第10单元关系词.doc

第10单元 关系词
　　533 关系代词为who，whom，which，that，what，as，but，than，whoever，whichever及whatever；关系形容词为what，which，whose，whatever及whichever；关系副词为where，when，why及how。这三类词统称为关系词（Relatives），不管是形容词、代词还是副词，由于它们之间有许多共同之处，都放在一起讨论。
　　Ⅰ．关系代词及形容词
　　A．概说
　　1．Who－Whom－Whose
　　534 先观察下面句子：
　　I met Lee，who（=and he）asked me to dinner．
　　She asked her friends，who（=and they）answered her coldly．
　　There came a friend of mine，who（=and he）had just arrived from Calcutta．
　　I spoke to Mary，who（=but she） pretended not to hear me．
　　在上面句子中，who是一个代词，代替前面的名词（不管是单数还是复数，是阳性还是阴性）：Lee，friends和Mary。它也是一个连词，把两个句子，不如说把主句和从句，连接起来。这样的代词称为关系代词，它代表的那个名词是它的先行词（Antecedent），它所引起的从句（“who…dinner”及“who…coldly”）称为关系从句（Relative Clauses）。如果把句子换一种方式说，可改成以下不同的句子：
　　Mr．Lee，who asked me out to dinner，took me to the nearestrestaurant．（=Mr．Lee asked me out to dinner，and he took…）
　　His friends，who had tried to dissuade him from smoking，did not succeed．（=His friends had tried to dissuade him from smoking，but they did not succeed．）
　　535 Who，whom和whose在关系从句中可分别用作主语、宾语和所有格（形容词），但它们不受它们的先行词的格的影响。除了起名词及形容词的作用外，它们还起and，but，for或so这样连词的作用：
　　I once met this man，who（=and he）told me a strange story．
　　（who的格是由它在关系从句中的位置决定的，而不是由它的先行词man的格决定的，man是主句中及物动词met的宾语。）
　　At the party there was John，whom I had not seen for years （=and I had not seen him for years）．（在非正式英语中，可用who代替whom。）
　　First came Mary，whom few of us had expected（=but few of us had expected her）．
　　He did not invite Mary，whom he disliked（=for、he disliked her）．
　　He mentioned his brother in London，whom（作介词after的宾语）I presently inquired after．
　　I praised Mary，whose（=so her） mother was quite delighted but said nothing．
　　They blamed John，whose（=but his）fault was really slight．
　　John，whose fault was really slight，was not to blame．（=John‘s fault was really slight，so he was not to blame．）
　　536 但是关系从句中的谓语动词必须和先行词在人称和数上一致：
　　This boy，who works very hard，will be rewarded．
　　John，who is busy，cannot go with us．
　　These boys，who work very hard，will be rewarded．
　　John and Mary，who are busy，cannot go with us．
　　You，who are his friend，understand him well．
　　I could not discuss this with you，who were too young to un- derstand it．
　　She，who is his friend，understands him well．
　　I could not discuss this with my father，who was too serious to talk about it．
　　I，who am his friend，understand him well．（在口语中用is）
　　She should believe in me，who am her husband．
　　537 关系从句几乎全都是1）陈述句，很少是2）感叹句、3）疑问句或4）祈使句：
　　1）I criticised Lee，who immediately got angry and left．
　　My sister，whom you saw the other day，will get married tomorrow．
　　2）John（whom may God confound！）has turned traitor．
　　Everybody looked at Mary，by whom how many were en- chanted！
　　3）John（whose offence could I overlook？）did insult me at a party．
　　4）I have written to Kim，whom please apply to．
　　538 上面例句中的关系从句有并列性质，为非限制性的（Non-Re- strictive），因为关系代词连接的是两个同样重要的分句。但下面例句中的关系从句都是限制性的（Restrictive），因为它们起形容词的作用，修饰先行词，和先行词构成一个统一的意思。在非限制性关系从句和先行词之间，如果写出来，必须有一个逗号，而在限制性关系从句和先行词之间，写出来时，一般没有逗号（只有一些特殊的例外情况），说出来时中间也没有停顿。非限制性关系从句在书面语中用得较多，在口语中很少使用。
　　The teacher will punish students who are lazy（=lazy stu- dents）．
　　A man who only cares about himself（=A selfish man）will not succeed．
　　John is the only man whom I know（=my only acquaintance）in Hong Kong．
　　I know the man whose son is your student（=your student’s father）．
　　The boy who buoke the window is gone．
　　Where are now the marshals who have performed great ex- ploits？
　　539 在限制性关系从句中，whom可以省略，而且常常省略：
　　Show me the fellow（whom） you met last week．
　　The girl（whom）you love is pretty．
　　The carpenter（whom）they are employing is my uncle．
　　John is married to a woman（whom）he does not know well．
　　注：一个名词如果已明确何所指，如this house，Jane Lee，my father，Venice，就不宜再有限制性关系从句。
