开放英语1语言要点.doc

开放英语1语言要点
learn how to give information about yourself or another person
介绍自己和他人可以用动词to be,其形式随主语变化
I am from China.
We are Chinese.
She is a deputy manager.

表达问候方式
Hi! 熟人之间很随便的问候语。
Hello. “中性”的问候语，认识或不认识的都可以用。
How are you? 不常见的熟人之间的问候语，回答此问候的常用语有：Fine, thanks.或者Very well, thank you.
Fine. And you? 在回答问候之后，反过来问候对方“你好吗？”
与“How are you?”相近的问候语有
How is it going?
What’s up?
How are you doing?
How are things?
如何回答
Not too bad.
Very well.
Wonderful.
Just so so.

初次见面常用的问候语
How nice to see you.
Very glad to see you.
Pleased to meet you.
Fancy meeting you.
Glad to see you.
Nice to meet you.

和时间有关的常用问候语
Good morning. 中午12点前
Good noon. 中午
Good afternoon. 午后6点前
Good evening. 约下午6点后
Good night. 晚上告别时

提出建议
What about+ ving?
What about seeing this flat?
How about+ ving?
How about going to an estate agent?
Why don"t you verb?
Why don"t you go to an estate agent?

询问价格
询问价格要用how much开头，动词用to cost或者to be
How much does the flat cost a month? It cost $500.
How much is it a month?
how much is the flat?

  动词 to have
动词 to have, 有多种含义，主要含义有以下三种：
to possess ( characteristics ) 具有（特点）
I have black hair.
Jim has blue eyes.
To possess (things)拥有（东西）
I have a car.
She has a computer.
To eat or to drink 表示吃，喝
He has lunch in the canteen.
I have a bread for lunch.
Would you like to have a coffee.

12小时表达法 telling the time using the twelve hour clock.
表示整点过1~30分用 past （晚于，过）
12.10 It’s ten past twelve.
9.01 It’s one past nine
表示离整点还差1~29分用 to （在……之前）
9.50 It’s ten to ten.
8.59 It’s one to nine.
表示 “一刻钟”可用 a quarter
5.15 It is a quarter past five.(or five fifteen)
3.45 It is a quarter to four. ( or three forty-five)
表示 “半小时”常用 half
7.30 It is half past seven. (or seven thirty)
表示 “午前” 用 am ,表示 “午后”用 pm ,表示 “在中午”用 at noon.
What’s the time? It’s 9pm.
I usually take a nap at noon.我经常在中午睡会儿午觉.

提出请求
Could you+ do sth? 常用于表达请求。
Could you spell it, please?
Could you tell me your car number, please?

应答
Yes, of course.
No, sorry….
Certainly.

 表达提议
Would you like sth?
Would you like to do sth?
Would you like to have a coffee?
Yes, please.
Would you like a newspaper?
No, thank you, I have one at the office.

Adverbs of frequency
频度副词
常见的频度副词有never(从不),sometimes(有时) ,often(经常),usually(通常),always(总是).
从0%到100%可以这样排列：
0% ……………………………………………………. 100%
never sometimes often usually always
never从不
She never goes to the cinema. 她向来不看电影
On the never-never 以分期付款的方式
Buy something on the never-never
以分期付款的方式购买某物

sometimes有时
I sometimes go to London. 我有时去伦敦。
关于 sometimes, sometime, some time的区别用法
sometimes有时
sometime 某个时候，将来什么时候
some time一些时间
注意频度副词在句子中有不同的位置
在动词 to be 之后
He is usually ill on planes.
在实意动词之前
I usually work on Friday.
I sometimes go to New York.
在含有助动词的句子中，置于助动词之后，实意动词之前
He doesn’t always work on Sunday.

