高考英语阅读理解解题技巧(高分秘诀)PPT课件.pptx

解解题技技巧巧阅读理解理解1.近年高考近年高考阅读理解的理解的发展展趋势篇篇长增加，增加，难度加大度加大设问巧妙，要求提高巧妙，要求提高熟熟词陌陌义，生，生词屡屡见1个个趋势2.做做题两个原两个原则2个原个原则3.阅读理解方法理解方法综述述1.跳跳读：就是快速的一步就是快速的一步阅读法。法。实际上是有上是有选择阅读，找关，找关键词。用。用这种种阅读方法回答方法回答who、what、when、where之之类的的问题最最为有效。有效。2.略略读：指比跳指比跳读慢些的二步慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速略地快速阅读，目的是，目的是了解大意了解大意，对文章有个文章有个总的概的概念。此种念。此种阅读方法能回答方法能回答why、how之之类的的问题。3.精精读：即最即最细致、最慢的深致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求方法，目的是求得得对所所读文章的文章的全部意全部意义的理解与掌握的理解与掌握。3种种读法法4.1234带着着问题阅读短文短文找出主找出主题句句确定中心思想确定中心思想推断推断单词、句子、句子、文章的含文章的含义坚定第一感定第一感觉尽快尽快选择答案答案阅读理理解解4个步个步骤5.高考高考阅读理解五种体裁理解五种体裁记叙文叙文描写文描写文说明文明文应用文用文论述文述文不同文体有不同不同文体有不同的的段落段落组织方式方式和和脉脉络层次次5种体裁种体裁6.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力记叙文叙文 往往按往往按时间顺序序展开段落，文章展开段落，文章有明有明显表示表示时间先后的先后的词语。往往。往往记叙叙文中文中故事情故事情节比比较明明显。阅读时抓住抓住时间这条主条主线，弄清，弄清who、what、where、why与与how。7.Example1ItwasaveryhotsummermorningbutinsidethePyramid(金字塔)itwasquitecool.TomandhisclassmateshadjustwalkedintothePyramidandsurprisedtoseewhatitwaslike.TheywenttotheQueensRoom.Theysawapassage(通道).Attheendofittherewasasmallroom.Theyweretoldthattheycouldntgointothatroom,becauseitwasnewlyfound.Tomlookedtowardthepassage.TwoofhisfriendsJasonandPetersawhimandsaid,“Dontgetintotrouble,Tom”.Assoonasnobodywaslooking,Tomwentupthedarkpassage,openedthedoorandwalkedin.Period2LanguagestudyP198.Suddenlythedoorclosedbehindhim.Theroomwasverydark,butluckilyTomhadbroughtatorch(手电筒)withhim.Whenheturnediton,heSawtwowhitefacesinfrontofhim.“Oh,no!”Hecriedandrantothedoor.HequicklyopeneditandwentdownthepassagetotheQueensRoomasfastashecould.AssoonasTomdisappeared,JasonandPetertookthepieceofwhiteclothofftheirfacesandwalkedslowlydownthepassage,Theycouldntstoplaughing.“Thatwillteachhimalesson,”saidJason.9.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力描写文描写文 通通过细节的描写以画面的方式来的描写以画面的方式来反反应事物的特征、性事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅种文章要迅速弄清其速弄清其主主题，主主题词往往出往往出现在各个句在各个句子里，子里，贯穿文章的始末；穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主个主题进行行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主确定信息与主题的关系。的关系。10.Example2Peopleallneedfriendsbecausenobodywantstobelonelyandafriendcanhelpyouingoodandbadtimes.Youvemadefriendssincechildhood，butyoustilldontknowwhoyourtruefriendsare.Herearesomesignstotellyouifyourfriendisatruefriend：AlwayshonestHonestyisimportanttokeeparelationshipalive.Atruefriendalwaystellsyouthetruth.Itmaybehardsometimesbutlyingcandestroyafriendship.Itisimportantthatyourfriendspeakshonestlyandnevermakesupstories._Unit1GreatScientistsP0111._Therearealwaysperiodsinyourlifewhenyouhaveproblemsordifficulties.Atruefriendwillalwayshavetimetolistentoyourproblemsandgiveadvice.Itmaynotbeabletoofferasolutiontoyourproblemsbutthefactthatyourfriendmadetimetolistenisasignhe/shecaresforyou.Yourfriendisnotatruefriendifhe/shecannevermaketimeforyouwhenyouareintrouble.Youalsoneedtobereasonableandacceptthatyourfriendalsohasotherthingstodosohe/shecantalwayslistenimmediatelytoyourproblems.12.AlwaysrespectfulAtruefriendwillalwaysrespectyouropinionnomatterwhetherhe/sheagreesornot.Yourtruefriendmaydisagreebutneverinsiststhathe/sheiscorrect.AlwaysunderstandingItispossiblethatsomeproblemswillarisebetweenyouandyourfriend.Atruefriendwillalwaysbeforgiving(体谅的)andunderstanding，evenifitisnthis/herfault.Wearealldifferentpeopleandweallmakemistakes.Atruefriendisalwaysforgivingandunderstandingbecausehe/shedoesntwanttotaketheriskoflosinghis/herbestfriend.