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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 1 Starting a Business,Text,Words&Expressions,Notes,Exercises,Supplementary Reading,Tips,Text,Words&Expressions,Notes,Exercises,Supplementary Reading,Tips,Text How to Launch a Business Abroad,导读：,想要在海外拓展业务并不是一件容易的事。首先应当考虑的是，你是否可以合法移民到该国或至少获取长期居留权；同时，您需要提前了解当地的劳工法和商务惯例，注重地域文化环境等。,Key words,reduce overhead,the cost of living,operating costs,the financial boon,professional contacts,a long-term visa,leagal immigration,the financial trail,location scout,the local tongue,local business practices,Elizabeth Helsley thought about returning to her hometown of San Diego to start her own company.Bootstrapping her business in Mexico would drastically reduce her overhead.,The cost of living in Mexico is so much cheaper.Not only just the room and board,but also the operating costs.,The financial boon wasnt the only detail that tipped the scale in Mexicos favor.Helsley already spoke the language,had a large network of professional contacts and had no trouble obtaining a long-term visa.,Not all regions roll out the red carpet for U.S.entrepreneurs.Depending on the location,you could face difficulties getting a long-term visa,cutting through regulatory red tape and keeping as much of your revenue as youd like.,Emigration 101,Among your top concerns should be whether you can legally immigrate to the country youre considering.,Unless youve first established residency by living or working in your country of choice,nabbing a long-term visa can be easier said than done.,Cory Kidd,founder and CEO of Intuitive Automata,knows this firsthand.,Although getting his initial employment visa after setting up his companys legal structure in 2008 was a snap,renewing it each year has required jumping through hoops.,Hong Kong Immigration appears to be used to granting visas for employees of large,well-established companies but not for startups,despite the fact that his company has raised a small round of angel investments.,Get the Lay of the(Foreign)Land,Resources for Hopeful Expats,Competitive Alternatives 2010:KPMGs latest study on international business taxes,Doing Business 2010:Ranks the ease of doing business in 183 economies around the world,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor:A study of entrepreneurial activity across the globe,Transparency International:Resources on international regions subject to corruption,U.S.Commercial Service:Global business information for exporters and importers,U.S.Department of State:Information for U.S.firms doing business abroad,China,India,Brazil,Russia and some parts of Africa are among the more difficult startup locations for Americans.And with the exception of the UK,doing business in the European Union can be pricey.,Even if a region does welcome foreign entrepreneurs,the local infrastructure may not live up to U.S.standards.,In other countries,the rule of law may not be what they expect.,Likewise,in some locales,the roads,electricity,phone service,internet service,shipping companies and court system may be sorely lacking.,Play Location Scout,Doing the necessary recon before you relocate is a must.Embassies and trade missions in the United States are fine places to start.So are the chambers of commerce and U.S.embassies in your target location.,But nothing beats visiting your target location and immersing yourself in the culture before taking the permanent leap.,Learning the local tongue can only help open those professional doors.,You really have a deeper understanding of the culture if you learn the language.,You can pick up on things that you might not pick up on otherwise.,Adopt Local Business Practices,Along with the Local Business Practices required permits,registrations and business licenses,you need to suss out the local labor laws and employment practices ahead of time.,In some places,the labor is relatively cheap,but the churn factor is 100 percent,.,Ask other business expats questions like:How challenging is it to hire local people?Wheres a good place to find them?What are the employment costs?Whats the turnover like?,Its a matter of figuring out all the details and nuances-simple things like the structure of an employment agreement,how to recruit candidates,how to motivate and incentivize employees.,Cultural attitudes and regulations surrounding work-life balance are another consideration,.,Follow the Financial Trail,The low overhead that enticed you to launch your business overseas wont do you much good if you sacrifice your savings to unfavorable exchange rates,repatriation rules and tax regulations.For this reason,say entrepreneurial expats,enlisting the services of a local tax professional is critical.,You dont want taxes to drive how you do business,but as an American,youve got two jurisdictions to worry about,which a lot of entrepreneurs from other countries dont have.,Words&Expressions:,bootstrap,bu:tstrp n.,计,引导程序，辅助程 序；解靴带,overhead,uvhed,uvhed n.,经常费用,boon,bu:n n.,恩惠；福利；利益,revenue,revnju:,-nu:n.,收益,nab,nb vt.,捉住，逮捕；抢夺,hoop,hu:p