现代情报学理论与方法信息需求分析PPT课件.ppt

现代情报学理论与方法信息需求、行为和信息服务2011年11月一、信息需求分析二、信息服务的价值三、信息服务方式一、信息需求分析1、什么是信息需求？马斯洛的需求层次理论生理需求安全需求情感需求自重需求自我实现在信息社会，满足知识和决策的信息差距。（还没有找到有关信息需求的界定）信息行为研究Seeking Answers1965年，Robert Taylor提出了信息需求的四个类型：visceral need（本能的需求）（本能的需求）Conscious need（意识到的需求）（意识到的需求）Formalized need（形式化的需求）（形式化的需求）Compromised need（妥协后的需求）（妥协后的需求）Reducing UncertaintyBelkin the basic motivator of information seeking is an“anomalous state of knowledge”(ASK）.Faced with an ASK,individuals may attempt to address their uncertainty by requesting or consulting information.Making SenseBrenda Dervin and her colleagues(1982,1992)define information needs as a need to make sense of a current situation;communication is central to the process of bridging the gap to reach some kind of information or help desired.searchers may be intent upon reducing their anxiety as much as their uncertainty.The Spectrum of Motivationspeople have information needs is a fundamental assumption regarding information seekingRobert Taylors writings have been used in the training of public service workers such as reference librarians.Charles Atkins research on the effects of mass communication continues to be used in public information campaigns about important issues regarding health and political affairs.The work of Nicholas Belkin has been widely applied in the development of information systems,in which the emphasis is on the way that queries evolve as the answers they generate are evaluated.1、现实的可获得信息4、实际信息需求2、提出的信息3、信息获取经验来源：Carl-Gustav Rosen（1996）与信息需求相关的几个概念制定决策（decision making）：减少不确定性解决问题：problem solving has to do with identifying issues worthy of attention,setting goals and designing suitable courses of action.decision making is the activity of evaluating and choosing among alternative actions to take in response to a problemBrowsingBrowsing,Scanning,and Serendipity（偶然发现）Environmental scanningNavigationInformation discoveryRelevance,Pertinence（相关）,and Salience（特征）In information science,relevance is used in a different sense than the characterization.relevance is equated with aboutness and topicality.A document is relevant to an information need if it is judged to be on the topic“.Topicality serves as the basis for measures the most common ones being precision and recall of the effectiveness of a document retrieval system.A salient stimulus is not necessarily relevant to ones current information needs.Information Overload and Anxietyinformation overload is the state of an individual or system in which excessive communication inputs cannot be processed,leading to breakdown.“1.Omission failing to process some of the inputs2.Errorprocessing the information incorrectly in some way3.Queuingdelaying the processing of some information with the intention of catching up later4.Filteringprocessing only that information identified as having high priority5.Approximation lowering standards of discrimination by being less precise in categorizing inputs and responses6.Multiple Channels splitting up the incoming information in order to decentralize the response7.Escapinggiving up the burden of attending to inputs entirely2、信息行为个人影响个人行为社会行为社会影响认知模型社会认知模型社会模型组织模型四种信息需求模型2.1 认知模型（Cognitive Model）Emphasizing the role of knowledge structures and the cognitive processes of learning and interpretation in defining and meeting information needs.studies focuses on the cognition of users:their knowledge structures,cognitive processes,cognitive abilities,and cognitive styles.Belkin,Oddy,and Brooks(1982)suggest that information needs occur because individuals recognize something anomalous in their knowledge.主要内容：认知与行为密切相关：任何人的知识结构都不是完全相同There are at least three ways that peoples knowledge structures influence how they behave in any particular situation:1.knowledge is employed in perception,2.knowledge suggests alternative courses of action,and3.knowledge is used to select a course of action.Information Needs as Knowledge Gaps2.2 社会模型Emphasizing the social embeddedness of the process of defining and meeting those needs and the social factors that influence how people approach information needs.Social Influences and Individual BehaviorPerception and Social InfluenceWilson Model3.Individual Expressions of Information Need4.信息需求和信息行为相关的理论Zipfs Principle of Least EffortUses and Gratificationsthe social and psychological origins of needs,the way in which needs generate expectations regarding sources of information and entertainment;the resulting manner in which people expose themselves to media;andthe resulting gratifications of needs,along with other consequences,many of which may be unintended.Sense-MakingThe core of the sense-making research could be said to derive from the philosophy and learning theory of John Dewey(1960).Deweys philosophy of instrumentalism emphasized pragmatic problem-solving through actions carried out in the real world.5.信息行为研究方法信息行为研究案例按照研究方法的分类案例研究、访谈、实验、调查、小组研究、普查；历史分析、内容分析按照对象的研究：学生、CEO、学者按照职业的研究：律师、医生、科学家、社会科学家、记者按照人口类型的研究按照地区的研究6.几点重要的结论Formal sources and rationalized searches reflect only one side of human information behavior.It is wrong to interpret least effort information seeking as irrational.“More information is not always better.Ignoring or avoiding information is at times a rational strategy for living and working.Context is central to the transfer of information.需要关注信息的关联。Sometimes informationparticularly generalized packages of informationdoesnt help.Sometimes it is not possible to make information avaiInformation seeking is a dynamic process.lable or accessible.有时候需求一闪而过；另外，需求满足产生新的需求。Information seeking is not always about a problem or problematic situation.Information behavior is not always about sense-making either二、信息服务的价值三、信息服务方式谢谢