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第六章非限定动词
非限定动词是谓语的非谓语形式,不受人称和数的限制,在句中可以作除谓语以外的其他任何成分。非限定动词有三种:即不定式、动名词和分词。
第一节动词不定式
不定式具有动词的性质,在句中可有自己的宾语,并可被状语所修饰。同时还具有名词、形容词和副词的性质,在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、宾语补语、定语、状语等成分。
一、 动词不定式做主语
1.不定式短语可放在句首作动词be, seem, appear等词的主语。例如:
To study the structure of the plant is necessary for every student learning agriculture.
对学习农业的学生来说,研究农业的结构是非常必要的。
To become a good teacher was my hope.成为一名好老师是我的愿望。
2.在现代英语中,经常把代词it放在句首作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式)放在句末。例如:
It is impossible for her to buy the car with cash.要她用现金买那辆车是不可能的。
It took us three weeks to finish the work.我们花了三周时间才完成了那项工作。
It is very kind of you to help us.谢谢你来帮助我们。(of you是to help us是逻辑主语)
二、 动词不定式作表语
动词不定式可作表语,通常说明或解释主语的内容,也可表示将来的动作。例如:
Our purpose is to finish the job in the tree weeks.
我们的目的就是要在三周之内完成这项工作。
The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers.
邮递员的任务就是投递信件和报纸。
三、动词不定式作宾语
1、英语中有一部分动词常跟不定式作宾语。例如:
she hopes to get something from the sales.她希望从贱卖中买到一些好东西。
I guarantee to pay off his debt.我保证付清他的债务。
The children refused to listen to me.这些小孩不肯听我的话。
常这样用的词有:
agree同意 fail未能 promise保证
afford担负得起 forget忘记 prove证明
arrange安排 guarantee确保 refuse拒绝
ask要求 happen碰巧 resolve决心
attempt试图 hesitate犹豫 seek试图
bother麻烦 hope希望 seem似乎
care愿意 learn学会 tend倾向于
choose愿意 long渴望 threaten威胁
claim声称 manage设法 trouble麻烦
consent同意 neglect忽视 try努力
decide决定 offer提出 undertake承担
demand要求 plan打算 volunteer志愿
determine决定 prepare准备 want想要
determined决心 pretend假装 wish希望
endeavor努力 proceed继续
2、如果动词不定式作宾语而又跟宾补,这时要用“it”作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语的后面。例如:
I believed it wrong to tell it to her.我认为把这件事告诉她是错误的。
I feel it an honor to be asked to speak here.我很荣幸被邀请在此讲话。
三、 不定式作宾补
1、有些动词后面常接不定式短语作宾语补足语。例如:
she wished those books to be returned sooner.她希望那些书能尽早归还。
My parents won’t allow me to stay out late.我的父母不允许我在外面待得很晚。
常这样用的动词的:
advise劝告 command指挥 force迫使
allow允许 encourage鼓励 instruct指示
ask要求 entitle给¼¼权利 intend打算要
beg请求 expect期望 invite邀请
compel强迫 forbid禁止 like喜欢
mean意欲 prefer宁愿 tempt引诱
oblige迫使 remind提醒 urge激励
order命令 request要求 want想要
permit允许 teach教 wish希望
persuade说服
2、在某些动词短语vote for, call on, count on, rely on, depend on, long for, wait for等后面,也可以跟to不定式作补语。例如:
You can’t depend no him to come punctually.你不能指望他准时来。
We are longing for the holiday to come.我们渴望着假日的来临。
3、在think, consider, believe, find, feel, know, declare, guess, prove, suppose, imagine等词后面,常跟“to be+形容词(也可以是名词或反身代词)”结构,但是to be常可以省去。例如:
we sometimes imagine a desert island (to be) a sort of paradise, where the sun always shines.
我们有时把荒岛想象成乐园一样的地方,那里终日阳光普照。
I consider him (to be) my best friend. 我将他视为我最好的朋友。
五、不定式作定语
1、不定式用在the first, the second, the last, the only等短语后面作定语。例如:
He was the first to arrive. 他是第一个到的人。
She was the only one to survive the crash.她是这次失事中惟一的幸存者。
2、不定式常放在某些名词和代词后面作定语。
不定式作定语与被修饰的中心词之间常表现为主谓关系,动宾关系、同位关系或动状关系等。例如:
I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at.我还没决定在哪家饭店吃饭。(动宾关系)
We are in need of nurses to look after the children.
我们需要保育员来照看这些孩子。(主谓关系)
he gave me a week to make up my mind.他给我一周的时间来下决心。(动状关系)
their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系)
常这样用的名词有:
ability能力 failure失败 refusal拒绝 agreement同意
intention打算 reluctance不情愿 ambition雄心 hope希望
resolution决定 anxiety焦急 need需要 tendency倾向
attempt意图 plan计划 threat威胁 claim声明
promise诺言 willingness愿意 decision决定 readiness愿意
wish希望 determination决心
3、如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词,其后要加介词。例如:
They have no happiness to speak of.他们没有幸福可言。
Children use pencils to write with.孩子们用铅笔写字。
4、“介词+不定式”这一结构也可作定语,代替前面的中心词。例如:
I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people.
