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代词
一、概说
代词是起代替作用的词,通常用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子。
代词与名词在形态上有所不同:
第一,许多代词有比名词多的表示人称、数、格与性的屈折变化;
第二,代词没有名词特有的派生词尾,如-tion, -ment等。
代词之间相异之处也很多,有的可以随便选用,有的则不能;有的可用作替换词,有的则不能;有的有屈折变化,有的则没有;有的可用作形容词,有的则不可。
但是,代词之间也有两点相同之处:
第一,代词本身的词义都很弱,必须从上下文来确定;
第二,许多代词都有两种功用:一是可以单独取代名词的位置,二是起修饰语的作用。
代词的种类:
代词可以分为九大类。
1. 人称代词
2. 物主代词
3. 反身代词
4. 相互代词
5. 指示代词
6. 不定代词
7. 疑问代词
8. 关系代词(主要用于定语从句的引导)
9. 连接代词(主要用于宾语从句、表语从句和主语从句的引导)
中考主要考查前八类,尤以黄底部分为重点。
基本用法(考查主宾格之分)
特殊用法
基本用法:指天气、时间、距离、非确指
人称代词 it 不清楚性别
作形式主语、形式宾语
种类 名词性物主代词
物主代词 形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的区别
种类、基本含义
反身代词 功能
含有反身代词的固定习语
相互代词 基本含义、功能、与反身代词的区别
种类、基本含义
指示代词 一般功用
特殊功用 替代功能
用作副词
some, any 基本用法(考查肯否定句的使用差别)
特殊用法(考查some用于一般疑问句)
no
both, neither, either 基本用法(考查肯否定的区别)
both / neither / either of..
邻近一致原则
neither (以及nor, so)用于倒装句(考查引导词、谓语动词和语序)
all, none 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
all / none of…
other, another another 泛指
other one…the other…
other + 名词 / others
the other + 名词
不 others
定 one 一般用法
替代功能
修饰词
代 (a) little, (a) few(修饰可数与不可数的区别)
词 many, much, a lot of / lots of (many, much 的区别)
each, every
复合不定代词 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
功能
谓语
修饰语后置
疑问代词 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
who 与what 的区别
what 与which的区别
种类、含义(考查疑问代词的选用)
疑问代词 who与what 的区别
what 与which 的区别
关系代词 (详见定语从句)
种类、使用环境
缩合连接代词 具体使用情况
引导让步状语从句
二、人称代词
种类
基本用法 主格:主语
宾格:宾语、表语
特殊用法 I
单独使用
as, than
三种人称的排列顺序
he, she 的特殊指代
特别企划it 非人单三
指天气
指时间
指距离
不清楚性别
非确指
形式主语
形式宾语
人称代词表示人,有人称、性别、数与格之分。
数格
人称
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
阳性he
him
they
them
阴性she
her
中性it
it
1. 人称代词的基本用法
人称代词在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语等。
1)作主语(一般用主格)。
e.g. I am a teacher. And you are my student.
2)作宾语(一般用宾格)。
e.g. I saw you in the street that day.
You can teach me some other subject.
3)作表语(一般用宾格)。
e.g. The person who will teach you English is me.
[真题]
1. Mr. Wang is very friendly, and ______ like him very much.(09.北京)
A. we B. us C. our D. ours
2. --- Look, that’s Mike, your classmate.
--- Yes. Let’s go and say hello to ______.(09,吉林通化)
A. him B. he C. her D. hers
3. I’m going skating. Would you like to go with ___?(08,北京)
A. me B. I C. my D. mine
4. We like Mr. Green because he often tells ______ funny stories in class. (08,重庆)
A. we B. us C. our D. ours
5. —A latest China daily, please!
—Only one copy left. Would you like to have , sir? (06,山东滨州)
A.it B.one C.this D.that
2. 人称代词的特殊用法
1)I 无论何时都要大写。
2)人称代词作表语时,若其后有who或that引导的从句,则常用主格。
e.g. It’s I who did it.
3)人称代词单独使用时,一般用宾格。
e.g.—I’d like to drink some juice.
—Me, too.
4)人称代词用于as 或than的后面,既可以用主格,也可以用宾格。
e.g. He is older than I / me.
Edward is as good a student as he / him.
注意:此时使用主格还是宾格,应视比较情况有选择的使用。如:
I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。(为避免歧义,此时可以将than引导的比较状语从句的谓语补上:I like you better than he does.)
