鞭炮）
Remember to write your composition neatly.
参考范文：
Should Fire Crackers Be Banned
Opinions about whether firecrackers should be banned vaiy from person to person. Some people say that it is a good thing to set off firecrackers. To them , setting off firecrackers is a traditional means to celebrate our special days , particularly the Spring Festival. If firecrackers were banned , our festivals would become too quiet to enjoy.
Others think firecrackers should be banned. In support of their argument, they list many facts to show that fires are caused by firecrackers, which bring so much damage to people. At the same time, they say, firecrackers make noise and cause air pollution.
Personally , I am on the side of the latter argument. It is true that firecrackers make our festivals more enjoyable, but, I think, we can find other forms of entertainment. And also, we can enjoy the sound of firecrackers by listening to a tape recorder instead of setting them off. In a word , firecrackers should be banned for the benefit of most people !
4．情景作文
情景作文(Situational Writing)顾名思义就是要求考生根据所给定的某一特定情景进行写作，情景作文的命题形式是给出英文作文标题后，再用英文或汉语给出短文写作内容的提示，要求考生根据短文标题及所给特定的提示展开作文。考生必须注意所给的情景不是以主题句或关键词形式出现，情景是对事实的陈述，千万不要把提示当成提纲，或者简单地把中文译成英文。
情景作文的命题形式分为两种：一种是主题式情景作文，即给出标题；另一种是内容式情景作文，即不给出标题，而是给出一定的情景。对于主题式情景作文，要求考生根据标题和给定情景，发挥想象，组织内容。而内容式情景作文不给标题，考生必须善于从所提供的情景中找出中心思想，明确写作目的，确定文章的标题和层次。一般来说，情景作文比提纲作文和段首句作文有更大的发挥余地。
写好情景作文要注意以下几点：
l 认真阅读情景，明确中心思想，确定文章标题和层次，按情景规定的范围和条件来写文章。
l 注意切情切景，不要自由发挥过头，或者与情景相差万里。
l 注意文章的逻辑性和连贯性。
l 情景可用英文或中文提供，切忌不可将情景提示中的句子照办抄袭或逐字翻译。
l 情景作文的特点是文章的中心思想和信息都在提供的情景中得到暗示。
例：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition according to the situation given below in English. Your composition should be no less than 150 words.
Suppose you, a girl, are going to have an interview with the head of a company, you want to make a good impression on the manager. So you go to a shop and select a dress carefully, you should start with the opening sentence:
I am going to have an interview with the manager of an insurance (保险) company.
参考译文：
Preparing for an Interview
I was going to have an interview with the manager of an insurance company. I had been thinking how to make a good impression on him. I know I was a qualified secretary. In other words, I could type well and fast. But of course, appearance was also important. So I believed that I need something to look smart in the office.
On Sunday morning I went into a shop which sold women' s clothes. I told the salesman what I wanted and the man picked out a coat for me to try on. I stood in front of a mirror and wanted to find out if it suited me. I was pleased with the coat and I felt satisfied with myself, too. Because I did look smart. I turned round to take another look. After that I made up my mind to buy it.
With the dress under my arm, I stepped out of the shop. I was confident that I would be the right one to be chosen as a secretary in the insurance company.
5．看图作文
看图作文实质上就是给一幅画或一组图像或一篇解说词，属于说明文性质。包括叙述一个故事，描述一幅图画情景，或通过一幅或几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出某种解说。
就内容而言，可以写直接观察到的情景，也可以根据合理想象补充一些其他内容。就表达方式而言，可以单纯地解释、说明，也可以在说明中夹以描写、叙述和评论。看图作文要求考生仔细观察图画，结合题目及文字提示，体会出题者的意图和要求，组织提纲，确定中心意思，看图作文也要注意审题、立意和选材。
写好看图作文要注意以下几点：
l 仔细观察画面，揣摩图中的每一细节，弄清关系。
l 以画面为基础，体会出题者的意图和要求
l 必须把题目、提示和画图三方面结合起来，说明同一主题
l 考虑表达内容的方式，如按时间先后或原因的主次顺序列出短文提纲
l 思考图中内容给人的启示，对之加以评论
看图作文在近年六级考试中尚未出现过，但由于近几年的全国攻读硕士研究生入学考试英语试题中写作题都是看图作文，我们预测六级考试将来也会有考看图作文的可能。
例：Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled Chat with friends on OICQ.
In the essay, you should
1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning.
2. give your comment on the phenomenon
You should write about 200 words.

参考范文：
Chat with friends on OICQ
As can been seen from the picture, nowadays, more and more young people follow and swarm into the tide of "e-age". Today, it is increasingly common for Net surfers (the two fish in the picture) to chat on OICQ. They even have a new phrase to "Q" somebody meaning to contact someone on OICQ.
