人教版八下英语语法.doc

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Unit 1 What’s the matter?
一、 询问某人的健康问运及遭到麻烦的表达方法
(1)询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦时，常用以下几种结构来表达：
What’s the matter (with sb．)?（某人）怎么了？
What’s wrong (with sb．)?（某人）怎么了？
What’s the trouble (with sb．)?（某人）出什么事了？
What happened (to sb．)?（某人）发生了什么事？
Are you OK?你没事吧？
Is there anything wrong with sb.？某人有什么事吗？
(2)要表达身体疼痛或不舒服，可用以下结构：
①某人+have/has+病症．
The twins have colds．双胞胎感冒了。
‚某人+have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache.
She had a stomachache last night．她昨晚肚子痛。
③某人+have/has+a+sore+发病部位． He has a sore throat．他喉咙痛。
④某人+hurt(s)+身体部位或反身代词． He hurt his leg.他的腿受伤了。
⑤某部位+hurt(s).
My head hurts badly．我头痛得厉害。
⑥某人+have/has+a pain+in one’s+身体部位， I have a pain in my chest．我胸口痛。
⑦(There is)something wrong with one’s+身体部位．
There is something wrong with my right eye．．我的右眼有毛病。
⑧其他表达方式
She has a heart trouble．她有心脏病。
He got hit on the head他头部受到了撞击。
She cut her finger．她割破手指了。
二 情态动词should的用法
1．Should为情态动词，意为“应该；应当”，否定式为shouldn’t，其后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求或义务等。 You should drink hot water with honey．你应该喝加有蜂蜜的开水。 He should put his head back他应该把头后仰。
We should try our best to help him.我们应当尽力去帮助他。 You shouldn‘t watch TV.你不应该看电视。
2．Should用于主语为第一人称的疑问句，表示征询意见。 Should I put some medicine on it?我应当给它敷上药吗？ Should we tell her about it?我们应该告诉她这件事吗？
【拓展】在英语中，表示建议的说法有很多，而且都是中考考查的重点。主要结构有：
①Would you like (to do) sth．？你想要／愿意（做）某事吗？
Would you like to play basketball with me?你想要和我一起打篮球吗？
②Shall I/we do sth ?我／我们做„„好吗？
Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?明天我们去动物园，好吗？
③Why not do sth ?为什么不„„呢？
Why not join us?为什么不加入到我们当中来呢？
④How/What about doing sth ?做某事怎么样？ How about going swimming?去游泳怎么样？
⑤Let’s do sth让我们做„„吧。 Let’s go home．咱们回家吧。
⑥You’d better (not) do sth你最好（不）要做某事。
You’d better not go there alone．你最好不要一个人去那儿。
Unit 2 I'll help clean up the city parks
动词不定式
A. 作主语——为避免句子的头重脚轻，常用it作为形式主语，而真正的主语动词不定式后置。 常用句型： 1
It +be+adj./n.+(for/of sb.) to do sth./It takes sb. some time to do sth.
B. 作宾语——动词want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare„常接动词不定式作宾语。
C. 作（后置）定语——常用于“have/has＋sth.＋to do”或“enough＋名＋to do”“It’s time to do sth.”等结构中。
D. 作宾语补足语——tell, ask, want, invite, teach, like, call等可接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，构成tell/ask/want /call/invite sb. to do sth.结构。
【注意】动词不定式作使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语时应省去to：“一感(feel)，二听(listen to, hear)，三让(let, make, have,，四看(look at, see, watch, notice)，半帮助(help)”。
E. 动词不定式作状语
主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order (to) 或so as (to) “为了，目的是”。常用结构有too + adj./adv. + to do sth.等。
F. 固定句式中动词不定式的用法 常见的形式有：
had better (not) do sth./Would you like to do sth.?/Why not do sth.?/Would you please (not) do sth.?等。
Unit 3 Could you please clean your room
Could you please...?句型
（1）请求别人时通常用此句型，也可以说：Can you...please?情态动词could或can在这里均表示请求，在意思上无区别，但是用could在于其上显得更委婉、客气、诚恳。在日常生活中常使用could you/I...?若在句末加上please，则显得更礼貌。
Could you help me find my book,please?你能帮我找到我的书吗？
（2）对could you/I...?的问句作出肯定回答，常用“sure/certainly/of course”等；如果作否定回答，常用“sorry或oh,please don’t”。 一般不用no开头，用no显得语气生硬、不礼貌。
（3）表示请求的句式：
Would you like to do...? Would you mind doing...? Let’s do.... Shall I/we do...?