类似似见Period3GrammarP0513.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力说明文明文 多多见于于科普文章科普文章，用以解，用以解释或揭或揭示事物的状示事物的状态、特征、演、特征、演变、结果及其相果及其相互之互之间的关系，的关系，这类文体的文章，文体的文章，首句往首句往往是主往是主题句，开句，开门见山，山，说明文章的关注明文章的关注对象象：弄清作者的思路和段落：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；的方式；把握次要信息及其与主把握次要信息及其与主题的关系的关系。14.Example3ReadingisveryimportanttohelpyoulearnEnglish.Tolearnasmuchasyoucanfromreading,youneedtoreaddifferentkindsofEnglish.ThisbookprovidesnotonlydifferentkindsofEnglishbutalsoagoodwaytocheckyourreadingability.Therearefourpartsinthebook:Part1isMessages:Inthispartsomebodywantstosendinformationinwritingtosomebodyelse.Thereisatestontimetablesandatestontextmessages.15.Part2isPeople:Inthispartallthetestsareaboutpeople.Forexample,thereisaninformalletterbetweenfriends.Thereisformal(正式的)Englishinbiography(传记).Thereisajobapplicationasamodeltohelpwithyourwriting,aswellastestingyourreading.Part3isPlaces:Inthispart,too.ManydifferentkindsofEnglishareshown,someinformalandsomeformal.ThereistheinformalEnglishofaholidaypostcarD.ThereisalsotheformalEnglishinaletterofcomplaint.Part4isThings:Youwillfindsomedescriptivewritinginthispart.Therearedescriptionsofclothesandofacomputer.Youcandothesetestsinanyorderyoulike,oryoucandoallthetestswithaformalorinformaltext.IenjoyedwritingthisbookandIhopeyouenjoyusingit.16.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：59.Wecanfindtheintroductiontoaproductin.A.Part1B.Part2C.Part3D.Part460.WhichofthefollowingismostprobablywrittenininformalEnglish?A.Aletterofcomplaint.B.Acomputerhandbook.C.AlettertoafrienD.D.Astoryofapresident.61.Thepassageismostprobablywrittenfor.A.testdesignersB.studentsC.test-takersD.teachers62.Whatisthebesttitleofthebook?A.TestYourReadingB.HelpwithYourWritingC.LearnDifferentKindsofEnglishD.PractiseEnglishinDifferentWays(参考答案：DCBA)17.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力应用文应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一 般语言简洁，省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。18.Example42016I卷卷AYouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860-1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社区)bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931.AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907-1964)IfitwerentforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworldslakesandoceans.19.SandraDayOConnor(1930-present)WhenSandraDayOConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(参议员)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.OConnorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks(1913-2005)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgomerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredogivingin,”saidParks.21.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A.Hersocialwork.B.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.C.Hereffortstowinaprize.D.Hercommunitybackground.20.22.WhatisthereasonforOConnorsbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.23.