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疑问句
疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出问题,句末须用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。
1、一般疑问句
(1)概述
一般疑问句(general question)用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实,需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答。
-Hasn't he passed the final examination?期末他没有及格吗?
-Yes, he has. 不,他及格了。
-Are you a teacher?你是老师吗?
-No, I’m not.不,我不是。
(2)基本结构
“be、have、助动词或情态动词+主语+谓语”
-Are you good at sailing? 你赛艇很行吧?
-Yes,in fact, I'm on our city team.是的,事实上,我是市赛艇队的。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours? 10年前的一个下午,我到你家借过一条项链,你还记得吗?
(3)否定疑问句
在一般疑问句的否定结构中,not放在主语之后,也常用缩略式,即将-n't和句首的be、have、助动词或情态动词连在一起。一般疑问句的否定结构往往用来表示提问人的惊讶、怀疑、邀请、赞叹等,回答时,yes后接肯定结构,no后接否定结构。
Isn't it easier to stay in the same place? 留在原地难道不更舒服一些吗?
Haven't you heard of him? 难道你没听说过他吗?
Can't you just wear a flower instead? 难道不可以就戴朵花吗?
- Didn't he come to see you yesterday?他昨天没有去看你吗?
-No, he didn't.是的,他没来。
(4)可以不用yes和no回答的一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常情况下用yes、no来回答,但在很多情况下需根据具体情况用其它答语,如certainly、of course、all right、not at all、perhaps、never,no way等。
①回答介意与否
-Would you mind if I open the window?我开开窗户你介意吗?
-Not at tall. (Certainly not!, Of course not)不介意。
- I’m sorry but I would. It’s could outside.对不起我介意,外面太冷了。
②拒绝或不能给予满意回答而表示道歉
-Could you come to the party this evening?你晚上能来参加完会吗?
-I’d love to, but you see I’m too busy.我愿意去,但我太忙了。
- That’s very kind of you, but I’m afraid I can’t.你真好,到我恐怕去不了。
-Can you return the book in two days?你两天能还书吗?
-Sorry, but I can return it in four days.对不起,但我四天后能还。
-Is he a proper person for the job?他是干这项工作的合适人选吗?
- I don’t think so.我不这样想。
③接受邀请或要求
-will you send her a note for me ?你代我把这个纸条给她好吗?
- I’d be glad to.乐意效劳。
-May I look at the picture?我看看照片可以吗?
-Certainly. Here you are.当然。给你。
④回答带有责备意味的句子
-Do you remember what I told you before?我以前告诉你的话你还记得吗?
- I’m sorry, sir.对不起先生。
—I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.我认为你该打电话给珍妮并向他道歉。
—No way. It was her fault.决不,那不是我的错。
⑤对提问作出主观判断
-Are the shoes too big?这双鞋太大吧?
-I think they are all right.我看正合适。
-Is anything the matter? 出了什么事吗?
-Of course. 当然了。
-Will he lend me some money? 他会把钱借给我吗?
- Certainly not!当然不会!
⑥对提出问题的不能确定
-Who’s taken my pen?谁把握的钢笔拿走了?
-Let me see. Ah, it’s Tom.我想想。奥,是汤姆。
2、特殊疑问句
(1)概述
特殊疑问句(special question)是用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句,以疑问词开头。
How shall I do it? 我怎样做呢?
What time will you come?你什么时候来?
When will we leave?我们什么时候离开?
Where are you from? 你从什么地方来?
Who else's raincoat can this be?这还可能是其他什么人的雨衣呢?
Which do you want? 你要哪个?
(2)种类
疑问词分为两种:疑问代词和疑问副词。
①疑问代词构成的特殊疑问句
疑问代词who 谁(主格),whom谁(宾格),whose谁的,what什么,which哪个,用来对主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等提问。
What will the money be used for? 资金用在什么上面呢?
Which speech are you going to listen to this afternoon? 今天下午你打算听哪个报告?
Whose is this? 这是谁的?
Whose garden do you think looks the nicest? 你觉得谁家的花园最好看?
What happened before printing was invented? 在印刷术发明以前是怎样的情况呢?
② 疑问副词
疑问副词when什么时候,where什么地方,why为什么,how怎样,用来对状语、表语、补语、定语等提问。
-Where are you travelling to, Gary? 加里,你打算去哪儿旅行?
-To London.去伦敦。
How long will it take you to complete the trip? 走完全程需要多长时间?
How are you getting along with your English lesson? 你学习英语的情况怎么样?
When did you last go to the seaside? 你最后一次什么时候去的海边?
How many of you are making the trip?你们有多少人参加这次旅行?
③which和what用法区别
which、what均可与名词连用,来就人或物提出疑问。当选择余地不大时,一般用which;当选择余地比较大而到底有多少种可能性还不清楚时常用what。
What harm does it do after all? 这到底有什么样的危害?
Which parent is more important in the first year of life? 在出生后的第一年,父亲与母亲哪一位更重要?