我认为那是衡量人的一个合适的标准。
You have a number of topics from which to choose.你有许多题目可以选择。
六、动词不定式作状语
1、不定式也可跟在某些形容词后面或动词后面作原因状语。例如:
she wept to see him in such a terrible state.看到他这种可怕的样子她就哭了。
He was an idiot not to have realized it.他真是个白痴,没有意识到这一点
I have enjoyed my visit here. I’ll be very sorry to leave.
我在这儿的访问很愉快,但遗憾的是我就要走了。
常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有:
happy幸福 astonished吃惊 surprised吃惊 glad高兴
amazed吃惊 sad伤心 overjoyed极度高兴
2、不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语既可放在句首也可放在句尾;为了加强语气,也可用“so as to do”或“in order to do”结构作目的状语。in order to 既可放在句首也可放在句尾;so as to只能放在句尾。例如:
I worked hard in order for my son to go to hospital.
我努力工作是为了让儿子上医院。
To/in order to master English, you must spend much effort on it.
为了掌握英语,你必须花大力气。
They did anything in order to/so as to make money.
为了赚钱他们什么都做。
3不定式可与其他词搭配作结果状语。具体形式如下:
(1)“too + adj. /adv. + to do”意为“太……而不能”例如:
They reached the station too late to catch the train.他们到火车站太迟了,没有赶上火车。
He was too shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.
他是个非常精明的商人,不可能接受第一个出价。
The problem was too complicated for us to solve.
那问题太复杂了,以至于我们无法解决。
(2)“only/all too +adj./adv.; too + adj./adv. +not to do”,意为“非常”例如:
I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation.我非常乐于接受你的盛情邀请。
We are all to willing to help you.我们很乐于帮助你。
He is too wise not to solve the problem.非常聪明必能解决这个问题。
(3)“adj./adv. Enough + to do”意为“足以……”例如:
she spoke slowly enough to make us hear her clearly.
她讲得很慢,所以能使我们听清楚。
We found the newly-built hall big enough to hold 2000 people.
我们发现这个新建的大厅很大,足以容纳2000人。
(4)“only (just) to do”表示令人失望,不愉快的结果。例如:
He hurried to the station just/ only to learn that the train had left.
他急忙赶到车站,结果得知火车已经开走了。
He went home from his holiday only to find that his house had been stolen.
他度假回到家,结果发现房子被人盗了。
(5)“so+ adj. /adv. +as to do”,“such + n. +as to do ”也表示结果。例如:
she spoke so quickly as to make us not understand what she expressed.
她说得如此之快,以至于我们都不理解她的意思.
He doesn’t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting for so long.
他不会做出这样糟糕的事——让你等这么长时间。
(6)有时也可用“介词+ here + be”结构,不定式短语在句中作结果状语。例如:
It was too late any taxis.
A. to be B. being C. to have D. for there to be
答案为D。译文:太晚了,不可能有出租车了。
句中for there to be any taxi是由there be 句型转换来的特殊形式的带逻辑主语的动词不定式,作结果状语。
七、“连词+动词不定式”的用法
连接词“what, how ,when, whether等+动词不定式”结构可作主语、表语、宾语等。例如:
what to do next remains undecided.下一步该做什么还未决定。
I wonder whether to write or phone.我不知道应该写信还是打电话。
I asked him how to learn English.我问他如何学习英语。
Our difficulty is where to get enough food.我们的困难是到哪里去弄足够的食物。
注:有时这一结构也可跟随在介词后面。例如:
I have no idea of how to solve the problem.我不知道该如何解决这个问题。
八、动词不定式的逻辑主语
不定式在使用中可以有自己的逻辑主语,主要有两种形式。
1、“for+名词(或代词的宾格)+不定式”既可放在句首中也可放在句尾。例如:
For foreigners to study Chinese is difficult.外国人学汉语是很难的。
It is important for him to attend the meeting.出席这次会议对他很重要。
His idea is for us to go in two different cars.他的想法是想让我们分乘两辆不同的车。
2、在表示人物性格、特征等形容词之后,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语,of引导的不定式短语只能放在后面做主语。例如:
It was very nice of you to think so much of us.你太好了,为我们考虑那么多。
It’s very kind of you to help us.谢谢你对我们的帮助。
How foolish of him to say so.他说那样的话,多傻呀!
