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过去分词用法小结.doc

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过去分词用法小结                撰稿:赵兴明  责编:牛新阁 用法点拨 过去分词在谓语中的使用:   虽说过去分词是非谓语动词的一种,但是与助动词连用也用于谓语动词。 1. have+过去分词 = 完成时   随着have的时态变化,“have+过去分词”可以构成现在完成时“have/ has done”和过去完成时“had done”。   I haven’t heard from him much recently. 我最近没太收到过他的信。   I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。 2. be+过去分词=被动语态   be的时态变化决定了被动语态的时态,如:was/ were done是一般过去时的被动语态,而will be done是一般将来时的被动语态。   The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了。   He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。 3. have (has) / had been+过去分词=现在/过去完成式的被动语态   He has been invited to the college to teach. 他已经应邀去那所大学教书了。 过去分词的非谓语用法: Ⅰ. 构成其他非谓语动词的不同形式:   1. have done前加to构成不定式的完成式,having done即动词-ing形式的完成式。     I’m sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。     Having checked all the answers, he handed in the paper.     检查完所有的答案,他交了卷子。   2. be done前加to是不定式的被动态,being done是动词-ing形式的被动态。     She is very glad to be invited to the party. 她很高兴被邀请来那个聚会。     The house being built is for the old people in that village.     正在建的房子是给那个村子的老年人的。   3. have been done前加to是不定式的完成式的被动态,having been done是动词ing形式的完成式的被     动态。     He was said to have been sent to Africa. 据说他被派到非洲去了。     Having been trained for three months, he returned to the village school, full of     confidence.     受训三个月之后,他信心满满地返回那间乡村学校。 Ⅱ. 过去分词的时间和语态概念:   在时间上,经常表示完成,但是也可以表示相对模糊的时间概念,而不表示完成。   在语态上,及物动词的过去分词表示被动。   What’s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言?(不表示完成)   Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. (表示完成)   由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。 Ⅲ. 过去分词的句法功能小结:   过去分词相当于形容词和副词,所以在句子中只用作表语、定语、补足语和状语。   1. 作定语   1)过去分词作定语,其逻辑主语一般是所修饰词,而且与所修饰词是被动关系,如果是不及物动词的     过去分词,只表示过去。     The play put on by Class One was a big success. 一班表演的戏很成功。(戏已经被演)     His grandfather is sweeping up the fallen leaves in the yard. (已经落的叶子)     他爷爷正在院子里清扫落叶。     That returned student has been offered a position in my company. (已经回来的学生)     我们公司已经提供给那个归国留学生一个职位。     The boy took the newly laid eggs to his grandmother. (已经被下的蛋)     男孩儿把刚下的鸡蛋拿给他奶奶。   2)有时单一的过去分词也放所修饰词后,这时所修饰词可能是不定代词,或为了强调。但有时过去分     词作前置定语或后置定语意义不同。     There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.     自从我两年前离开这个镇以来,几乎没有什么变化。     They didn’t allow us to make the alterations suggested.     他们不允许我们进行所建议的修改。     We’ve collected a large quantity of used books. 我们募集了大量旧书。     You should put all the books used at hand and the others in order on the shelf.     你应当把所有用着的书放在手边,其它的按顺序放在书架上。   3)作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作,若要表示现在正在进行的动作,要用动词-ing形式的被动     形式,而-ing形式的完成式的被动语态(having been done)一般不用作定语。     I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there.     我对在那里正进行的试验一无所知。   2. 作表语   1)过去分词作表语,表示主语的某种性质或状态,主语是其逻辑主语,其中有许多用作表语的过去分     词已经变成了形容词了。     The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。     The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱   2)“be+表语(过去分词)”和被动语态的区别:     “be+表语(过去分词)”结构表示一种状态,而被动语态表示一个动作,比较下面句子:     The town is surrounded by hills. (be+表语结构,表示状态)     这个小镇被群山环绕。     The film star was surrounded by the crowd of fans. (被动语态表示动作)     那个电影明星被粉丝们包围着。   3. 作宾语补足语   (1)过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语的状态或性质,宾语是其逻辑主语,一般和宾语是被动关      系,一些不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时只表示动作的完成。      过去分词可以作某些动词的宾语补足语,也可以作with的宾语补足语。      Have you ever heard the song sung in German? 你听过这首歌用德语唱吗?      He watched his desk carried out of the classroom. 他看着他的书桌被搬出了教室。      The scenery made her drunk. 这风景使她陶醉。      He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。      All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门工作。      That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。   (2)作宾语补足语时, 动词-ing形式表示主动或进行意义(有时二者兼有)。      