　　2．Which-Which-Whose
　　540 Who代表人，which则代表东西。which后面的谓语动词，必须与先行词在数上一致。Which可引起非限制性关系从句：
　　He set free the bird，which was a gift from his aunt．
　　He set free the birds，which were a gift from his aunt．
　　He set free the bird，which（=and it）looked at him doubt- fully．
　　He set free the bird，which（=but it）refused to leave him．
　　He set free the bird，which（=so it）flew away at once．
　　These houses，which face south，belong to John．（=These houses face south，and they belong to John．）
　　These houses，which face south，have no trees around．（…but they…）
　　These houses，which face south，are cool in summer and warm in winter．（…so they…）
　　541 Which在关系从句中既可作主语，又可作宾语。Whose作为所有格形容词，可以代表人，也可代表物：
　　He was reading a book，which（作为谓语动词was的主语）was about war，which（作为及物动词bought的宾语）he had bought from London，which（作为介词in的宾语）he was very much interested in，whose（=and its）（所有格形容词）cover bore the title of “War”．
　　He had a big palace，whose door（or the door of which，of which the door）was covered with gold leaf．
　　He wants to sell his house，which who will buy？（关系从句很少是问句）
　　He wants to sue for a divorce，which God forbid！（关系从句 也很少是感叹句）
　　542 Which引起的关系从句，如果是限制性的，同时which在从句中又用作宾语，which就可以省略，也常常省略，whose（which的所有格）也可用在限制性关系从句中：
　　He has to study a subject which does not interest him（=an uninteresting subject）．
　　Philosophy is something which cannot be defined（=some- thing undefinable）．
　　The cars which are driving along before us are pretty．
　　He has to study a subject（which）he does not like．
　　Philosophy is something（which）I cannot understand．
　　The cars（which）you are looking at are my uncle‘s．
　　The house whose window is green belongs to John．
　　What is the name of the country whose population is the largest in the world？
　　3．That-That－Whose
　　543 That既可代表东西，又可代表人，总是用于限制性关系从句中。如果在从句中作宾语，常常被省略掉。That没有自己的所有格形式：
　　The boy that（=who）came here is John’s son．
　　May I meet the lady that dances so gracefully？
　　（此处用that可能是出于礼貌。代表人时用who比用that要多得多。）
　　He is the poet that was and is to be（=of the past and the fu- ture）．
　　She is Mrs．Lee that is to be．
　　The child（that）（=whom）the woman looked after was sud- denly missing．（作宾语时，that较whom要用得多得多。）
　　The child（that）his father had punished did the mischief a- gain．
　　The news that（=which）（作主语）shocked all of us had come from Mary．
　　The news（that）（=which）（作宾语）I heard had come from Mary．
　　544 如果先行词前有某些形容词修饰，that比who，whom或 which都用得多得多：
　　He is the best（最高级）teacher that ever taught us．
　　The first（or last，only，next）man that eame was Lee．
　　This is the very thing（that）I want．
　　This is the same watch（that）I lost．
　　He astonished all the women that were present．（但是：All who came were in white．）
　　This house is all that is left of her life．
　　Any（or Every）student that is attentive and hard-working will be rewarded．No student that is careless and idle will pass the exam．（但：Anyone，Everyone，No one，Anybody，Everybody，Somebody-who…）
　　There is much（or little，none）that can be said．
　　545 That可以用来避免“who…who”，“which…which”这种结构；而who和which也可用来避免“that…that”这种结构：
　　Who（疑问词）that（不是who）saw her did not like her？
　　Which is the ship that（不是which）starts for Hong Kong？
　　I know that man（or those men）who（不是that）came yes- terday．
　　That thing（or Those things）which（不是that）you don‘t know，you pretend to know．
　　546 当关系代词代表一个集体名词或代表人及物时，用that更好一些：
　　She wants to join a team that consists of teenagers．
　　This law has nothing to do with a company that was estab- lished before 1950．
　　Men and things that I saw there，were very curious．
　　I have to look after the passengers and luggage that cross the river．
　　547 关系代词和它的动词，若被一个短语或从句隔开，多用who 和which而不用that：
　　Property was the first thing which，on the death of the father，interested the sons．
　　I can help any man who，in case he is in trouble，needs my help．