④how与what…like用法区别
对人和事物的性质(或持久的特性)提问用“what...like?”;询问变化的事物,如暂时的情况、情绪等用how。询问天气,用“what…like…?”;问候别人的健康,用how。
-What is your mother like? 你母亲是怎样一个人?
-She is a very nice person.她这个人非常好。
How does the boss look this morning?老板早上脸色如何?
What's the weather going to be like at the weekend? 周末天气怎么样?
-How is he? 他身体怎么样?
-He is very well.他很好。
⑤how often与how soon的区别
how often询问做某事的频率;how soon询问多长时间以后做某事。
How often do you go there? 你去那的次数如何?
How soon can you be ready? 你多久才能准备好?
(3)特殊疑问句的语序
①陈述句语序
疑问词作主语,或者作定语修饰主语,语序与陈述句的语序相同,指对主语进行提问。
What has made this lake so salty? 是什么东西使得湖水这样咸呢?
Who gave you that book?谁给你的那本书?
②疑问句语序
另一种是“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序,其中疑问词作宾语、表语、定语或状语。
What did you give her to eat? 你给她吃什么东西?
-Why do you want the book so badly? 为什么你这么想要这本书呢?
-To study.为了学习。
(4)使用特殊疑问句应注意的几点
①Why开头的否定疑问句常表建议或请求
Since you have to stay at home, why don't you do some reading? 既然你得待在家里,为什么不读点书呢?
Why don't you try this one on?你何不试试这一套呢?
②用特殊疑问句表惊奇、愤怒等感情,可用它的强调形式,在疑问词后加ever、on earth、in the world等。
How ever shall we get there? 我们到底如何到那里去?
Why on earth was he so nervous? 他到底为什么如此紧张?
③特殊疑问句有一些缩略结构
How/What about…表建议、请求、邀请、异议或征求对方意见, Why not do ?用于提出建议;why do?表示志文、指责等。
What about when we leave? 我们离开时该做些什么呢?
What about the three of us going to Beijing for a week? 我们三个人去北京一周怎么样?
How about chocolate?巧克力怎么样?
Why not do something? 为什么不干点事呢?
Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格?
Why give him so much money?你怎么给他那么多钱?
④复合特殊疑问句用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见,由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构复合而成。在这种复合结构中,特殊疑问句变成了一般疑问句结构中的宾语。
Why do you think we can't change your note? 为什么你认为我们找不开你的票子呢?
Which food do you think is healthy? 你认为哪种食物是健康食物?
3、反意疑问句
(1)概述
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句(tag question),附在陈述句后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问,由“be、have、助动词或情态动词+主语(与陈述句的主语相同)”构成,答语用yes或no。
如果陈述句是肯定结构,其后的附加疑问句用否定结构,反之,陈述句是否定结构,其后的附加疑问句即是肯定结构。
She looks quiet enough, doesn't she? 她看上去足够平静,不是吗?
-You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?你去过北京吗?
- No,I haven’t. How I wish to go there! 没,还没有。我多么想去啊!
If I knew the answer, I wouldn't be working, would I? 如果我知道答案了,我就不用费事了,是吗?
Susan's found her pass, hasn't she? 苏珊找到她的护照了,是吗?
He is expected to make a speech this afternoon, isn’t he? 预料他今天下午要讲话,他会吗?
The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, didn’t it?他没通过驾照考试的消息使他很失望,是吗?
注意:前否定后肯定反意疑问句的答语
在回答否定主句的反意疑问句时,否定回答要用“No+否定短句”;肯定回答要用“Yes+肯定短句”,二者不可混用。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
-She hasn’t got up, has she? 她还没有起床,是吗?
-Yes, she has.不,她已经起来了。
No, she hasn’t. 是的,她还没起来。
反意疑问句用法歌诀
反意疑问句三要点,前后谓语正相反。
短句not如出现,必须缩写是习惯。
最后一点须注意,短句代词作主语。
反意疑问句回答方法歌诀
回答反意疑问句,答案含义是依据,
肯定事实用yes,否定事实no替。
(2) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时
当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that, these, those时,附加疑问句中的主语不再用指示代词,而要用it或they代替。
That isn’t your desk, is it?那不是你的桌子,是吗?
These are interesting stories, aren't they?这些故事很有趣,是吗?
(3)当陈述部分的主语是“I'm...”结构时,疑问部分一般用aren't I。
I'm late for class, aren't I?我迟到了,是吗?
I'm doing well, aren't I?我干得很好,不是吗?
(4)当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, somebody, nobody, none等合成代词时,附加疑问部分的主语多用they,但也可用he。
Everyone came here, didn't they?都来了,是吗?
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?我不在时,没人给我打电话,是吗?
(5)当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?都准备好了,是吗?
Nothing was said, was it ? 什么也没说,对吗?
Nothing can stop us ,can it? 没有什么能阻止我们,是吗?
(6)当陈述部分以不定代词one作主语,疑问部分的主语在正式的场合用one,在非正式场合用you。
One can’t be too careful, can one(you)?怎么细心都不为过,你说呢?