n.,箍；铁环；呼呼声,vt.,加箍于；包围,vi.,发呼呼声,incubation,inkjubein n.,孵化；潜伏；抱蛋,expat,ekspt n.,亡命国外者（等于,expatriate,）,pricey,praisi adj.,高价的，过分昂贵的,比较级,pricier,最高级,priciest,hail from,（车、船）来自；（人）出生于,scout,skaut n.,搜索，侦察,vt.,侦察；跟踪，监视；发现,vi.,侦察；巡视；嘲笑,recon,ri:kn,abbr.,侦察,（,reconnaissance,）,embassy,embsi n.,大使馆；大使馆全体人员,referral,rif:rl n.,参照；提及；被推举的人；转诊病人,attorney,t:ni n.,律师；代理人,suss out,BrE,弄清楚；揣度,churn,t:n vi.,搅拌；搅动,vt.,搅拌；搅动,n.,搅乳器,nuance,nju:ns,nju:ns n.,细微差别,entice,intais,vt.,诱使；怂恿,repatriation,ri:peitriein n.,遣送回国；调回本国,jurisdiction,durisdikn n.,司法权，审判权，管辖权；权限，权力,Notes:,KPMG,（毕马威国际会计公司）：,KPMG is one of the largest professional services firms in the world and one of the Big Four auditors,along with Deloitte,Ernst&Young(EY)and PricewaterhouseCoopers(PwC).Its global headquarters are located in Amstelveen,Netherlands.KPMG employs over 140,000 people and has three lines of services:audit,tax,and advisory.Roots for the name KPMG stem from the names of four partners who merged their own independent accounting firms:,K,stands for Klynveld,after Piet Klynveld,founder of the accounting firm Klynveld,Kraayenhof&Co.in Amsterdam in 1917.,P,stands for Peat,after William Barclay Peat,founder of the accounting firm William Barclay,Peat&Co.in London in 1870.,M,stands for Marwick,after James Marwick,co-founder of the accounting firm Marwick,Mitchell&Co.in New York City in 1897.,G,stands for Goerdeler,after Reinhard Goerdeler,chairman of the German accounting firm,Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft(DTG)and,later,chairman of KPMG.,Transparency International(TI),（透明国际,，,国际透明组织）：,Transparency International(TI)is a non-governmental organization that monitors and publicizes corporate and political corruption in international development.It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index,a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.The headquarters is located in Berlin,Germany but operates through more than 70 national chapters.It is organized as a group of some 100 national chapters,with an international secretariat in Berlin,Germany.Originally founded in Germany in May 1993 as a not-for-profit organization,TI is now an international non-governmental organization,and claims to be moving towards a completely democratic organizational structure.,U.S.Commercial Service,（美国商业服务部）：,The United States Commercial Service(CS),the trade promotion arm of the U.S.Department of Commerces International Trade Administration,helps U.S.companies succeed in markets around the world.Led by Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Director General Suresh Kumar and located across the United States and in U.S.Embassies and Consulates in nearly 80 countries,the CS global network of trade professionals helps thousands of U.S.companies to export goods and services worth billions of dollars every year.,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor,（全球创业观察）：,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor the most comprehensive study of global entrepreneurship trends,conducted annually by the GEM Consortium,with 39 member countries,Exercises:,Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.C,hange the form when necessary.,1.A single good programmer working on a single task has no coordination or communication_.,2.They held a rally before the US_ against US imposing double taxation on their exports,3.The smell of food _the hungry children into the hut.,4.I could afford the air fare maybe,but,you know,the hotels and everything would be_.,5.He was_ in the act of stealing.,pricey entice overhead nab embassy,II.Translate the following phrases into Chinese.,1.reduce overhead,2.the cost of living,3.operating cost,4.hire an accountant,5.printing cost,6.trade show fee,7.corporate tax,8.Competitive Alternatives,9.financial boon,10.obtain a long-term visa,III.Read the following text and fill in the blanks.,The fall 2010 issue of the New England Journal of Entrepreneurship features an _1_I co-authored entitled Psychographic Segmentation of the Self-Employed.The paper actually grew from my doctoral_2_.In one class,the _3_turned to the subject of _4_personalities and the general feeling was that many entrepreneurs are paranoid control-freaks._5_if this was true,I put together a _6_of experts and explored whether entrepreneurs should be viewed as a_7_,or a group consisting of smaller segments defined by_8_ psychographic(i.e.values and lifestyles).Research _9_ showed that entrepreneurs fall within four general categories,which we named:_10_,Generals,Moms&Dads,and Altruists.,wondering exemplars unique article findings,panel entrepreneur discussion segment coursework,Supplementary Reading,Methods of Performance Evaluation,-Multi-source Assessment(360-Degree Feedback,Full-circle Appraisal),Multi-source assessment involves gathering information from a number of customers who actually deal with the employee providing feedback both internal and external.,This method is viewed as an optimal tool for identifying areas for improvement,guiding behavioral change,and generally enhancing performance management