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS?A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayOConnor.D.RosaParks.24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.21.体裁分析能力体裁分析能力论述文述文 阅读难在在这种文章种文章处处都渗透作者的都渗透作者的个人个人观点、点、态度度。阅读论述文述文应该从文体的从文体的写作和写作和结构特点构特点入手入手.文章的文章的结构往往容易把握，用构往往容易把握，用主主题句句开开门见山。作者往往通山。作者往往通过信号信号词和和关关联词来来组织段落、文段落、文章章.对信号信号词的迅速反的迅速反应和和对关关联词的准确判断是的准确判断是至关重要的；要特至关重要的；要特别注意注意区分作者的区分作者的观点与文章里点与文章里所提到的人物的所提到的人物的观点点，同，同时注意作者所使用的注意作者所使用的表示表示赞同、反同、反对等感情色彩的等感情色彩的词汇。22.Example5Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedstillswimaswellaseversince.Amanwhenhegetsbackwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscaninthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.AmotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbeginsTwinkle,twinkle,littlestar。rememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.Oneexplanationisthelawofoverlearninrf,whichcanbestatedasfollows:Oncewehavelearnedsomething,additionallearningtrials(尝试)increasethelengthoftimewewillrememberit.Inchildhoodweusuallycontinuetopracticesuchskillsasswimming,bicycleriding,andplayingbaseballlongafterwehavelearnedthem.WecontinuetolistentoandremindourselvesofwordssuchasTwinkle,twinkle,littlestarandchildhoodtalessuchasCinderellaandGoldilocks.Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.23.Themultiplicationtables(乘法口诀表)areanexceptiontotheeeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.Thelawofoverleamingexplainswhycramming(突击学习)foranexamination.thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning.ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforonesfuturedevelopment.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。24.67.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.D.Storiesforchildrenareeasytoremember.【答案】A【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.”可知：文章讲得是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。【考点定位】考查主旨要义。70.Whatistheauthorsopiniononcramming?A.Itleadstofailureincollegeexams.B.Itshelpfulonlyinalimitedway.C.Itspossibletoresultinpoormemory.D.Itincreasesstudentslearninginterest.【答案】B【解析】根据文章的最后一段中的“Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.”可知：突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。所以B正确。【考点定位】考查作者的观点和态度。25.阅读理解理解题型型 （1）理解文章的基本结构和主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）作出简单判断和推理；（5）理解作者的意图和态度。要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：归纳概括概括题事事实细节题猜猜测词义题推理判断推理判断题作者意作者意图题/观点点态度度题6大大题型型26.主旨大意型主旨大意型考考查学生学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解理解程度及在速程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。力。一般一般针对某一某一语段或某一段或某一语篇的主篇的主题,标题或目的或目的设题。6大大题型之一型之一27.一、一、设题方式方式1)主主题型型主旨大意主旨大意题的的题干表干表现形式形式ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutWhatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2)目的目的类主旨大意主旨大意题ThepassageismeanttoThepurposeofthisarticleistoTheauthorintendsto.3)标题类主旨大意主旨大意题Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe28.1)Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?2)Whichofthefollowingcansummar-isethemainideaofthistext?3)Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?4)Whichisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?6)Whatsthebesttitleforthispassage?主旨大意主旨大意题的常的常见的提的提问形式形式:29.