One should learn from others, shouldn’t one(you)?人要想别人学习,是吗?
(7)当陈述部分是“there be+主语+其它”结构时,疑问部分要用“be(not)+there”结构。
There is a book on the desk, isn't there?桌子上有本书,是吗?
There used to be a lot of coal mines in the south, didn't there?过去在南部有大量煤矿,不是吗?
(8)当陈述部分的主语是“I don’t think (suppose, believe)+that从句”结构时,疑问部分的主语和谓语须和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上相一致,并且还要用肯定形式。
I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they?我认为没人会自愿去做,是吗?
I don't think you've heard of him before, have you?我想你从前没听说过他,是吗?
I think it is your duty to stick to the fighting post at any time, isn't it? 我认为无论何时坚持你的战斗岗位都是你的责任,对不?
I don't suppose you are serious, are you? 我想你不是认真的,是吗?
注意:主句的主语不是第一人称时I是不存在这种情况。
You don’t think he can finish the work, do you?
(9)当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时,有两种情况:
①have作“有”解时,可有两种形式。
He has a new book, hasn’t/doesn't he?他有一本新书,是吗?
He has a lot of money, hasn’t /doesn’t he? 他有很多钱,是吗?
②have表示其它意思时,只用do的相应形式。
He seldom has lunch at school, does he ? 他在学校很少吃午饭,是吗?
His wife had the front door painted green yesterday, didn't she? 他妻子昨天请人把房子刷成了绿色的,是吧?
(10)当陈述部分有情态动词ought to时,疑问部分的谓语动词用ought(oughtn’t)代替。
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?这种事是不允许的,是不是?
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?他应当受到惩罚,是吗?
但在非正式文体中,用ought we not形式。
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go, should we not/shouldn't we?
(11)当陈述部分有情态动词used to时,疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式。
He used to live in Beijing, use(d)n’t he/didn't he?他在北京住过,是吗?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there/didn't there?战前这里曾有座电影院,是吗?
(12)当陈述部分有情态动词must时,常用的有三种情况:
①must表示“必须”、“禁止”等时,疑问部分用must(mustn't)。
I must answer the letter, mustn't I?我必须回信,是吗?
You mustn’t on grass, must you?你不能呆在草地上,知道吗?
must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问部分则用needn't。
You must go home right now, needn't you?
②当must用来对现在的情况进行“推测”时,疑问部分的谓语要根据must之后的动词不定式采用相应的形式。
You must be tired, aren't you?你一定是累了,是吗?
She must be bad at physics, isn't she? 她物理一定不好,不是吗?
You must know it, do you? 你肯定知道,是吗?
③当must用来对过去的情况进行“推测”(must+have+过去分词)时,若强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用“didnt+主语”;若强调动作的完成(一般没有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用“haven't(hasn't)+主语”。
He must have been working here for 20 years, hasn't he? 他一定在这工作了20年,是吗?
You must have seen him yesterday, didn't you? 昨天你一定看见他了,不是吗?
(13)当陈述部分有have to或has to, had to时,疑问部分一般用do的相应形式。
We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?我们明天得四点起床,是吗?
They had to leave early, didn't they?他们早走是不得已,是不是?
(14)当陈述部分有had better时,疑问部分用hadn't或shouldn't。
You’d better go with me, hadn’t you/shouldn't you?你最好和我一起走,好吗?
He’d better leave, hadn’t he?他最好离开,是吗?
(15)当陈述部分有seldom, hardly, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时,疑问部分要用肯定形式。
She never tells a lie, does she? 她从不撒谎是吧?
She hardly ever speaks to you in English, does she? 她几乎没和你用英语说话,是吗?
Few people know her, do they? 几乎没有人认识她,是吗?
She seldom goes to work late, does she? 她很少上班迟到,是吗?
(16)当陈述部分的谓语是带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀)的动词时,疑问部分仍用否定结构。
They disliked playing football, didn't they?他不喜欢踢球,是吗?
He is unsuccessful, isn't he? 他没成功,是吗?
(17)当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望wish等时,疑问部分的谓语动词用may而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。
I wish to go home now, may I?我想回家,行吗?
I wish to go with you, may I? 我想和你一起去,行吗?
(18)感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式,并用be的一般现在时
What a lovely day, isn't it?多好的天气啊!
How cool the weather is, isn't it?天怎么这么冷!
What a stupid fellow, isn’t he?多傻的小子啊!
(19)祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式
①Let’s引导的祈使句,其反意疑问句一般用“shall we?”。
Let's discuss it now, shall we? 让我们现在讨论它,好吗?
It's a fine day. Lets go fishing, shall we? 多好的天。我们去钓鱼吧?
②由let us/him/ them(不是let’s)引导的反意疑问句表示“请求”(不包括听话人)时,一般用“will you”。
Let us go home, will you?让我们回家好吗?
Let him go with you, will you?让他跟你去,好吗?
③let me 开头的反意疑问句可用will you,也可用may I。
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