新概念英语第二册语法详解和总结.doc

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新概念英语二册语法详解和总结
《新概念英语》（New Concept English）作为享誉全球的最为经典地道的英语教材，以其严密的体系性、严谨的科学性、精湛的实用性、浓郁的趣味性深受英语学习者的青睐，《新概念英语》在中国有 30多年的历史，每年有数百万学习者，早已成为英语学习者的必选读物。我们抛弃以往只将《新概念英语》作为单一的泛读教材的模式，代之以全新独到的、大信息量的联想式的教学方法，多角度、全方位的教学手段，辅以丰富多彩、新颖实用的补充材料，逐步培养学员听、说、读、写、译等五大基本技能，充分发挥学生的英语学习潜力，使学员经过一定阶段的培训之后，英语水平与基本技能会有一个质的飞跃。
一、学习前的准备
《新概念英语第二册》旨在全面训练学生的4项技能、理解、口语、阅读、写作。使学生具有使用语言的能力。一般来说，具有以下知识便可进入《新概念英语第二册》的学习：
　　1、动词be与have现在时与过去时的基本用法。
　　2、现在进行时，能够识别并懂得如何构成。
　　3、一般现在时：能够识别；懂得动词第3人称单数上添加-s, -es, 或 -ies后缀。
　　4、一般过去时：能够识别并会运用常见的规划动词与不规则动词的一般过去时形态。
　　5、过去进行时：能够识别。
　　6、现在完成时（一般）：能够识别。
　　7、过去完成时：能够识别。
　　8、将来时：能够认识并运用going to, shall与will构成将来时。
　　9、助动词：can, may与must的基本用法；能够识别could, might与would的形式。
　　10、能够用do/does/did等助动词造疑问句与否定句；能运用疑问代词与副词。
　　11、能够回答以助动词与疑问词开头的问句。
　　12、副词：能够用-ly与-ily后缀组成副词；能够识别well, hard, fast等特例。
　　13、冠词：定冠词与不定冠词。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可数、不可数名词的用法。
　　14、名词：能够用-s, -es，-ves后缀组成名词复数形式；会用常见的不规则复数形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。
　　15、代词：人称代词、所有格代词、反身代词；所有符号“'”加s('s)。
　　16、形容词：基本用法；规则的比较级；不规则的比较级：good, bad, much与little.
　　17、介词：常见的地点、时间、方位介词的用法。
　　18、关系代词：能够识别并使用who/whom, which/that。
　　19、this/that; these/those。
　　20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。
　　21、There is/it is; there are/they are。
　　22、祈使句。
　　23、一周7天的名称、日期、季节、数字、时辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。
　　24、报时。
二、新概念英语第二册语法知识总结和详解

1.简单句的结构:
主语+谓语+宾语+状语（地点状语+方式状语+时间状语）
时间状语还可以放在句首
2.一般现在时，现在进行时
感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语，
how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语
频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词及其程度的深浅：
always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never
I always buy CDs on Sundays.
3.一般过去时
直接宾语和间接宾语：
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
He gives me a book.
me间接宾语, a book直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做，
for表示动作为谁而做。
主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语
Give the book to me.
Send a letter to him.
I bought a coat for my mother.
4.现在完成时，注意频度及时间副词的位置
receive/take
5.复习：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way
spare/to spare
6.冠词用法（一）
1．不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。
2．不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略：
A cat is a lovely animal. Cat is a lovely animal.
3．不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.
4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the
5．Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。
6．在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。
put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth. off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out
7.过去进行时，时间状语
短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些则只能紧跟着动词使用。
8.形容词的比较级与最高级
单音节词的比较级最高级：
u直接加-er, -est: small-smaller, smallest
u以e结尾的加-r, -st: large-larger, largest
u以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er, -est: busy-busier, busiest
u重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er, -est：big-bigger, biggest
以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er, -est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…
多音节词及双音节词：more/less, most/lest
不规则变化：good/bad/many/little/far…
少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比较级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond,
注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the
不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.
enter/enter for
9.介词（表示时间）
uin:
表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening
表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990
表示季节：in spring/winter
in+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。
uon:
表示星期：on Monday
表示具体日期：on June 1st
表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that night
uat:
表示确切时间：at 10 o’clock
表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime
表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time
uduring+一段时间
ufrom…till
utill/untill直到
not any=no，语气更强
10.被动语态：
结构：be+过去分词
用法：
u主语不清或不需要提及时
I was born in 1999. The apple was eaten.
u强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者
The policeman caught the thief. The thief was caught by the policeman.
Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by
双重名词所有格：
one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数
单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格
one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s
one of my friends/a friend of mine
one of your records/a record of yours
1. 复习
动词不定式做宾补的用法：
want/help/ask/teach/advise sb. to do, 代词要用宾格形式
borrow/lend, salary/wages
2. 一般将来时：
be going to结构的用法
be+副词词组：
be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.
set out=set off, set up=create
3. 将来进行时：
名词所有格：
如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加‘，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house
名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的
1． 时间：today’s, new centry’s
2． 国家，城市名词：the country’s, the city’s
3． 机构组织：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library
4． 车，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk
5． 专有结构：at one’s wit’s end,
6． 价值：ten pound’s worth of meat,
7． 时间：in twenty minutes’ time
4. 过去完成时：
ask/ask for
except/except for/apart from
which of/neither of/both of/neither of
5. 直接引语/间接引语（一）
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
u时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can----------------could
may---------------might
u时间地点及指示词的变化：
here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that…
u人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
Nervous/irritable
Office/study/desk
afford
6. 条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够”，“必须”还可以用情态动词
police/policeman
pay attention to/care for/take care of
remind/remember
one/you可以指任何人：
One must never tell lies. You must never tell lies.
7. 情态动词：
must/have to
as作为介词，以…身份，与like相同
as作为连词，因为，正当。。。时候，以。。。方式，如同。。。那样
dress/suit/costume
grow/grow up
8. have用法
give in, give away, give up, give up
beside/besides
9. can/could/may/might
might as well表示“还是。。。的好”，“还不如。。。”
He will never pass. He might as well give up.
10. 动名词：
动名词
1． 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）
2． 动名词的几种形式：

