Mike Basin完整介绍(中+英).doc

MIKEBASIN
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水资源模型软件MIKE BASIN
MIKE BASIN是由Danish Hydraulic institute 丹麦水利研究院开发的、完全与ArcGIS®整合的多种管理规划工具。它是一个综合河网模拟系统，用于水资源分配/ 用水权和环境的研究。

MIKE BASIN分为两种软件包：MIKE BASIN BASIC 和MIKE BASIN EXTENDED，前者包括Temporal Analyst模块 和NAM(降雨径流模块)，后者是MIKE BASIN BASIC加上流域自动描述功能，具有空间分析能力，可以进行河网自动生成及流域自动划分。另外还有一个添加模块，WQ模块，可进行水质模拟。

图1给出了一个标准的MIKE BASIN界面。

NAM模型

该模型是一个降雨径流模型,包括在MIKE BASIN 软件包中。该模型是一个集中式、概念性降雨径流模型，它将含水层分为四个相互作用的储水层，坡面流、壤中流和基流是作为相应储水层中含水量的函数来进行模拟的。

储雪层
地表储水层
根区储水层
地下储水层

另外，还可以在水文循环中加入人为干预，如灌溉和地下水抽水。降雨径流模型可以在每个子流域中使用，也可以用于代表一个或多个产生旁侧入流到河网的集水区。可以应用该模型来模拟复杂的大型流域，可以将包含有众多子流域和复杂河网的大流域建立在同一模型框架里。

WQ模块—MIKE BASIN添加模块

该模块并不包括在MIKE BASIN软件包中，需要单独购买。该模块可以模拟一些影响水质的最重要的物质传输过程（N、P、DO、BOD、大肠肝菌等）。对所有物质采用一级降解率来描述其降解过程，其中还包括转换过程如硝化和反硝化等过程。在河流水质模拟上包括了演算过程来反映物质在河流中的滞留过程及与水流的混合影响。还可以宏观地模拟地下水及水库的水质问题。

   图1 一个基于ArcGIS的标准MIKE BASIN界面

Temporal Analyst模块

该模块是DHI独创的一个GIS扩展模块，该模块将时间维数添加到了GIS空间技术中，使空间与时间紧密结合起来，可直观显示与图形要素相关联的时间序列，并可进行各种统计计算、图表绘制，可作为前后处理模块。该模块可以给水管理相关的利益相关者演示空间数据在时间上的表现情况。这种数据管理和分析工具的一个优点是能够集成水资源模型的输出结果，并在GIS中显示水资源管理的各种预案以及其它相关信息。图2给出了一个Temporal Analyst的标准界面。

图2 Temporal Analyst模块标准界面

MIKE BASIN在国内的多家水利机构得到应用，表1列出了目前在中国的MIKE BASIN部分用户。

表1:  中国MIKE BASIN部分用户

珠江水利委员会华南水电高新技术公司

广东省水利水电勘测设计院

上海勘测设计研究院

华东勘测设计研究院

长江水利委员会长江勘测规划设计研究院

长江水利委员会水文局

云南省水利水电勘测设计院

浙江省水利河口研究院

贵州省水利水电勘测设计院

塔里木河流域管理局

水利部水利水电规划设计总院

松辽水利委员会水文局

山东大学

大连理工大学

MIKE BASIN的主要功能

从DEM中自动概化流域
水资源分配的局部及全局优先算法
非常灵活的水库模拟
详细的水力发电模拟
调水及马斯京根演算
供水模拟，包括趋势
降雨径流模拟
各种规模的水质模拟，包括耦合衰减（DO，BOD，NO3，NH4，大肠杆菌，磷，COD，及其它物质）
用于信息管理和可视化的GIS工具
链接Excel以进行优化
链接Access以生成报告
以多种文件格式输出，包括shape文件，AVI影像文件，Access数据库和HTML文件
在空间维数上添加了时间维数，使空间数据与时间数据紧密结合在一起，并能进行直观显示
COM/.NET编程功能，提供强大的二次开发及扩展空间
MIKE BASIN的特点

功能强大、操作简单、使用方便、数据需求少。
包括所有主要的水文过程，但过程描述被尽可能地简化。
直观性好，轻松地在多种会议场合解释和演示简单的过程和各过程之间的关系
可进行快速模拟，只需几秒钟你就可以分析很多方案、优化系统，或者迅速回答诸如：“如果…会…”之类的问题。
基于ArcGIS®，在现有GIS数据基础上快速生成河网，利用熟悉的GIS工具进行编辑，结果可分层演示。
动态模拟，给GIS添加新的时间维数，便可在GIS中显示动态模拟过程，并以影像文件保存以方便公众演示。