归纳概括概括题解解题技巧技巧归纳概括概括题=主旨大意主旨大意干干扰项1：可能是文中某个具体事可能是文中某个具体事实或或细节。干干扰项2：可能是从文中某些可能是从文中某些(不完全的不完全的)事事 实或或细节片面推出的片面推出的错误结论。干干扰项3：可能属非文章事可能属非文章事实的主的主观臆断。臆断。(正确答案正确答案):据文章全面理解而据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来概括出来的；不能太的；不能太笼统、言、言过其其实或以偏概全。或以偏概全。30.Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?Whatisthemainidea?A.Smokingcancausecancer.B.SmokingisaterriblekillerC.Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.D.Anexperimentonsmoking.某个具体事某个具体事实或或细节片面推出的片面推出的错误结论某个具体事某个具体事实或或细节31.二、如何做主旨大意二、如何做主旨大意题1)主旨大意主旨大意题属于属于归纳概括概括题。如有。如有标题，标题中中蕴含的信息往往是关含的信息往往是关键信息。信息。2)找准文章的主找准文章的主题句是关句是关键。“主主题句定位法句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我，我们可以：可以：读首句首句抓大意抓大意读尾句尾句抓大意抓大意读首尾段首尾段抓大意抓大意3.)无明无明显主主题句句时高高频信息信息词任一篇文章都是任一篇文章都是围绕某个主某个主题展开的，因此，有展开的，因此，有的文章中最明的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个的特点之一是有一个反复出反复出现的的中心中心词，即高，即高频词，也叫做主也叫做主题词。抓住了它，。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。32.Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主）主题句在句在段首段首一个主一个主题句常常是一个段落的句常常是一个段落的开开头，其后的句子，其后的句子则是是论证性性细节。在。在论说文文，科技文献科技文献和和新新闻报道道中多采用中多采用这种格式。种格式。33.Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主）主题句也会出句也会出现在在段尾段尾。作者先作者先摆出事出事实依据依据，层层推理推理论证，最后自最后自然得出然得出结论，即段落的主即段落的主题。本段的中心思。本段的中心思想在想在结尾句尾句得到体得到体现，它是此段内容的它是此段内容的结论。34.Sample3ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.”Shusaid.“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（3 3）首尾呼首尾呼应为突出主突出主题,作者先提出主作者先提出主题,结尾尾时再次点出主再次点出主题,这种首尾呼种首尾呼应的写作方式也的写作方式也较为多多见.通常通常,前后表述主前后表述主题的句子不是的句子不是简单的重复的重复,后面的表后面的表述往往有述往往有进一步的引申或一步的引申或发展的意味展的意味.35.Sample4Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（4 4）在短文）在短文中中间当主当主题句被安排在段中句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出通常前面只提出问题，文中的文中的主主题由随之由随之陈述的述的细节或合乎或合乎逻辑的引申在文中的引申在文中导出出,而后又作而后又作进一步的一步的解解释,支撑或支撑或发展展.36.1)关注一些表征关注一些表征强转折关系的折关系的连词“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,”等，等，这些些词后面后面连接的通常都是一段接的通常都是一段话的的主主题句。句。2)关注一些表征关注一些表征总结性，性，结论性的性的词：“inbrief/short,above/in/after/allinall,conclusion,inaword”等，等，这些些词后面后面连接的通常也都是一段接的通常也都是一段话的主的主题句。句。3)如果主如果主题句含有句含有show,indicate和和suggest等等词，重点看其后的，重点看其后的宾语从句。从句。主主题句在短文句在短文中中间37.Sample5Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystemAspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.alongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.38.(5)从段落中从段落中寻找高找高频率率词任何一篇文章都是任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主某个主题展开的，因此，展开的，因此，许多文章中最明多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心的中心词，即，即高高频词，也叫也叫做主做主题词Sample5Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftworailwaysD.thedesignoftwotunnels39.1.Lung canceristheworstcancerkillerinAmerica.About160,440Americansdieeachyearfromit.Morethan87percentoflungcancersaresmokingrelated,accordingtotheLung Cancer Organization.A.LungcanceristheNo.1cancerkillerB.SmokingisabadhabitC.LCOadvisespeopletostopsmokingD.WhydidpeopledieofLungcancer?Themainideaofthepassageis_.practice40.2.Manypeoplewritetonewspapersandmagazinestoexpresstheiropinions.Nameornoname?Theanswerisverypersonalandliesinhowmuchwewantto.Weallhaveaname.Itisamatterofresponsibilitytouseitwhenwemakeastatement,aclaimoranaccusation.Weallwanttohonorourownname,anditisonlybystampingourexpressionofanopinionwithournamethatwehonorwhatwesay.Thepassage