Please do...(祈使句前加please)
提示：could you please...与could I Please...两种问句，前者是请求别人帮忙的句式，后者是有礼貌地向别人请求允许的交际用语。试比较：
Could you please help me?请你帮我一下好吗？
Could I please invite my friends to my birthday party,Mom? 妈妈， 我能邀请我的朋友参加我的生日聚会吗？
Unit 4 Why don't you talk to your parents?
1.提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的其他表达方式：How /what about doing sth.?（about是个介词，可跟名词或动名词）“„怎么样？”
You’d better (not) do something.“你最好（不）做某事”
Would you like sth „?:“你想要某物Let‟s do sth„?
What should I do „? ( should表示请求、征询对方意见)
2.学会谈论问题和学会用why don't you„提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的表达方式： Why don‟t you do something? =Why not do something? 你为什么不做某事呢？ 来表示请求、征询对方意见
３．until, so that ,although引导的状语从句：
1)until：在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到„„时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到„„才„„”, “在„„以前不„„”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。Don‟t get off until the bus stops.
2）so that引导目的状语从句（为了，以便）例如：He studies hard so that he could work better in the future
3）although的用法意思相当于though（尽管，虽然），引导让步状语从句。引导的从句不能与并列连词but，and， so等连用，但可以和yet， still等词连用。 例如：Although he was tired, he went on working.尽管他很累，但是他继续工作。
Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came？
过去进行时
1. 基本概念：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的
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动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示以外, 一般用时间状语来表示。
2. 结构 was / were ( not ) + 动词-ing
3. 句式
肯定式：
I/He/She/It was working. We/You/They/ were working.
否定式:
I/He/She/It was not working.
We/You/They/ were not working.
疑问式和简略回答:
Was I working? Yes, you were. No, you were not. Were you working? Yes, I was. No, I was not. Was he/she/it working? Yes, he/she/it was. No, he/she/it was not. Were we/you/they working? Yes, you/we/they were. No, you/we/they were not. 注：
1) was not常缩略为wasn’t; were not常缩略为weren’t。
2) 一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较: 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作或存在的状态, 而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。 例如:
David wrote a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。(信写完了。)
David was writing a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。(信不一定写完。)
4.过去进行时中的when和while
when, while 区别：
1) 由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时； 由while引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般过去时，从句应用过去进行时。
When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in.
2)如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导。如：
They were singing while we were dancing.
Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains
1. unless引导条件状语从句
unless = if „ not ―除非，若不
They will go tomorrow unless it rains.
= They will go tomorrow if it doesn’t rains.
2. as soon as引导时间状语从句。 ―„„就
He will come and see you as soon as he can.
3. so.......that引导结果状语从句
句型1：主语+谓语+so+形容词/副词+that从句
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
句型2： so +形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that从句
It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.
句型3. so + many/ few + 复数名词 + that从句
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
句型4： so +much/ little + 不可数名词 + that 从句
I had so little money that I couldn’t buy a pen.
Unit 7 What’s the highest mountain in the world?
形容词副词的原级、比较级和最高级
（一）原级句型：
1. A is as+原级+ as+ B 表示A 与B一样„eg: He is as tall as me.
2.A is not as/so +原级+ as B表示A不如B„eg:He is not as tall as me.
3.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too，so, enough, pretty等
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例如，He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。
（二）比较级句型
可以修饰比较级的词，much，a lot，far，„的多a little，a bit，„一点儿 even甚至，still仍然
Eg. Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。
Tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。
1.当句中有than 时则用比较级。 eg: He is fatter than me.
2．当句子中的比较对象为两者时用比较级：“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，A or B？”
eg: Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？
3. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越„„”。
eg.The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。
加more构成比较级的形容词则用more and more +形容词表示越来越„
eg: English is more and more important.
4. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越„„，越„„”。
Eg. The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
5.“A+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+„„”表示“A是两者中较„„的”。
Eg.Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
6.A+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)” 表示“A比同一范围的任何一个人/物都„„”，含义是“A最„„”。
Eg. The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.
（三）最高级常用句型结构
1．“主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“„„是„„中最„„的”。
eg：Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.
This apple is the biggest of the five.
2．“主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“„„是„„中最„„之一”。
Eg：Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
3．“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+A，B，or C？”用于三者以上
eg Which is the biggest? The moon,the sun or ths earth?
4.“the +序数词+最高级+单数名词+范围”。表示„是第几大（„）
eg: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .
【注意】形容词最高级之前要加the，但当最高级之前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时则不用加the
eg: He is the best student in my class. He is my best friend.
（四）形容词副词的规则与不规则变化

规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est，例如，tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st，例如，nice-nicer-nicest
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est，例如，
heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est，
eg. big-bigger-biggest
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级，例如，
slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautiful- more beautiful-most beautiful
不规则变化

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Unit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet?
Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum? 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense)
（1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
—It’s so dark. 太黑了。
—Someone has turned off the light. 有人把灯关上了。
（2）表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
常与since+过去的时间点，for+一段时间，since+时间段+ego, so far等时间状语连用。
Eg. I have lived here for ten years.我已经住在这里10年了。（从10年前开始，持续到现在还住这儿）
Eg. I have lived here since 2003. 自从2003年我就住在这儿。（从2003年开始，持续到现在还住这儿）
（3） 基本结构及句型转换：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) (当主语是第三人称单数has,其余人称用have。) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 I have finished my homework. (肯定句)
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 I have not finished my homework. （否定句）
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
—Have you finished your homework?
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t, （一般疑问句及肯定、否定回答）
（4）has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Eg. ---Where is your father？
---He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）
Eg. My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
Eg. My father has been in Shanghai for two months. =My father has been in Shanghai since two months ago.
（5）现在完成时的标志：
①常与just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等连用，强调动作的完成，不强调动作的持续。
Have you ever been to Japan? I have just finished my homework.
②for + 时间段；since + 过去的时间点；since + 段时间 ago；since + 一般过去时的句子。
They have known each other for five years. Since he was a child, he has lived in England.
（6）动词过去式和过去分词的变化
规则变化： 1. 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：
pick → picked → picked; wish → wished → wished; stay → stayed → stayed
2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如：like → liked → liked; hope → hoped → hoped; phone → phoned → phoned
3. 以―辅音字母 + y‖结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed。如：
study → studied → studied; hurry → hurried → hurried; reply → replied → replied
4. 词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：
stop → stopped → stopped; clap → clapped → clapped
不规则变化：
5. 以不变应万变。如：let → let → let; put → put → put; read → read → read
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6. 若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加t。如：
feel → felt → felt; keep → kept → kept; sleep → slept → slept
7. 结尾的字母d变t。如：lend → lent → lent; build → built → built; send → sent → sent
8. 变为以-ought或-aught结尾。如：buy → bought → bought;
bring → brought → brought; catch → caught → caught; teach → taught → taught
Unit 10 I've had this bike for three years.
短暂性动词（buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接与for, since 连用， 需要改变动词。
9)leave-- be away(from) 1）begin(start)--be on
2) open--be open 10)catch a cold--have a cold
3)become--be 11)join the army--in the army/be a soldier
4)die--be dead 12)borrow---keep
5) fall asleep-- be asleep 13)join the party-- be in the party/ be a party member
6)close -- be closed 14) buy---have
7)end/ finish---be over 15)come/go/ arrive/reach/get /move to ---be in /at
8) put on--wear
总结：1.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果；
2.还可以表示过去发生的动作,一直持续到现在，也有可能持续下去.
3..一般情况下，for+时间段； since+过去的时间点；since + 段时间 ago；since + 一般过去时的句子
4.句型：现在完成时态（have/has+延续性动词的过去分词）+ for/ since...

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