主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3. 做主语：
Finding work is difficult now.
Watching TV is my favorite pastime.
4. 做表语：
My main hobby is reading.
One of her duties is growing roses.
My job is teaching.
5. 做宾语：
I like taking with famous people.
We enjoy learning English.
The flowers need watering.
6. 介词宾语：
He is fond of watching football matches.
He went away without saying a word.
常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,
7. 做定语：
waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)，
parking slot…
8. 动名词的否定：
在动名词前面加not,
I am sorry for not asking you.
Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing
1. 被动语态（二）
will/must/can/would/could/have to be done
have/has been done
must have been done
drive 用法
home/house
2. 介词用法：见书
3. 复习
there be句型
it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。
4. Summary of Unit two
5. 并列句
我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:
and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also
主谓一致:
u当主语由and , both…and 连接时,通常用复数谓语.
Both the girls and the boy are his friends.
u当主语由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.
Neither he nor I am going to the airport.
Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.
6. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.
以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:
appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲),
引号:
n引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.
n引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.
n在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.
n当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.
n当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.
7. 复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词
常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个
put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)
8. 现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)
l与现在完成时连用的时间副词:
yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never,
so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前),
l某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不
能与表示一段时间状语搭配:
例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.
Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong)
Jane has been away for a month.(right)
His father has died for two years. (wrong)
His father has been dead for two years.(right)
has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。
9. 一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词
refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too
10. 冠词用法
定冠词用法
(1)特指
(2)地理名词前加定冠词
l河流the yellow river
l山脉
the Alps, the Himalayas
l海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel
(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词
l国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom
l某些机构学校及建筑名
the British Museum
l由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名
the New York Times, the Times
零冠词
1. 街名
2. 广场名
3. 车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge
4. 大学名
Yale University, Cambridge University
5. 节日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day
6. 多数杂志名
Time, Reader’s Digest
7. 物质名词一般意义
Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.
8. 抽象名词Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.
1. used to do 用法
Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了
I used to get up at seven o’clock.
Experience, save, very/too
2. 比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句）
A/one的区别
3. 介词用法
Passed/past, next/other
4. 被动语态总结
一般现在时: is/am/are done
一般过去时: was/were done
现在进行时: is/am/are being done
现在完成时: have/has been done
过去完成时: had been done
一般将来时: will be done
过去将来时: would be done
过去进行时: was/were being done
情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done,
情态动词完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done,
Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)
5. 主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作.
So/such
So+adj. /adv.
such+n.
固定用法：so many
6. 一般将来时will/be going to do
will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.
Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable
7. 将来完成时
Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)
8. as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结
as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气
He looks as if he were a king.
Her skin feels as if it were silk.
The song sounds as if it were a sad story.
He looked as if he had never lived in England.
No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually,
No sooner…than 一…就…
与过去完成时连用
I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.
The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.
如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装
No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.
No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.
Hardly…when 几乎没来得及…就…
与过去完成时连用
He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.
I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.
如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装
Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.
Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.
9. 直接引语变间接引语
1. 引语前用that, 口语中可以省略
2. 根据句意改变人称
3. 时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to,
4. 一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词
this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take
如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.
She said she would come again tonight.
He said he arrived yesterday morning.
几种特殊的间接引语
n特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序
“Where are you going?” he asked.
He asked me where I was going.
n一般疑问句, 要加if/whether
“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.
He asked if I would come the next day.
n祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择
“Stay here,” the policeman said.
The policeman requested him to stay there.
“Close the window, please,” my mother said.
My mother asked me to close the window.
常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid
10. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do
对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果
结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时
If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.
If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.
If I were you, I would accept this offer.
注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用
were.
Make/do用法
make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心)
do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)
1. 情态动词need, must, have to
1. need 一般作为实义动词使用
l需要某物He needs a hat. Does he need a hat?
l需要做某事need to do
I need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.
l需要被…,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done
The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered.
2. need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与don’t have to 同义
Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.
3. need 完成式needn’t have done
4. mustn’t 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量.
You mustn’t get up late.
Remark/observe, notice
2. have 用法总结
have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)
Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出),
3. 情态动词can/could/be able to do
1. can 表示可能性
If you want, I can go with you.
2. 表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to
3. 表示现在正在发生的事要用can
Look! He can stand on his head.
4. 表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldn’t
Can he borrow a book successfully?
Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldn’t.
At 词组
At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)
4. 复习动名词用法
1. 动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语
2. 在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to,
be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.
3. 有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean,
4. 有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.
I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.
5. 复习
Steal/rob, pay back
Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品
rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所
pay back 还钱, 报复
6. 介词用法
7. 复习
suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.
8. 复习
Summary of Unit 39. 复合句的构成：
u用现在分词构成复合句：
现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。
u用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，
Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.
Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.
u不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：
To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.
I went into the garden to pick some flowers.
u通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句），
关系从句（定语从句），
状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）
10. 复合句：
lose/loose/miss
expect/wait for

1. 一般过去时复习：