ETS官方提供的11个逻辑错误.doc

1. This is a Circular Reasoning.
2. This is a biased-sample fallacy.
3. This is an insufficient sample fallacy.
4. Ad hominen “to the man”. 对人不对事。
5. This is a faulty analogy.
6. Straw Man
7. The arguer commits the “After this, therefore, because of this” fallacy. (Post hoc ergo propter hoc)
8. The Either-or Thinking. This is a black-or-white fallacy. False dilemma
9. The arguer commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”.
10. The fallacy of equivocation 一词多义
11. No Sequitur = “does not follow” The house is white, so it must be big. It may be big, but it has nothing to do with the house being white.
12. The arguer commits the fallacy of hasty generalization.

合理性，有效性validity = soundness = reliability = legitimacy = authority
不可信的doubtful = unconvincing = incredulous = dubious = in doubt = skeptical = suspectable
评估assess = evaluate = judge = appraise = weight up
回应者respondent
削弱undermine = weaken = cripple
易受攻击vulnerable = weak = susceptible
可靠的，可信的informative = reliable = sound = flawless = compelling = convincing
too * to be adj.
glean data 搜集资料、数据
insufficient = inadequate
支持support = prop up = sustain = uphold = defend = endorse = advocate = approve = back = promote
提出provide = offer = present = put/bring forward
没有理由的，没有根据的unwarranted = gratuitous = unjustified = ungrounded = groundless = unsubstantiated
fallacious = erroneous = unproven
充足 adequate = sufficient = ample
错误地 falsely = incorrectly = erroneously = fallaciously
假定，假说，假想assumption = postulation = supposition = hypothesis
排除rule out = exclude = eliminate
possibility = scenario
assume
reasoning = ratiocination
coincide = concur
证明，证实prove = confirm = verify = attest = substantiate= validate = authenticate= corroborate = certify
compelling/convincing/sound evidence
以…为基础rest on/upon = base on/upon = rely on/upon
analogous = similar
dissimilarity = difference
without justification
超过，抵消outweigh = offset = balance = counterbalance
lost-benefit analysis; supply-demand analysis
in all likelihood = it is highly possible = there is good chance that = there is every chance that很有可能
in any event = at all events 无论怎样，不管怎样
if that is the case = in that event 如果是那样的话
in either event 无论是这样还是那样
trivialize = belittle
given that = granted that