I like you better than him. 我喜欢你,超过喜欢他。(此时只有一种解释)
5)人称的使用顺序习惯
如果有几个不同的人称同时作主语,习惯顺序是:
单数:you, he, and I
复数:we, you, and they
e.g. You, he and I should set good examples to others.
We, you and they are all winners.
但是,若是做错事,需承担责任,有时将说话者I 放在第一位。如:
e.g.—Who broke the window?
—I and Li Ming.
6)he, she 的特殊指代
she 可以用来代替国家、船只、大地、月亮等。
e.g. China is my homeland. I will love her forever.
人们常用she或he 来代替已知性别的动物,雄性动物用he, 雌性动物用she。
e.g. I have a pet dog. She is very lovely.
3. 多功能的it
1)一般情况下,it表示除人以外的单数的动物或东西。
e.g. —Where is your car?
—It is over there.
[真题]
1. —What are you looking for, Sally?
—I’m looking for my pen. I can’t find ______ anywhere. (09,龙岩)
A. one B. it C. this
2.—Have you heard the good news?
—No, what _______?(08,苏州)
A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those
3.---What a hot day! Have you had a drink?
---Yes. But I’d like to have _____ after work. (07,江西)
A. it B. one C. other D. another
4. I can’t find the pen I was given. Have you seen _____?(06,徐州)
A. it B. one C. this D. that
2)表示天气、气候。
e.g.—What’s the weather like today?
—It’s rainy and cold.
3)表示时间。
e.g.—What time is it?
—It’s a quarter past ten.
4)表示距离。
e.g.—How far is it from your home to school?
—It’s about one kilometer.
5)当说话者不清楚或没有必要知道所谈论的对象的性别时,常用it来表示。
e.g. It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
—Someone is knocking at the door. —It must be Julie. I called her to come to dinner.
[真题]
1.—Oh, there's someone in the room.
—________must be my brother. (08,青海)
A. He B.This C.It
2. —Who is singing in the classroom ?
— must be Susan . (07,天津)
A. She B. It C. This D. He
3.—John,someone in your class phoned you this morning.
—Oh,who was ______?(06,江西)
A.he B.she C.it D.that
6)有时为非确指。
e.g. How is it going with you? 近况如何阿?
Take it easy! 别着急,慢慢来!
7)作形式主语,代替真正的主语:不定式短语、动名词短语、某些名词性从句。
e.g. It’s difficult to learn any subject unless you like it.
It’s no use going there so early.
It doesn’t matter whatever you do.
[真题]
1. ---They are discussing what to do for the disabled.
--- ___________is necessary to provide them with more positions. (08,湖北宜昌)
A. That B. This C. It D. There
2. _________ is impolite to cut in line when you are waiting for a bus. (08,孝感)
A. This B. That C. It D. Which
3. _____ is true that he will come to see us this evening. (07,陕西工大附中)
A. He B. This C. That D. It
8)作形式宾语,代替真正的宾语:不定式短语、动名词短语、某些名词性从句。
e.g. I find it interesting to learn a foreign language.
He thought it no use studying for the test.
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
[真题]
1. Most young people find _______ exciting to watch a football match. (08,资阳)
A. it B. this C. that D. one
2. Class 2 will go for a picnic. They made 6 o’clock to meet at the foot of Mt. Tai. (07,淄博)
A. it B. that C. them D. /
3. Most young people find ______ exciting to watch a football match.(07,兰州)
A. it B. this C.that D. one
4. Did you find very interesting to play Yo Yo? (06,甘肃兰州)
A.this B.it’s C.that D.it
9)用于固定句型:It is / has been + 时间段 + since…(一般过去时)“自从……已经多久了。”
e.g. It has been ten years since we saw each other last time.
三、物主代词
物主代词的种类
物主代词的区别 形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,它分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
词义
类型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他(它)们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
their
物主代词即是人称代词属格,表示“归谁所有”。
1. 形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前,它们的人称、数和性取决于它们所指代的名词。
e.g. Kathy cut her finger yesterday.
Joe is doing his homework in his bedroom.
