小学英语语法大全(2).doc

第4讲 冠词冠词一般用在名词的前面，对名词起限定作用，不能离开名词单独存在。1、不定冠词a，an用在单数可数名词前面，泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。 a用于辅音音素开头的名词之前。e.g. a bed，a computer，a “U” an用于元音音素开头的名词之前。 e.g. an egg，an umbrella，an hour 2、定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前。 表示特指的人或物前。e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. 指说话人双方都知道的人或物前。e.g. Lily, close the door, please. 在上文提到过，第二次又提到的人或物前。e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James. 表示世界上独一无二的事物前。e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon. 用在序数词前面。e.g. It is the first day of the new term. 用在乐器名称前。e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends. 用在形容词最高级前。e.g. Spring is the best season in a year. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。e.g. I went to the Great Wall last week. 用在国家名称的缩写前。e.g. He is from the UK.3、零冠词：名词前不用冠词的情况。 在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类或棋类运动前，通常不用冠词。e.g. have breakfast ，play basketball，play chess第5讲 代词1、人称代词：表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。我你他她它我们你们他们主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem主格一般用在句子开头做主语，通常用在动词前。e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom.宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象，一般用在动词和介词后面。e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.2、物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词 性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如：my watch, his cousin, our school名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词，故其后不能再加名词，可单独使用。e.g. Is that your bike？ No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代词：没有明确指定代替某个（些）人或物的词叫不定代词。(1)some和any都表示“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 some多用在肯定句中，any多用在否定句和疑问句中。e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. （肯定句）There isnt any milk in the fridge. （否定句）Do you have any hobbies? （疑问句） 在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。e.g. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please. （邀请） Mum, can I have some peaches? Sure.（希望对方给予肯定回答）（2）both和all both表示“两个都”，只指代或修饰可数名词。e.g. We are both policemen.（强调两人） all表示“三个或三个以上都”，既可指代或修饰可数名词，也可指代或修饰不可数名词。e.g. They are all in the room.（至少三人）（3）many和much都表示“许多”，many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.（4）each和every each强调个人，指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物的“全体”，与all的意思相近。e.g. Ill buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。（5）other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”，指尚未提到的部分，其后一般接复数名词。e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.（6）something和everything something 某事；某物 e.g. I want something to drink. everything 一切事物；每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.（7）nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.4、疑问代词：用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词，一般放在疑问句的句首。what问什么Whats your name? My name is Tom. What colour问颜色What colour is your coat? Its red. what day问星期What day is it today? Its Monday.what date问日期What date is it today? Its the first of June.what shape问形状What shape is the moon? Its round.whatjob问工作Whats your fathers job? Hes a bus driver.what time问时间What time is it? Its ten oclock.when问时候When is your birthday? Its on the first of May.which问哪个Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one.where问地点Where is my pen? Its on the floor.who问谁Who is the boy with big eyes? Hes Liu Tao.whose问谁的Whose bag is this? Its Helens.why问原因Why are you absent today? Im ill.how问方式How do you go to school? By bus.how many问数量How many books are there? There are five.how much问价钱How much is it? Twenty yuan.how old问年龄How old are you? Im twelve.how far问距离How far is it from here? Its about one kilometer.how about问情况Im thirsty. How about you? Me, too.5、指示代词 this（这个）、these（这些）表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 that（那个）、those（那些）表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。第6讲 形容词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。它的位置通常放在被修饰的名词前，也可以放在be动词和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。在英语中，形容词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。1、表示两者“等同”时用原级，结构为：as原级as，表示“xx和xx一样”e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister? 其否定形式结构为：notas原级as，表示“xx和xxx不一样”e.g. Im not as tall as you. 2、表示两者“比较”时用比较级，结构为：比较级than，表示“xx比xxx更” e.g. Hes one year younger than me. 形容词比较级的构成规则： 一般在词尾加er e.g. taller，longer，stronger，younger 以字母e结尾，只加r e.g. latelater，nicenicer 以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i，再加er e.g. heavyheavier 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er e.g. fatfatter，thinthinner，bigbigger 双音节和多音节词的比较级，在原级前加moree.g. more beautiful，more careful 不规则变化 e.g. good-better，many / much-more，far-farther，bad / ill-worse3、三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较，用形容词最高级。结构为：the + 形容词最高级 in/of等表示范围的短语，表示“最”。e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.She is the tallest girl of our three.