情态动词can
表示允许
You can use the phone in the living room.
You can’t smoke in the bedrooms.
Can I use the cooker in the kitchen?
在以上例句中，can是情态动词，表示“允许”，后接动词原形。其否定形式有两种写法，cannot或者can’t。
一般疑问句的构成方法是将can置于句首。用于第一人称的疑问句，可以表示询问他人是否允许。
Can I use the cooker in the kitchen?
Can 用于陈述句的肯定句表示允许，用于否定句表示不允许。
She can smoke in the garden.
她可以在花园里吸烟
You can’t be noisy.
你们不能大声喧哗。
表示能力 , 表示“能”、“会”、“能够”
I can speak English.
我会讲英语。
Can you drive a car?
你会开车吗？
表示可能性，常用于疑问句和否定句中。
Can it be ture?
那会是真的吗？

一般现在时与现在进行时
由助动词am, are, is +现在分词构成。
现在进行时表示现阶段或说话的此刻正在发生的事情。
I usually start work at nine o’clock.
I’m working now.
一般现在时不带有感情色彩，现在进行时带有感情色彩。
John does fine work at school. （陈述事实）
John is constantly doing fine work at school.（表示赞扬）
有些动词通常只用于一般时态，而不用进行时，这些动词表示相对静止的物质、心理及情感状态，被称为状态动词。
to be He is English.
to have/to have got I have two brothers.
to like I like TV.
to love I love coffee.
to hate I hate my job.
to think I think it’s cheap.

描述天气
描述当前的天气状况，可以用一般现在时和现在进行时两种形式询问天气状况常用 What is weather like in+(某地)这个句式
回答时可以用It is(It’s) +形容词，或者 It is (It’s)+ing形式等。
What’s the weather like in Shanghai?
It’s raining. /It’s raining.
It’s sunny./ The sun is shining.
当谈论一个地方的气候时通常只用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。
It often rains in summer in England.
It doesn’t usually snow in winter in Ireland.
The temperature doesn’t go below minus15 degrees in spring.
It is often sunny in autumn.
sunny 阳光灿烂的
foggy 有雾的
rainy 有雨的
cloudy 多云的
windy 有风的

描述城市
询问城市的状况，可以用What’s+城镇名称+like?
What’s London like?
描述城市的状况，可以用动词to be+形容词。
London is busy, noisy, crowded and exciting. But it’s too expensive.
以下形容词及其反义词也可用来描述城市情况。
beautiful -ugly
busy -calm
crowded -empty
modern- old-fashioned
big-small
clean-dirty
expensive-cheap
quiet-noise

learn to express a command 表达指令
祈使句可以表示请求和指令
祈使句的结构
祈使句的肯定式用动词原形。
Put it on the small table.
Stand the lamp on the desk.
祈使句的否定式用Don’t+动词原形。
Don’t put them on the desk.

定冠词
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
　1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
　　 Take the medicine.　把药吃了。
　2）上文提到过的人或事：
　　 He bought a house.　I"ve been to the house.
　　 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
　3）指世上独一物二的事物：
　 the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
　4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
　5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
　　 Where do you live?　I live on the second floor.　 你住在哪？我住在二层。
　　 That"s the very thing I"ve been looking for.　 那正是我要找的东西。
　6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
　 They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
　 They are teachers of this school.　 (指部分教师)
　7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
　　She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂。
　8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
　 the People"s Republic of China　 中华人民共和国
　 the United States　 美国
　9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：　 She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。
　10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
　　　 the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
　11) 用在惯用语中：
　　　in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow　
the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　
in the sky (water，field，country)　
in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　
in the middle (of),　in the end,
on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre
不定冠词的用法

　　冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。
　　不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
　1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。
　　 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

　2) 代表一类人或物。
　　 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
　　 Mr. Smith is an engineer.

　3) 词组或成语。
　　 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
谈论人的外貌和性格特征
What does he look like?
He is tall.
What" he kike?
He"s kind.
谈论电视节目
be on的意思是电影或电视节目“上演，上映”
What"s on?
Australian Nature.
What time is it on?
At 11.30.
谈论喜好、兴趣和擅长。
I love shopping.
She is good at French.
He is keen on it.
描述情感
描述情感或感受，常用动词to feel
How are you feeling?
I feel much better, thank you.
How do you feel today?
I feel terrible.
现在进行时的基本用法：
　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
　　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　
　　　(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It"s getting warmer and warmer.
　d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
　　 You are always changing your mind.
描述病情
描述病情时常用的动词是to have got,to have
I"ve got toothache.
如果说某个部位疼痛，可以用动词hurt.
My ear hurts.
My leg hurts.

表示将来的计划和意图。
表达已经决定有做的事情，以及描述将来的意图的时候，用go的现在进行时形式 be + going to+动词原形
Tim is going to borrow his parents" car.
I am going to clean the house.