　　I gave food to the child who，after his parents died，had no- body to care for him．
　　548 That常和以-ible和-able结尾的词一起用：
　　There is no temptation that is irresistible，no plan that is im- possible，no river that is unfathomable，no gorge that is impassable．
　　4．As-As-X
　　549 作为关系代词，as只能用在限制性关系从句中，只能用在such，same，as或so的后面，不能用作所有格（例外情况见第559，582节）：
　　Children love such people as（主语）love them．（such people as =that kind of people who…）
　　Such a student as works hard will succeed．
　　I never go to such places as（宾语）gamblers frequent．（such places as=that kind of place which…）
　　Such a dog as I keep is called a bulldog．
　　Such as（=Those who）have money have friends．
　　His method is not such（a method）as I use．
　　在such as后有时跟一些名词作为例子，而不跟从句：
　　He has such books as Iliad and Hamlet．
　　He has many books，such as Illad and Hamlet．
　　Many books are available in this small library，such as Iliad and Hamlet．（注意上面3个例句中such和as以及相关名词的位置关系）
　　Some cities have millions of people，such as New York and Tokyo．
　　The same accident as（主语）happened to you，had happened to me．
　　He bought the same radio set as（宾语）you had．
　　He is not the same playboy as we knew．
　　He charged me the same price as they（=as they charged me）．（有些动词可以省略）
　　He charged me the same price as her（=as he charged her）．
　　I am in the same class as he．
　　This is the same watch as I lost．（It is not mine．）
　　比较：This is the same watch that I lost．（It is mine．）
　　注：在such和same后有时也可以用who，which，what引起从句，如上例。
　　He can write so（or as）interesting a story as（主语）moves us to tears．（或a story so interesting as…）
　　He did it in so（或as）peculiar a manner as surprised me．（或a manner as peculiar as…）
　　As many children as（主语）come will be admitted．
　　None have as many children as（宾语） he has．
　　He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid．
　　5．But-But-X
　　550 But间或用作关系代词，意思等于“that…not”，“who…not”或“whom…not”。它引起的都是限制性关系从句，常用在否定句后。下面的例子是书面语，而且比较陈旧：
　　There is no child but（主语）knows（=no child who does not know）Uncle Lee．（=Every child knows Uncle Lee．）
　　There is scarcely a good movie but（宾语）he has seen（=that he has not seen）．
　　There is never a friend but he remebers the birthday of．
　　Who is there but commits errors？（but间或也可用在疑问句后）
　　（There are）Few（=Not many）men but love their children．
　　（There is）Not one of us but sees his folly．
　　Who（is there）but knows it？
　　注：有时可用but what或but that代替but，不过这种情形极少。在but后有时会用多余的he，it等。
　　6．What-What-What
　　551 What 是先行词和关系代词的结合体，表示“……的东西”：
　　You may choose what（=the thing which）interests you．
　　（what的意思是the thing which，它同时作关系从句中的主语，又作主句中的宾语，也就是说which作主语，the thing作宾语。）
　　What（=Anything that）is useless to you may be useful to me．（what既作is的主语，又作may be的主语）
　　I know what you are doing．（what既作know的宾语，又作doing的宾语。）
　　What I want is not ill-gotten gains．（what作want的宾语，又作is的主语。）
　　This is what（=all that）I know．
　　Listen to what he is talking about．（what作to及about两个介词的宾语）
　　They are discussing what they know nothing about．
　　What（关系形容词）money（=All the money that） I have has been given to her．
　　What songs he has learned are about love．
　　What few（=The few that）I had were stolen．
　　What little（=The little that）I had was stolen．
　　That which的意思和what也差不多，如：
　　That which（=What）promises happiness is often deceptive．
　　I will tell you that which I know．
　　What有时也可用来表示人：
　　He is what you call（=the man that you call）a snob．
　　有时what引起的从句似乎相当于一个名词，试比较下面句子：
　　This laboratory was still in waht could now be considered a crude state．This laboratory was still in a crude state．
　　7．Whoever，Whichever，Whatever
　　552 Whoever，whichever和whatever又是先行词与关系词的结合体，表示“任何……的人”，“不管是哪个……”，“任何……的东西”：
　　Whoever（=Anyone who）respects others will be respected．
　　（whoever同时作respects和will be的主语）