MIKE BASIN主要应用

解决水资源分配问题
对缺水状况进行分析并提出缓解措施
改进水库运行
研究地下水/地表水的联合使用
分析灌溉效能
解决多目标化问题
为水质达标寻求经济有效的措施

详细技术及相关问题请咨询DHI的专家：莫铠 mok@ 021-64176932

DHI中国 上海市小木桥路303号501  sos-cn@, 021-6417 8810

Introduction
For addressing water allocation, conjunctive use, reservoir operation, or water quality issues, MIKE BASIN couples the power of ArcGIS with comprehensive hydrologic modeling to provide basin-scale solutions. The MIKE BASIN philosophy is to keep modeling simple and intuitive, yet provide in-depth insight for planning and management. In MIKE BASIN, the emphasis is on powerful simulation result visualization in both space and time, making it the perfect tool for building understanding and consensus.
For hydrologic simulations, MIKE BASIN builds on a network model in which branches represent individual stream sections and the nodes represent confluences, diversions, reservoirs, or water users. The ArcGIS interface has been expanded accordingly, e.g., such that the network elements can be edited by simple right-clicking. Technically, MIKE BASIN is a quasi-steady-state mass balance model, however allowing for routed river flows. The water quality solution assumes purely advective transport; decay during transport can be modeled. The groundwater description uses the linear reservoir equation.
Typical areas of application are:
Water availability analysis: conjunctive surface and groundwater use, optimization thereof.
Infrastructure planning: irrigation potential, reservoir performance, water supply capacity, waste water treatment requirements.
Analysis of multisectoral demands: domestic, industry, agriculture, hydropower, navigation, recreation, ecological, finding equitable trade-offs.
Ecosystem studies: water quality, minimum discharge requirements, sustainable yield, effects of global change. Regulation: water rights, priorities, water quality compliance.

Ease of use
In the design of MIKE BASIN 2005, we have implemented all the good suggestions we have received during the past years. Several principles have guided the design:
Don't require users to learn more than absolutely necessary
This toolbar contains everything you need to work with MIKE BASIN.

MIKE BASIN is an ArcGIS extension - thus you can immediately apply all your GIS knowledge. No need to learn how to zoom, make labels, legends, etc in yet another application - which can hardly surpass ArcGIS in its ability to generate impressive maps.

Water Allocation

In situations of water shortage, a conflict arises of how to distribute the water available at a supply node among the user nodes that are connected to it. Besides modeling water distribution according to a given set of rules, MIKE BASIN can also be used to define new rules intended to maximize overall benefits (Public Allocation or Integrated Water Resources Management).
For surface water, a strict priority ("riparian rights") or a shared priority ("fractional allocation"), or any combination thereof, can be enforced. With strict priority, given a node with several users, the user with the highest local priority receives its entire demand (if available) before the second node is considered. This second node receives its demand from the remainder volume (i.e., after the first node has received “its” water), and so on for the subsequent nodes. With shared priority, a group of users each receive a share of the available water. Both fractional and strict priority can also be modeled for a water user that has multiple potential sources. For groundwater, all users have the same priority, because the amount of available groundwater is a function of all actual pumping rates. They all receive the same proportion of their groundwater demand.
Public allocation ("Integrated Water Resources Management") can override or modify existing rule sets. Within a public allocation system, users have to apply for licenses whose validity can be limited to a certain period of time. MIKE BASIN can be a valuable tool for generating water use licenses, provided a database of existing and potential users and their (intended) water use exists. Based on modeling results, license conditions can be clearly specified, consistent with the model parameters and assumptions.

Catchments

A catchment is the basic hydrological unit area in which runoff occurs and enters the river network. There are several ways to generate catchments for a MIKE BASIN model set-up:
MIKE BASIN comes with a tool for automatic catchment delineation from Digital Elevation Models (DEM's). This tool requires ArcGIS Spatial Analyst; an example is shown in the Figure to the right.
If you have no DEM, but a shape file for a river network, you can create a Pseudo-DEM in which catchments are delineated as the mid-lines between adjacent river segments.
If you have neither a DEM nor a river theme, you can digitize a river network based on a background image.
Runoff can be specified in several ways:
· as time series of naturalized, area-specific values
· by automatic inference from observed stream flow
· by applying a rainfall-runoff model
Groundwater processes (including water quality in the underlying aquifer) can also be simulated for each catchment.
Rainfall-Runoff

MIKE BASIN comes with MIKE 11's well-known rainfall-runoff model NAM. Given rainfall and evaporation data, NAM calculates a runoff time series that is automatically assigned to MIKE BASIN for use in the river flow simulation.
NAM is a lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff model simulating overland flow, interflow and baseflow as a function of the moisture content in each of four mutually interrelated storages:
· Snow storage
· Surface storage
· Root zone storage
· Groundwater storage
The rainfall runoff model is fully integrated in the GIS environment.