The prevalence of OICQ resulted from its absolute advantage over the traditional public chat rooms which are often chaotic and it is difficult to conduct a focused conversation. What' s more, OICQ is favored for one-to-one chat, though it also offers public chat rooms. Compared with other daily communication tool such as a e-mail and phone, it' s quick, simple and cheaper. A good case in point is that teenagers sometimes can't find anyone in their real life to talk with. There is a generation gap with parents and teachers and it is not always right to confess to close friends. While chatting on OICQ, no one knows who you are, and you can conduct concentrated talk without interruptions by other chatters.
However, there are voices against OICQ. Some think it wastes time and energy. Chatting online can be meaningless if one is addicted to OICQ. You don' t know the guy at the other end of the net, so in most cases you only talk about things skin-deep: age, sex, location and hobbies etc. Some complain that they receive too many junk messages on OICQ. I believe we should not blame OICQ. Self-discipline is indispensable in every aspect of our life.
From what has been discussed above we know OICQ is new media of communication in e-age, as well as a e-mail and mobile phone. Chat with your friends on OICQ and don' t be trapped by OICQ addiction.
6．图表作文
图表作文是用数字、图象传达信息的一种形式。看图作文就是借助于这些数字、图像进行写作的一种方法。图表作文分为曲线图、示意图、表格等式样，但写法有共性。图表作文要求考生仔细分析图表中的数据和有关的文字说明，领会图中信息，描述表上的资料数据对数字进行分析比较、归纳总结。并对其说明的内容和现象作出相应的评论。图表作文对于考生来说是个难点，写好图表作文不仅需要考生具有较强的语言表达能力，还要有一定的观察分析能力，一定的想象力及一定的逻辑思维能力。图表作文在六级作文考试中有增加的趋势，如果考生事先没有准备，有可能在考场上措手不及，不知如何下笔，所以考生临考前要熟悉各种题型，掌握各种题型的写作技巧是非常重要的。
写好图表作文要注意以下几点：
l 仔细研究分析图表，分析图表中的文字说明和数字表述，准备地条理分明地进行描述、分析、归纳和概括。
l 图表中的数据、事实一般都很多，考生不必列出所有数据，主要抓住有代表性、有规律的数据进行分析。
l 写图表作文的文体一般是说明文和议论文两种体裁。考生做这一类型的命题作文时，应遵循三段式作文的写法。
第一段，叙述图表内容，对图表进行简要的概述。
第二段，分析原因或后果。
第三段，提出建议，或做出评论或得出结论。
例：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words on Changes in People' S Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. In your composition, you should ( 1) state the changes in people' s diet in the past five years, (2) give possible reasons for the changes, and (3) draw your own conclusions. You should quote as few figures as possible.
Year
Food
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Grain
49%
47%
46. 5%
45%
45%
Milk
10%
11%
11%
12%
13%
Meat
17%
20%
22. 5%
23%
21 %
Fruit and Vegetables
24%
22%
20%
20%
21%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
参考范文：
Changes in Peoples' Diet
There have been some changes in the diet of the Chinese. Grain, the main food of most people in China, is now playing a less important role. On the other hand, the consumption of highly nutritious food such as milk and meat has increased.
The changes in diet can be accounted for by a number of factors. First, people are much wealthier than before. With a higher income, they can afford to buy good foods which, in the past, were rarely seen on the dinner tables of ordinary families. Another factor is that people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities. For all those reasons, what was formerly called "the basket of vegetables" has become that of varied foods.
To sum up, insignificant as those changes may seem, they are the signs of the improved economic condition in China. We believe that as more effort is put into the modernization, there will be greater changes in people' s diet in the future.