常用的这类形容词有:
absurd荒唐的 clever聪明的 good好心的
bold大胆的 considerate考虑周到的 grateful感激的
brave勇敢的 courageous有勇气的 honest诚实的
careful细心的 cruel残忍心 kind善良的
careless粗心的 foolish愚蠢的 nice正派的
polite有礼貌的 silly愚蠢的 wicked邪恶的
right正确的 stupid愚蠢的 wise明智的
rude无礼的 thoughtful考虑周到的 wrong错误的
九、不带to的动词不定式
1、在表示感觉的动词如feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notice以及使役动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省去to.例如:
I felt the house shake.我感觉房子在颤动。
His neighbor observed a stranger go into his house.他的邻居看到有一个陌生人进入他的家。
Have you noticed her cry?你有没有注意她哭了?
但如果被动语态时不能省去to。例如:
he was seen to take the money.有人看见他拿了钱。
He was made to leave school by his father’s death.他父亲的去世使他不得不辍学。
2、help后面的不定式,可以带to。但是,当变为被动语态时,不能省略to.例如:
she helped me (to) hang the curtains.她帮我挂窗帘。
This book can help you (to) arrange your time scientifically.
这本书可以帮助你科学地安排时间。
The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins.
那男孩由一个妇人帮他捡散落一地的硬币。
3、不定式通常不能直接跟在介词后面,但是可以接在介词but和except后面作宾语。在这一用法中:如介词前有实义动词do¸介词后跟省去to的不定式;否则,要跟带to的不定式。例如:
I don’t have any choice except (but) to give up the plan.
除了放弃这个计划我别无选择。
There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。
I did not know what to do with the dying cat except clasp it to my bosom.
对这只快要死去的猫,我除了把它紧抱在怀里,再不知道怎么办。
4、当主语部分有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略to;如没有实义动词do,表语中的to不能省去。例如:
What we can do is continue to wait.我们所能做的就是继续等待。
The thing for them to do is manage to raise enough money for the project.
他们要做的就是设法筹集到这项工程所需的足够的资金。
5、在cannot but, cannot help but, can’t choose but, had better, would (will, could) you please, may(might) as well, would rather, would sooner等习惯用法中跟随不带to的不定式。例如:
She cannot help but weep at the painful news.
听到那令人悲痛的消息,她忍不住哭泣起来。
I would sooner resign than work under that boss.
我宁愿辞职也不愿在那个老板手下工作。
Will you please drive me home? 可否拜托你开车送我回家?
We had better start at once. 我们最好立刻开始。
6、在用and, rather, than, or, than等连接两个不定式并且作用相同时,常省略第二个不定式符号to。例如:
He always prefers to start early rather than (to) leave everything to the last minute.
他干什么总是尽早开始而不是拖到最后时刻。
She started to shout and cry.
她开始大哭大叫。
I intend to sit in the garden and write letters.
我打算坐在花园里写信。
I would rather (sooner) stay at home than to out with them.
我与其和他们出去,不如呆在家里。
7、在why和why not后常接不带to的不定式构成问句。例如:
Who not come and see me tomorrow?
明天来找我怎么样?
Why give up the plan?
为什么要放弃这个计划?
8、在下列固定词组搭配中:如let fall(故意说出),let go(放开), let slip(失言,无意说出), make do(凑合), make believe(假装), hear say/hear fell(听说)等,要用不带to的不定式。例如:
Can we make do with canned food tonight?我们今晚能不能将就一下,吃罐头食品?
Grant let fall one or two remarks about Rome.格兰特偶尔评论一下罗马。
He made believe he was rich.他假装富有。
十、to后面省略动词原形的动词不定式
为了避免重复,常用省略了动词原形的动词不定式。例如:
You many go if you want to (go).如果你想去,你就去。
I won’t do it, unless I have to (do it).除非不得已,否则这事我是不会做的。
十一、动词不定式的时态
1、 一般式
一般式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或表示的动词发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。例如:
I heard him talk about it.我听到他谈论那件事了。(同时发生)
He made up his mind to sell the house.他下定决心要卖掉房子。(之后发生)
2、进行式。
不定式的进行式可用于表示该动作正在进行中,或与谓语动作同时进行。其形式为:“to be+现在分词”例如:
He appears/seems to be living in the area.=it appears /seeming that he is living in the area.