I saw him sent to hospital. 我看见他被送进医院.      I saw him sending a wounded man to hospital. 我看见他正送一位伤者进医院.   (3)have sth. done和get sth. done都可以表示“使某事被做”,可以是由自己做,也可以让别人去      做,但是如果想表示“遭受某种不幸”,要用have sth. done。      I’m going to have/ get all the cards mailed. 我要寄一些卡片。(自己或找人寄)      I have to go to the town to have/ get my computer repaired. 我得进城找人修电脑。      (找人修)      I had my bike broken on the way home. 在回家的路上,我的自行车坏了。      (遭受不愉快或不幸,不能用get)   4. 作状语   (1)过去分词作状语时,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等,相当于状语从句。过去分词      作状语时,其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语,并且多是过去分词动作的承受者。如:      Seen from the top of the hill,our city looks surrounded in the fog.(时间)      从山顶上看,我们的城市看起来笼罩在雾气里。      Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (原因)      连续的暴雨使桥身受损,这座桥已不再安全。      Given more time,we would certainly have finished the job much better.(条件)      要是我们有更多的时间,我们肯定会把工作完成得更好些。      He came to greet us,dressed as a businessman.他来迎接我们,穿得像个商人。(伴随)   (2)根据需要,过去分词前可加上when,while,until, once,though,unless,as if, even if等      连接状语从句的连词,但是在before,after,without后必须用being done。      Once published,the dictionary will be very popular.一旦出版,这本词典将大受欢迎。      When completed,this railway will link many industrial cities to a seaport.      这条铁路建成后,将把许多工业城市和一个海港连接起来。      When told to go to the teachers’ office,the girl began to cry.      当被告知去老师办公室时,这女孩开始哭起来。      I went on talking ,though continually interrupted by George.      我继续讲我的,尽管不断被乔治打断。      He started as if awakened from a dream. 他吓了一跳,彷佛从梦中惊醒似的。      Whenever asked about it, she could hardly hold back her tears.      每当有人问及此事,她就难以控制自己的眼泪。      但是:      Before being called, remain where you are. 叫你之前,待在原地别动。   (3)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别:      ① 分词作状语多表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随状况,而不定式一般表示目的,在      “too...to, enough to”等特定结构中还可表示结果。      He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。(伴随)      They stood by the roadside to wait for the bus. 他们站在路边等车。(目的)      His family was too poor to support him. 他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)      ② 分词表示条件、原因时放在句首,表示伴随状况时一般放在句末;动词不定式表示目的可放在      句首或句末。      Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch. (原因)      由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。      Reading carefully,you’ll learn something new. (条件)      只要你仔细阅读,你就会学到一些新的东西。      He sat at the corner of the stage, reading carefully.(伴随)      他坐在舞台的角落里,认真读着书。      He gets up early to read English every morning.(目的)      他每天早晨起得很早来读英语。      To catch the first bus, he gets up very early. (目的)      为了赶上第一班公共汽车,他起得很早。      ③ 不定式可以用在表示情感的形容词或动词后,表示原因。      I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.给你添这么多麻烦真是抱歉。      ④ 动词-ing形式的完成式的被动语态having been done作状语时也表示完成和被动,但是更强调      动作的完成,而过去分词有时也表示不是完成的时间。      Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (强调曾被咬)      曾经被蛇咬过,她很怕蛇。      Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. (不强调已经完成)      从山上看,这座城市非常壮观。   (4)过去分词用于独立主格结构      过去分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,作状语的过去分词或动词-ing形式前加上名词或代      词主格,就构成了独立主格结构。这种结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随状况,有时用来表示时      间,原因,条件等,前面的名词或代词主格与过去分词多是被动关系。      He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地跑了进来.      His foot badly hurt, he had to stay in bed. 他的脚伤得厉害,他只好卧床休息. Ⅳ. 拓展:含过去分词的短语。   Easier said than done.说比做容易。   Once bitten,twice shy.一次被咬,下次胆小。   Well begun,half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。   A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文等于挣一文。   A burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。   A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出,驷马难追。   The used key is always bright.常用的钥匙总是闪亮的。 考例解析:   1. ______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.     (2011•天津)   A. Translating    B. Translated    C. To translate    D. Having translated   【解析】选B。translate与句子的主语“the sentence”是被动关系,所以用过去分词作时间状语。句意:译成英语后,可看出这个句子的词序完全变了。   2. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ______nothing about the argument. (2011 全国II)   A. says    B. said    C. to say    D. saying   【解析】选D。say是句子主语做的,是主动关系,所以用v-ing形式作方式状语。   3. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years. (2011浙江)   A. having    B. had    C. have    D. to have   【解析】选A。注意句中逗号前是完整的句子,逗号后如果也是句子的话就应该加连词连接,因为没有连词,所以空中要填的是非谓语动词;some代替的是some of bats,与动词have是主动关系,不表示将来,故不用不定式,所以用其-ing形式与some一起,补充说明前句。   4. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江)   A. being cheered    B. be cheered    C. to be cheered    D. were cheered   【解析】选C。句子的主句中已有谓语“are going to...”,且没有连词或关系代词等连接,空中要填非谓语形式,排除B、D;being cheered表示“正在被喝彩”,与“are going to...”矛盾;因此选C,不定式表示将要发生。句意:如果赢得决赛,这个队打算做全城巡游,接受热情的支持者的喝彩。 针对性训练1   单项填空   1.You should understand the traffic rule by now.You’ve had it ________ often enough.   A.explaining    B.to explain    C.explain    D.explained   2.Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get     parents ________.   A.worried    B.to worry    C.worrying    D.worry   3.The ______ look on her face suggested that she ________ her manager’s idea.   A.confusing,wouldn’t quite understand   B.confused,hadn’t quite understood   C.confusing,hadn’t quite understood   D.confused,shouldn’t quite understand   4.The two scientists have discovered 65 of the more than 100 planets _____ orbiting other     stars.   A.have been found    B.have found   C.to be found      D.found   5.Standing on the top of the mountain,we were able to see many wonderful houses ________     in the thick ________ forest.   A.hidden,growing     B.hiding,growing   C.hidden,grown      D.hiding,grown   6.—The last one ________ pays the meal.     —Agreed!   A.arrived    B.arrives    C.to arrive    D.arriving   7.I smell something ________ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?   A.burning    B.burnt    C.being burnt    D.to be burnt   8.At the beginning of class,the noise of desks ________ could be heard outside the     classroom.   A.opened of and closed      B.to be opened and closed   C.being opened and closed    D.to open and close   9.He is a student at Oxford University,________ for a degree in computer science.   A.studied        B.studying   C.to have studied    D.to be studying   10.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance,______ the     natural light in during the day.   A.to let    B.letting    C.let    D.having let   11.After a knock at the door,the child heard his mother’s voice ________ him.   A.calling    B.called    C.being called    D.to call   12.There is nothing more I can try ________ you to stay,so I wish you good luck.   A.being persuaded    B.persuading   C.to be persuaded    D.to persuade   13.The children went home from the grammar schoo1,their lessons ________ for the day.   A.finishing    B.finished    C.had finished    D.went finished   14.Leonardo Da Vinci ________ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of     setting them free.   A.is said to be buying    B.is said to have bought   C.had said to buy       D.has said to have bought   15.Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _______     in a short period.   A.improved    B.improving    C.to improve    D.improve   16.—Come on,please give me some ideas about the project.     —Sorry.With so much work ________ my mind,I almost break down.   A.filled    B.filling    C.to fill    D.being filled   17.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ________.   A.to be heard    B.to have heard    C.hearing    D.being heard   18.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work ____,he gladly accepted it.   