capabilities.,It makes the employee much more accountable to the various customers.,-Self-Appraisal,Provides the opportunity for employees to evaluate their own performance and express how they think theyve performed without being influenced by their supervisors judgements.Supervisors also evaluate performance on the same factors and use that as a basis to compare responses.,The advantage of this method is that it provides more interaction between supervisors and subordinates,greater agreement on performance expectations,and greater accountability for performance through increased employee participation in the review process.,-Subordinate Appraisal of Managers(Upward appraisal),Supervisors are reviewed by those they supervise.,Providing anonymity and working with supervisors to handle constructive criticism may guard against Employees fear of reprisal,so they can provide feedback on their supervisors performance honestly,.,-Peer,This method involves coworkers evaluating an employee.,An advantage is that peer appraisal relates more to results than efforts.,Disadvantages perceived are that peers are too lenient and tend to give high ratings to friends and low ratings to those they dislike.,-Management by Objectives(MBO),MBO is a form of results-oriented appraisal.,It requires that both the supervisor and the subordinate agree upon specific objectives in the form of measurable results.,An advantage of MBO is that it is a participative approach in which employees have input in setting their own objectives,as well as being involved in decisions that affect the objectives of the organization.,MBO has been criticized as being based on numerical quotas rather than continuous improvement process,and that it focuses on the performance of individuals at the expense of teamwork.It is also very time consuming.,-Continuous Improvement Review,Concentrates on current day-to-day results that can be linked directly to organization-wide improvements in quality and productivity.However,the formal evaluation must accurately reflect the entire review period,i.e.probationary,annual,etc.,-Behaviorally-anchored Rating Scale,This is a method where standards are described in the form of behavior expected of an employee.The descriptions are based on critical incidents determined to be characteristic of the various levels of performance.The descriptions help to provide objectivity in rating.This tends to focus on activity rather than results.,-Trait Format,This format describes traits of an individual.,Be aware that while those traits may be factors affecting an individuals performance,to evaluate traits alone becomes subjective and is,therefore,difficult to defend.,-Critical Incident Method,This involves observing and recording information about unusually good or unusually poor behavior.It is usually used in conjunction with another rating technique to support the evaluation and provides specific examples to discuss with the employee.Documentation should be factual,objective,and job-related.,-Essay or Narrative Format,This format is a simple approach that requires evaluators to write or answer questions about past performance,strengths and weaknesses,training and development needs,etc.,This format is very suitable to jobs in which there are few quantifiable results,and it provides opportunity for considerable detail about performance issues.,The format,however,is difficult to use for comparing performance with other employees.,Tips:专题介绍,员工绩效评价,图解式评定量表举例,请根据下表评价员工在当前岗位上的绩效。在你认为最合适等级上画勾（）。同时你可以自由地进行相应的评价,1.,工作多需要的知识对其工作的各个阶段及有关知识的理解,需要指导 具备自己工作及 有比自己工作及相,知识 相关的知识 关情况更多的知识,评价：在汽油发动机方面特别在行。,2.,首创性,创造新想法及推动工作进展的能力,缺乏想象力 可达到必须的要求 通常很有创见,评价：问到的时候，一般有好想法；不问的话就不说。有时有点缺乏自信,3.,操作,关注工作，能够操作,浪费时间,需要认真监督 稳定、愿意工作 特别能干,评价：布置工作都能完成。,4.,工作质量,工作的完整性、整洁和正确,需要改进 通常能达到要求 一直高质量,评价：他做的工作总是质量最高的。,5.,工作量,完成工作的数量,应该增加 通常能达到要求 一直高产出,评价：如果不是总检查来检查去的话，工作量可以更高。,图解式评定量表的优点是因为它实用，而且开发成本小，所以有很多组织在考核中使用这一种方法。当然，它的缺点也是很明显的：这样的量表不能指导行为，员工也并不知道自己该如何做才能得到高分。这种方法对于为绩效考核面谈而提供信息方面也不够成功。比如，如果你告诉一位下属“考核中反映你这个人不够可靠”，这显然会引起员工的不满；但是如果你能够通过其他考核方法提供的信息向他明确指出：“上周有六位顾客向我投诉你没回他们的电话”，那么员工感觉就会好一些，并且知道自己该如何改进。图解式评定量表还有一个潜在的问题是评价的准确性，因为相比于其他方法，它更容易受到偏见、晕轮效应等的影响而失去客观性。,Thank you!,Unit 2 International Trade,What is International trade?,exchange of capital,goods,and services across international borders or territories.In most countries,it represents a significant share of gross domestic product(GDP).,Text,Words&Expressions,Notes,Exercises,Supplementary Reading,Additional information,Tips,International trade between developed country and developing country,Export of developed country:high-tech products,precision instrument,high value-added products.,Export of developing country:textiles,agricultural produce,minerals,handmade product.,Text The Advantages of International Trade,导读：国际上各方面对国际贸易有着迥异的看法，发达国家及跨国企业视国际贸易为国际间资源的更有效分配和利用，造福各国人民；另一方面，发展中国家以及非政府组织则认为国际贸易存在着权力上的不平衡，使发达国家得以透过国际贸易之剪刀差对发展中国家进行剥削。国际贸易的比较优势理论（,Theory of Comparative Advantage),认为：在两国间，劳动生产率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。对于处于绝对优势的国家，应集中力量生产优势较大的商品，处于绝对劣势的国家，应集中力量生产劣势较小的商品，然后通过国际贸易