2. 名词性物主代词
名词性物主代词相当于名词,代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”,以达到避免话语重复的目的,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语等。
e.g. My book is in the computer. Yours is on the desk. (作主语)
My bag is the same as yours. (作宾语)
The ball on the floor is mine. (作表语)
[真题]
1. Is there any difference between your idea and __________ ? (09.河北)
A. he B. his C. she D. her
2. —Who is the best friend of ______ at school?
—I think Helen is. We often help each other. (09,新疆阜康)
A. mine B. his C. yours D. hers
3. ______ school is much bigger than ______.(07,青岛)
A. Our ; their B. Ours; theirs C. Theirs; our D. Their; ours
4.Some of the stickers belong to me,while the rest are (07,苏州)
A.him and her B his and her C.his and hers D.him and hers
5.--Is this your dictionary,Jack?
--Yes,it's_________.Thank you for helping me find it. (06,辽宁锦州)
A.mine B.hers C.his D.yours
四、反身代词
反身代词的种类
基本含义
功能
含有反身代词的固定习语
反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。
数
人称
单数
复数
第一人称
myself
ourselves
第二人称
yourself
yourselves
第三人称
himself
herself
itself
themselves
一、反身代词的基本含义
通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性和数上应保持一致。
e.g. I cooked it myself.
Mary saw herself in the mirror.
二、反身代词的功用:
1. 用作宾语、表语和同位语等。
e.g. She likes learning foreign languages very much. She often teaches herself. (作宾语)
Bob is not quite himself today. (作表语)
You should do it yourself. (作同位语)
注意:反身代词担当同位语时用以加强语气,在句中的位置比较灵活。
e.g. I cooked it myself. = I myself cooked it. 我自己做的饭。
I want to speak to the chairman himself. 我要对主席本人讲。
2. 用于固定习语。
*for oneself 独自,独立
*of oneself 自动地
*by oneself 亲自(没有别人帮助)
enjoy oneself 过得愉快,玩得高兴
teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随便吃,随便用
dress oneself 自己穿衣服
think to oneself 暗自思忖
say to oneself 自言自语
seat oneself 坐下
(*部分重点掌握)
[真题]
1. —Betty, help __________ to some soup.
—Thanks a lot. (09.福建漳州)
A. you B. your C. yourself D. yours
2. She is so young that you can’t leave her by ___________.(08,诼鹿)
A. oneself B. herself C. myself D. yourself
3. When taking the final exam he kept saying to _______, “Be careful.” (08,绵阳)
A. his B. him C. himself D. herself
4. Reading can increase your words. When you read, you will find words repeat(重复)________ and build up your vocabulary quickly. (08,哈尔滨)
A. ourselves B. itself C. themselves
5. As we all have grown up, we should learn to look after ______.(07,怀化)
A. ourselves B. us C. myself
五、相互代词
相互代词的种类
使用范围
相互代词与反身代词的差异
相互代词的所有格作定语
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词。形式如下:
宾格
属格
each other
each other’s
one another
one another’s
1. 相互代词表示相互关系,它所指的名词或代词必须是复数形式或两者以上。
e.g. Mr. and Mrs. Smith bought expensive presents for each other.
注意:在传统语法中,each other指两者,one another指三者或三者以上,但是在当代英语中,两个短语在用法上已无区别。
2. 相互代词与反身代词相似,都与主语形成互指关系,但意义存在重大差别。如:
e.g. Bill and Helen blamed themselves. 比尔和海伦责怪他们自己。
Bill and Helen blamed each other. 比尔和海伦彼此责怪对方。
3. 相互代词的属格用作定语。
e.g. Last week, we visited each other’s hometown. 上星期我们互访了对方的家乡。
六、指示代词
指示代词的定义
指示代词的一般功能
特殊功能 替代功能
作副词
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。
单数
复数
含义
this这个
these这些
指时间上或空间上离说话人较近的人或物
that那个
those那些
指时间上或空间上离说话人较远的人或物
e.g. This is my doll. That is Mary’s.
一、指示代词的一般功用
指示代词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
e.g. How much are these? (作主语)
How do you like these? (作宾语)
My point is this. (作表语)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine. (作定语)
二、指示代词的特殊功用
1.this 和that有时可用作副词,表示程度,意为“这么”、“那么”。
e.g. The book is about this thick.
I don’t want that much.
2.that 和those的替代功能
为了避免重复,可用that代替前面提到过的单数可数名词和不可数名词,those代替前面提到过的复数可数名词。
e.g. The weather of Kunming is warmer than that (= the weather) of Beijing.