B写作的高分模式与技巧突破
一篇好的作文应该是主题明确．思路清晰，论述有力、准确，语言正确，文字简洁、流畅、连贯，结构严谨。这不仅要求考生要有较坚实的语言功底，具有一定的英语短文写作知识，而且也要求考生具备一定的写作技巧，考生在短文写作中要想取得好成绩，必须掌握一定的写作方法，我们在这里向考生推荐介绍“三段十句作文法”。
三段十句作文法基本模式：
六级考试作文要求考生在30分钟写出一篇不少于150词的英语作文，而这些文章的结构基本上都是议论文，即单一的说明、阐述、比较或驳斥。考生可以采用写三段的结构方式围绕主题进行写作，即短文由引言段(introduction)、正文段(body)和结论段(conclusion)三段组成。第一段：引言段，解释介绍短文的主旨，引起读者注意，并说明短文主要讨论的主题。第二段：正文也叫主体段，对引言段中提出的主题，从不同的角度，运用举例、对比、排列顺序、因果等手段展开讨论或说明。第三段：在结论段中，考生以简洁的语言概括前面短文的中心内容，并作进一步说明，阐明作者的观点、态度或评论。这就是我们所说的“三段作文结构”，实际上，这是绝大多数作文的结构要求。
同时三段结构的作文完全可以运用由蔡基刚创造的十句作文法来进行，“十句作文法”并非一定写10句，从六级考试高分作文(150词左右)来分析，句子数量分布在10句至15句范围(依句子长短和结构不同而句子数量有所不同)。考生便能用10到15句完成一篇六级考试要求150～180词的作文，我们把这种三段式十句作文方法称之为“三段十句作文法”。大量考生获高分作文的实践证明，“三段十句作文法”符合CET-6级考试命题写作结构规律，是一种高分作文方法。考生经过短期训练之后就可将作文成绩较大幅度提高，因此在这里向考生加以推荐和介绍。掌握三段十句作文法，对六级考生写出一篇满意的高分作文是十分重要的。
三段十句作文法的基本模式如下：
第一段(开头段)：主旨句（句1）、扩展句（句2）
第二段(中间段)：主题句（句3）、扩展句（句4）、扩展句（句5）、扩展句（句6）、扩
展句（句7）、扩展句（句8）小结句（句9）
第三段(结尾段)：结尾句（句10）
具体说明：
第一段，即开头段，主题段，包括二句(有时还可能是三句或者更多)。第一句为主旨句，通过简洁概括的语言，写出文章所要围绕的大致内容，使阅卷老师了解文章主旨；第二句为扩展句，用来说明和支持主题句。扩展的方式可以举例、对比、罗列事实、数据等。
第二段中间段即主体段，共七句。第一句(句3)为主题句，提出本文体现的主题，它在主题上与第一段相关和一致。第二句至第七句(句4一句9)为扩展句，说明和支持本段的主题。旬与句之间要注意衔接过渡。
第三段结尾段，也是全文的总结句，有时也可为2句、3句，与文章主题相呼应，强化主题。
根据论说文的几种功能，也是英语六级写作作文中常出现的几种结构，三段十句作文模式也可有其他文体。另外，三段式作文法可以是三个段落，也可以是四个段落。
C写作的三大原则与要求
英语六级作文考试要求考生在规定的时间内写出语法正确、意思连贯的一篇短文，考生不仅要掌握短文的三段式模式，还必须了解短文的内在要求，短文的基本特征，即：思想的统一性、内容的连贯性和结构的完整性。
1．思想的统一性
短文思想的统一性，即要求每一段只能有一个主题思想，说明某一件事或某一个问题，段落内每个句子，短文内的所有段落都必须围绕中心思想或主题，所有细节都要与主题句紧密相连，所有段落必须和中心思想或主题有关，要有利于说明中心思想。这也就是通常所说的切题(relevanee)，要保持一个段落，短文的统一性，就必须舍弃任何与主题无关的，或者说服力不强的内容。否则会使读者迷惑不解，而有损于作者意图的表达。
2．内容的连贯性
短文的连贯性要求段落中的句子之间衔接要自然、流畅，层次安排要清晰，合乎逻辑。也就是说短文要条理?菏楚，层次分明。而为了达到连贯的效果，我们必须使用一些过渡词语，这些过渡词语也叫做“启、承、转、合”语。其目的就是将各旬之问各段之问的逻辑关系清楚地展示在读者面前。
3．结构的完整性
结构的完整性，顾名思义，指段落或短文要对所提出的问题进行分析、解释、说明和议论。也就是说一个段落或一篇短文必须有头有尾，有始有终，不能缺少任何成分。
II．阅读理解命题规律与技巧突破
新六级考试的阅读理解大题，是六级考试改革的重点题型。首先，此题从概念上被一分为二，分为快速阅读与仔细阅读两大部分。从试卷的角度看，新六级考卷的六个大题，有两个大题是阅读题，第二大题是快速阅读理解，第四大题是仔细阅读理解。从题型的角度看，快速阅读理解采用了正误辨认和完成句子两种题目形式，10个小题，前面4个题为正误辨认题，后面6个题为补充句子题；仔细阅读理解在保留两篇传统阅读理解文章的基础上，又增加了选词填空和短句回答的新题型。

A快速阅读理解命题规律与技巧突破
1．命题规律
快速阅读理解是六级考试改革后新增的题型，在此之前，快速阅读理解很少作为题型出现在各级各类正式考卷之中。很多同学从中学到大学几乎从未接受过这方面的训练与测试，而在日常的生活和工作中，我们却不得不被动地运用快速阅读的方式去接受来自方方面面的信息。六级考试增加快速阅读理解大题，既是落实最新《大学英语课程教学要求》，贯彻新的教学思想，培养学生的英语综合运用能力的必然结果，也的确抓住了英语阅读技能培养的薄弱环节。
按照六级考试委员会公布的样题