他似乎就住在那里。
I happened t be standing next to him when he collapsed.他突然倒了的时候,我恰好站在他身边。
I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out.我答应过,当他出来时我将在门口等待。
They were found to be doing an experiment.发觉他们在做实验。
He is believed to be living in Mexico.人们认为他住在墨西哥。
3、完成式。
不定式的完成式形式为“to have +过去分词”,其用法如下:
(1)假如不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生,要用不定式的完成式。例如:
She seems to have been ill.她好像生过病。
We knew him to have once been arrested by the police.我们知道他曾被警察逮捕过。
I happened to have come across the book once.我碰巧曾经见过这本书。
He is said to have been a popular singer.据说他已经是很红的流行歌手。
It is a great satisfaction to have revisited the city.重访该城是件令人愉快的事。
(2)be, wish, hope, mean, intend, plan, want等动词的过去式以及would like, should like与动词不定式的完成式连用,表示过去想做而未做的事。例如:
I was to have met her at the station, but I forgot.我本来要去车站接她,但忘记了。
I wanted to have attended the meeting.我本来希望能出席那个会议。
I wished to have helped you, but I had no money then.我本来想帮助你,但那时我没有钱。
He would like to have attended the meeting, but he was ill.他原计算要去开会,但却病了。
十二、动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式为“not + to do”
They decided not to call off the plan.他们决定不取消这个计划。
Try not to disappoint your parents.请别让你的双亲失望。
十三、动词不定式的被动结构
1、根据句意的需要,不定式常用被动语态。例如:
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性要别人听命于她。
They will not allow such things to be done.他们不允许做这种事。
The matter remains to be discussed.这件事还有待于讨论。
There are some problems to be solved at once.有些问题立刻解决。
2、 在there be引起的句子中,用来修饰主语的不定式可用被动式,也可用主动式。例如:
There is a lot of work to do(=to be done) this week.这周有许多工作要做。
There are some problems to solve=(to be solved )有些问题要解决。
3、当不定式与它修饰的词之间有动宾关系,并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时,虽然表示的意思为被动,但却用主动形式。例如:
we have many difficulties to overcome.我们有许多困难要克服。
I’ll show you right path to take.我会把正确的路线给你看。
4、当不定式作表语(或宾补)形容词的状语,又与句子的主语(或宾语)有逻辑上的动宾关系时,虽然不定式有被动意义,但只能用主动形式。例如:
Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.有些书读起来很有趣,但学起来很乏味。
They found the subject hard to understand.他们发现这个题目很难理解。
第二节 动名词
一、动名词做主语
1、动名词可直接放在句首做主语。例如:
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
Learning a foreign language is not easy.学会一门外语是不容易的。
2、动名词在“it is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure等名词+doing”结构中做主语,it为形式主语。例如:
It’s not good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥;他从不回信。
It is no use complaining; the company won’t do anything about it.
抱怨是没用的,公司是不会管的。
3、 动名词在“it is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile等形容词+doing”结构中做主语,
it为形式主语。例如:
It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
4、 动名词在“There is (was) no +doing”结构中做主语。例如:
There is no denying that she is very efficient.她效率高是不容否认的。
There is no telling what he is going to do.没有告诉他准备做什么。
二、动名词做表语
动名词也可作表语,用来表示主语的内容。例如:
My hobby is collecting stamps我的嗜好是集邮。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
三、动名词做宾语
1、有些动词后面要求跟动名词作宾语,例如:
He admitted borrowing the book.他承认借过这本书。
I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.我估计不会遇到任何反对意见。
Will you admit having broken the window? 你承认不承认你打破窗户?
I imagined becoming a writer in my childhood. 在孩提时代,我想象成为一名作家。
常见要求跟动名词作宾词的动词有:
admit承认 excuse原谅 postpone拖延 anticipate期望 fancy想象 practice练习 appreciate欣赏 finish 完成 prevent防止 avoid避免
forbid禁止 propose建议 consider考虑 forgive宽恕 recollect回忆
delay耽搁 imagine想象 resent厌恶 deny否认出 involve涉及
resist抵制服 detest厌恶 keep保留 risk冒险 dislike讨厌
mind在意 save挽救 dread害怕 miss错过 suggest建议
enjoy喜欢 pardon原谅 understand理解 escape逃避 permit允许
2、有些动词短语也要求跟动名词作宾语。例如:
He put off making a decision till he had more information.
在获得详细之前,他没有急于做出决定。
The shirt can’t stand washing.这件衬衫不耐洗。
Do you feel like taking a walk? 你要不要去散步?
常这样用的动词短语有:
can’t stand忍不住 can’t help忍不住 feel like想,欲 give up放弃 put off推迟
3、动名词常在介词或介词短语后面作宾语。例如:
We are sorry for not having informed you of the matter.很抱歉,我们没有告诉你那件事。
He should study instead of watching TV.他应该学习,不应该看电视。
I’m looking forward to seeing you at Christmas.我盼着在圣诞节见到你。
常这样用的介词短语有:instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on, see about, take to等。
4、在“have difficulty(trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (in)+动名词;be busy(in)+动名词;waste time(in)+动名词;be long (in)+动名词; lose time (in)+动名词; There is no point(in)+动名词)” 等结构中,动名词作介词in宾语,in常省去。例如:
I wasted an hour going to the library only to find it was closed.
我花了一个小时到图书馆,却发现它没开。
He has difficulty fulfilling the task.他完成这个任务有困难。
The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。
There is not much point
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