Groundwater
MIKE BASIN is capable of analyzing conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater processes can simply be added to the default surface water simulation. MIKE BASIN includes a simple physical model (not just a storage pool) of an aquifer. An aquifer interacts with surface water resources via the following fluxes:
· stream seepage (river to aquifer)
· groundwater recharge (catchment to aquifer)
· groundwater discharge (aquifer to river)
While the first two fluxes must be specified by the user (as time series), groundwater discharge is a hydraulic response and as such computed within MIKE BASIN. The underlying conceptual hydraulic model is the linear reservoir model with one or two aquifers (fast/slow response).
Groundwater users can impact the behavior of the linear reservoir through pumping (aquifer to user). Groundwater resources in MIKE BASIN can be limited just as are surface water resources, allowing studies of conjunctive use.
Water quality in groundwater can be modeled as well. The conceptual model assumes perfect mixing in each aquifer. First-order decay in groundwater can be modeled as well. The different time scales of concentration changes in surface and groundwater can thus be represented.
Rivers
As a simple water resource model, MIKE BASIN does not require tedious specification of river profiles. Furthermore, nodes on the river network that fork out into two branches are automatically identified as diversion nodes. How the flow is split can be specified either as a time series or by a table of main stem flow v. diverted flow.
Routing is important to take into account when there is a significant delay and smoothing in the hydrograph along the river. This is often the case for long branches or when the model is run with large time steps. MIKE BASIN offers the Muskingum and the Linear Reservoir routing methods. The user is guided to choose the correct routing methods for the time step and parameters chosen.

Reservoirs
MIKE BASIN has extensive reservoir modeling capabilities. It can accommodate multi-purpose multiple reservoir systems.
For individual reservoirs, the performance of specified operating policies using associated operating rule curves can be simulated. Rule curves define the desired storage volumes, water levels and releases at any time as a function of existing water level, the time of the year, demand for water and possibly expected inflows. For periods of drought, release from reservoirs can be reduced a certain factor for each of several critical (also termed reduction) water levels. Any number of reduction factors and levels can be specified for each down-stream user as part of the rule curves. Evaporation from the reservoir, precipitation into it, and leakage losses from it are accounted for given the height - volume - area table. 
Two types of reservoirs, and natural lakes, can be modeled. The standard reservoir has a physical storage and all users are drawing water from that same storage. Operation rules for each user applies to the same storage. The allocation pool reservoir also has a physical storage, but the individual users have been allocated a certain storage right ("water banking"). An accounting procedure keeps track of the actual water storage in one pool for downstream minimum flow releases (water quality pool) and in the individual pools allocated for water supply users. Lakes have no operation rules, but a water level-dependent outflow.
Reservoirs can also be operated such as to maintain certain minimum (environmental) or maximum flows at some far downstream control locations, and MIKE BASIN allows calculation of the mandatory releases as a function of time (see example).
Flood control releases can be routed through spillways with potentially nonlinear water level - flow capacity relationships. The spillway base level may vary in time. Also releases through a bottom outlet (with a limiting capacity) can be modeled.
Multiple reservoirs can have complicated inter-dependent rule curves. MIKE BASIN can simulate reservoirs in tandem, both bi-directional transfer between neighboring reservoirs and uni-directional transfer within reservoir cascades.
Some reservoirs may have even more complex operation rules than what can be modeled with the above facilities. To provide the flexibility necessary to model such systems, MIKE BASIN offers Visual Basic macros, letting the user define essentially any operation policy.
Water Users

Extraction of water from rivers can be for water supplies or irrigation. For both, a relationship between temporal variation in water extraction (from the river and groundwater) and return discharge can be specified as time series in MIKE BASIN.
Water intake can be from rivers, groundwater aquifers, or reservoirs. Demands that remain unfulfilled during one time step can be (fully or partially) carried over to the next time step. Return flows can be to any number of nodes along the river.
If a user is drawing water from a node, the model simulation will permit extraction of water as long as water is available at the node, and hence return of remaining water to the river at the user-specified node. During periods of water shortage all available water is extracted, leaving no water flows to downstream reaches (a minimum flow can however be specified). If several extraction points have been assigned for a particular user, water will be drawn either in order of priority or by fraction from the extraction points as long as water is available.
Groundwater resources can be pumped, reducing natural groundwater discharge to the stream. Groundwater demand can be specified either as fraction of total demand, absolute demand, or fraction of the the demand that cannot be fulfilled by surface water.
The effects of routing, conveyance losses, and losses to subsurface storage can be modeled as well.
Hydropower

MIKE BASIN can simulate hydropower generation in connection with reservoir operation.
Several options are available for detailed hydropower modeling:
· conveyance head losses
· tailwater impact on effective head
· backwater effects in reservoir cascades
· head- or release-dependent turbine efficiency
· minimum head limit for turbine operation
Many of the above dependencies are highly nonlinear, and hence must be modeled with small time steps, something many other modeling packages are not capable of.
Power production can either be equal to demand or up to a user-defined engine capacity.
Results View
MIKE BASIN extends GIS with the temporal dimension, letting you display movies and time series in addition to maps. Thus MIKE BASIN is ideal for quickly getting an overview of water resource problems and opportunities even in large areas. Likewise, communicating technical analyses to non-technical audience is aided with MIKE BASIN's map-centered approach.
Model output compri