A.finished        B.finishing   C.having finished    D.was finished   19.He is very popular among the students as he always tries to make them ________     in his lectures.   A.interested    B.interesting    C.interest    D.to interest   20.My parents have always made me ________ about myself,even when I was twelve.   A.feeling well    B.feeling good    C.feel well    D.feel good   21.________ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.   A.Followed       B.Followed by   C.Being followed    D.Having been followed by   22.________ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.   A.Losing    B.Having lost    C.Lost    D.To lose   23.When ________ the museum will be open to the public next year.   A.completed        B.completing   C.being completed      D.to be completed   24.________ a reply,he decided to write again.   A.Not receiving        B.Receiving not   C.Not having received     D.Having not received   25.While building a tunnel through the mountain,________.   A.an underground lake was discovered   B.there was an underground lake discovered   C.a lake was discovered underground   D.the workers discovered an underground lake   26.________ the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the     operation.   A.Given    B.To give    C.Giving    D.Being given   27.European football is played in 80 countries,________ it the most popular sport in the     world.   A.making    B.makes    C.made    D.to make   28.When asked why he went there,he said he was sent there ________ for a space flight.   A.training        B.being trained   C.to have trained     D.to be trained   29.The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.   A.begins      B.having begun   C.beginning    D.begun   30.________ fine arts,do you have any interest in painting?   A.Talking of       B.Talk about   C.To be talked of    D.Talking on 参考答案与解析   1.D。此题考查“have something done”,此结构的意思为主语让别人做某事,过去分词在此作宾语      补足语,与宾语it是被动关系,交通法规是被解释的。   2.A。worried为过去分词作宾语补足语,表被动意义,意为“感到担心”。   3.B。confuse sb. 意为“使某人困惑”,因此表示“感到困惑的”,要用过去分词作定语。suggest      意为“暗示,表明”,后面从句不用虚拟语气。句意:她脸上困惑的表情说明她还没有明白经      理的主意。根据句意和suggested的时态可知从句中用过去完成时表示到过去某时还没有......   4.D。find与所修饰词planets是动宾关系,写出正常语序是“find ...planets orbiting ...”,意      思是“发现......行星环绕......”,所以用过去分词作定语。句意:这两个科学家已经发现了      业已被发现环绕其他恒星的100多颗行星中的65颗。   5.C。hidden是过去分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语的状态,而不表示正在做“藏”的动作,所以不用      hiding;grown表示“长成了的”,故选C。   6.C。句意为“最后到的人付饭钱。”“同意!”当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词后接定       语时,多接不定式,故选C。   7.A。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法,表示“烧焦”的动作正在发生,故选A。   8.C。句意为“刚开始上课的时候,开关书桌的声音在教室外面都能听到”。介词后要用-ing形式作       宾语,所以用动词-ing形式与desks一起作of的宾语,表示“课桌正在被开关”,故选C。   9.B。句意为“他现在是牛津大学的学生,正在攻读计算机科学学位”,v-ing形式作伴随状语,故      选B。   10.B。句意为“在入口处,玻璃门已取代了木门,这样白天自然光就照射进来了。” letting       为v-ing形式作结果状语,因为事情已经发生了,也有了结果,所以用不定式表示目的或将来不       合适,故选B。   11.A。句意为“敲完门后,那个孩子听见他妈妈喊他”。本题考查hear sb/sth doing sth       结构,故选A。   12.D。句意为“既然我没有更多的办法来说服你留下来,我只好祝你好运”。用不定式表示“尝试了       很多”的目的,而且“说服”这一动作是“I”做的,因此用不定式的主动形式。故选D。   13.B。独立主格结构作状语,在此结构中逻辑主语lessons与逻辑谓语finish之间为被动关系,故选B.   14.B。句意为“据说莱昂纳多•达•芬奇(过去)常买一些被关在笼子里的鸟为了享受放飞它们的乐       趣”。考查sb is said to have done结构,故选B。   15.A。句意为“詹妮希望史密斯先生会提出一个好方法,使她的书面英语水平在短时间内得以提       高”。因written English与动词improve之间是被动关系,故选A。   16.B。句意为“快点,请给我一些有关这个项目的建议。”“很抱歉,脑子里装这么多的工作,我几       乎要垮掉了”。在with复合结构中,so much work与动词fill之间是主动关系,故选B。   17.A。句意为“孩子们在吃饭的时候说话的声音非常大,我不得不极力(提高嗓门)让其他人听清我的       话”。不定式表示目的,根据句意可知要用被动式,故A正确。   18.A。此题考查with sth done的用法,工作已经完成了,而且是被完成,故选A。   19.A。句意为“他在学生中很受欢迎,因为他总是努力使他们对自己的讲座感兴趣”,故选A。   20.D。句意为“我的父母总是让我对自己有良好的感觉,即使当我十二岁的时候”。feel well意为       “健康”,不合题意;feel good 感觉良好,make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事,故选D。   21.B。本题主语“Napoleon”是一群官员追随的对象,故用过去分词作状语,其后加“by+ 动作实施       者”,又因follo
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