　　Give it to whoever（not whomever）likes it．（Whoever同时作likes的主语和to的宾语）
　　Don’t be angry with whoever makes mistakes．
　　Give it to whomever（=anyone whom）（not whoever）you like．（Whomever作like和to的宾语）
　　Whichever of you（=Any one of you who）（主语）said this will be punished．（whichever同时作said和will be的主语）
　　Whichever（=Any one of these that）you like will belong to you．（whichever作like的宾语和will belong的主语）
　　He bought whatever（=anything that）interested him．
　　（whatever作interested的主语和bought的宾语）
　　He does not think over whatever he says．
　　He visited whatever（关系形容词）places（=any places that）I recommended．
　　Whatever也可用作单纯的形容词，表示“任何”：
　　He took no notice whatever．You may eat whatever（=any）
　　food，any food whatever．
　　You can do it in all circumstances whatever．
　　8．Than
　　553 作为关系代词，than只和形容词，副词的比较级一起用：
　　He has more（adjective）money than（=than what）is neces- sary．
　　He eats more than is good for him．
　　There are better things in the world than are dreamed of．
　　He works longer（adyverb）than is required of him．
　　B．进一步探讨
　　1．各种先行词
　　554 如果先行词是专有名词、人称代词、有名词所有格修饰的名词或由this，that，these，those修饰的名词，后面的关系从句不能是限制性的，因为这样的先行词已经很“固定”，“明确”，无需进一步限制其意义。我们不能说：John that、will help me，She that will marry David，John‘s mother that takes care of me 或this city that has a population of two million。这样的先行词只能跟非限制性关系从句，如：
　　I will see John，who will help me．
　　This city，which has a population of two million，is very pros- perous．
　　在who及which前必须加一个逗号。
　　如果在限制性关系从句前确实用了这类先行词，那么这种先行词属于泛指意义，表示某类人或物：
　　He who（=Anyone who）laughs on Friday will weep on Sun- day．
　　Those who（=People who）make the best use of their time have none to spare．
　　I can’t trust this man who has cheated me twice（=this man，a man who has cheated me twice）．
　　Those people who said this（=Those people，people whosaid this）are hypocrites．
　　The Hongkong that I saw twenty years ago was different from the Hongkong that I see today．（不同时期的香港）
　　What I know is only the Napoleon who fought hundreds of battles，but not another Napoleon．
　　555 比较下面句子中的先行词：
　　I am reading a book（indefinite，singular）which you have read．
　　I am reading some books（indefinite，plural）which you have read．
　　I am reading the book（s）（definite，singular or plural）which you have read．
　　I am reading every（or any，each，the best，the first，the last）book that you have read．
　　I am reading the same book as you have read．（You and I read similar books．）
　　I am reading the same book that have read．（You and I read this one book．）
　　I am reading as good a book as you have read．
　　I am not reading so good a book as you have read．
　　556 有些先行词既可以看作人也可看作物，因而影响后面的关系代词、人称代词及动词：
　　This is the baby（or infant，child）which had its fingers burned．This is the baby who had his fingers burned．（婴儿）
　　The dog，which had lost its master，screamed all night．
　　The dog，who had lost his master，screamed all night．（动物）
　　China，which has many mountains，rivers and monuments，isa beautiful country．China，who has endeavoured to reformherself for a hundred years，is now becoming a great coun-try．（国家）
　　The company，which has done its best，becomes bankrupt allthe same．The company，who have done their best，become bankrupt all the same．（表示团体时用which，表示成员时用who。）
　　He has a big family，which has（or who have） lived herethirty years．
　　I became acquainted with Mr．A，which（=whose charac-ter）is difficult to describe．
　　557 有些先行词为人称代词或指示代词，若跟有who引起的从句，多为谚语：
　　He who（=Anyone who）works may eat．
　　He who marries a beauty marries trouble．
　　He whom the gods love dies young．
　　He that lives with wolves will learn to howl．
　　He that serves the public serves no one．
　　Those who are thirsty drink in silence．
　　Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones．
　　先行词he或those有时会省略：
　　Who（=He who，anyone who）eats must pay．（书面语）
　　Who wo