The watches made in Shanghai are as good as those (= the watches) made in Tianjin.
[真题]
1. —Look! What’s __________ in the sky?
—It looks like a kite.(09.山西)
A. this B. that C. those
2. Things made by hand are usually more expensive than ______ produced in factories. (09,宁夏)
A. these B. this C. that D. those
七、不定代词
定义和分类
some, any 基本用法(考查肯否定句的使用差别)
特殊用法(考查some用于一般疑问句)
no
both, neither, either 基本用法(考查肯否定的区别)
both / neither / either of..
邻近一致原则
neither (以及nor, so)用于倒装句(考查引导词、谓语动词和语序)
all, none 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
all / none of…
other, another another 泛指
other one…the other…
other + 名词 / others
the other + 名词
others
one 一般用法
替代功能
修饰词
(a) little, (a) few(修饰可数与不可数的区别)
many, much, a lot of / lots of (many, much 的区别)
each, every
复合不定代词 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
功能
谓语
修饰语后置
疑问代词 基本用法(考查含义的区别)
who 与what 的区别
what 与which的区别
不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词表示各种程度和各种类型的不定意义。它们在逻辑意义上是数量,具有整体或局部的意义。
不定代词可以分为:
1. 普通不定代词:
some, any, no
somebody, anybody, nobody; someone, anyone, no one (不连写); something, anything, nothing
one, none
2. 个体代词:
all, both, either, neither, other, another, every, each
everybody, everyone, everything
3. 数量代词
(a) few, (a) little, many, much, a lot of, lots of
复合不定代词有someone, anyone, no one; somebody, anybody, nobody; something, anything; nothing; everyone, everybody, everything。
复合不定代词由于形式上是单数,故谓语一般用单数。
1. some, any
1)基本用法
some和any 修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词均可,意为“一些”。
some 一般用于肯定句;
any 一般用于否定句、疑问句和从句中。
e.g. I have some science books.
There is some water in the glass.
—Are there any question?
—No, madam.
There aren’t any vegetables in the fridge.
You can ask me if you have any problems.
[真题]
1. I asked her for _________ milk, but she didn’t have ________ . (08,茂名)
A. any; some B. some; any C. some; some
2.There isn’t ________ water in the glass. Let’s go and get some. (08,北京朝阳)
A. many B. lots C. any D. some
3. Let’s get some __________ about tourism on the Internet. (09.山西)
A. information B. message C. invention
4. ______ police officers in the UK carry guns, but most of them don't. (08,徐州)
A. No B. Some C. Many D. All
5. After moving to their new house, the Lees bought some _____ in the mall nearby. (08,上海)
A furniture B chair C table D shelf
some, any 相当于名词时,可用于some / any of…,此结构作主语时谓语动词的单复数视of后面的名词而定,如果是复数可数名词,谓语也用复数;如果是不可数名词,谓语用单数。
e.g. Some of his opinions were hard to accept.
Some of the food was packed in bags.
I don’t think any of my friends have seen them.
[真题]
1. Some of my classmates ________ from other cities. (08,茂名)
A. comes B. is C. are
2)特殊用法
在疑问句中,若说话者强调希望得到对方的肯定回答,也可用some。
e.g.—It’s too hot today. Would you like some water?
—Yes, please.
some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个……”。
e.g. This morning some boy asked for you.
在否定句中,some表示半否定,any 表示全否定。
e.g. I don’t know some of you. 我只认识你们中的一些人。
I don’t know any of you. 你们这些人,我一个都不认识。
any偶尔也用于肯定句中,意为“任何”,接单数可数名词或不可数名词。
e.g. You are welcome to be here. Come any day you like.
any 可用于表示程度,修饰形容词、副词的比较级,意为“稍微……”。
e.g. He is too tired to walk any further.
2. no
1)不定代词no 只具有形容词词性,在句中作定语,意为“没有”,相当于not any, not a / an。
e.g. There are no (=not any) letters for you today.
He is no (=not a) friend of mine.
2)用于警告标识。
e.g. No Smoking!
No Parking!
No Photos!
3)no 与not 的比较:not可用于否定动词,但no不可以。
3. both, neither, either
1)基本用法
both, neither, either用于两者。
both 为肯定意义,表示“两者都……”;
neither为否定意义,表示“两者都不……”;
either
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