雅思作文讲义.doc

雅 思 图 表 作 文第一讲，表格 和 饼图一、 图形种类及概述法： 泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table 饼图：pie chart 直方图或柱形图：bar chart / histogram 趋势曲线图：line chart / curve diagram 表格图：table 流程图或过程图：flow chart / sequence diagram 程序图：processing/procedures diagram 二、 小作文原则： A.不可能写的很好，关键是要很稳地写清楚。 B.概括一些内在关联性或原因推测作为总结 Useful tips :1弄清图表作文的改卷特色:阅卷考官经常是不会看那些图表的，因此文章必须逻辑清晰，如果描述得能令人在脑海里勾画出那个data chart，这篇task1无疑会达到8分的水平。开篇的第一句话可以是一句高度概括性的introduction（当然开门见山直接描述也是一种写法）；这样做不仅使文章更趋于完美，而且可以达到凑字数的目的（但不要照抄题目，除非时间相当紧迫）。接下来另起一段开始进行描述（根据实际情况1-2段），这当中经常要连续使用非限定性定于从句，从而使得描述过程流畅、清晰。最后也可再另起一段进行简短的综述（并非必须）。上述的任何一个步骤都要遵循依据现有data进行客观描述的原则，任何推测性或议论性的内容写得再多、再精彩不仅不会加分，而且还会成为扣分的因素。 2在开始写作图表作文之前1。试卷发下后，请花半分钟的时间来浏览作文的题目，这里包括议论文在内。2。此后，请看第一部分的题目，明确以下几点1）属于什么题型的图表，是一个曲线图，一个饼图，一表格，一个流程图还是一个物体以及其他类型的图表2） 是一幅图还是两幅或者是以上的图3）时间、字数以及其他的要求3。用5分钟的时间分析并形成以下的内容1）注意不同类型图表的技巧（包括时态、语态、关键描述词语与句型）2）划出并分析题目中的关键内容，分析图表中的关键特征点（依据各种图表的特点来决定）3）考虑结构（开头引言，描述特征，可能总结）注意以下开头不能与文章已经给出的东西一样，用自己语言表达；描述关键以及有代表性的点或者是趋势；在语法与句法正确的基础上，力求用不同的句型组合（如简单句，复合句，定语/表语/宾语/非谓语从句），用近意词语；正确表达文章所给信息；在可能的情况下做简单的总结；不要发表有个人或者是评论性的句子；标点符号，单词的拼写应该正确；3 开头,主体,结尾注意什么:a开头句型(用简单的句子给出尽可能多的信息WHEN，WHAT，WHERE，有特色。)一般有两种，一种是主动一种是被动。1)The,chart/graph/table/diagram/process (show,reveal,illustrate,demonstrate,depict,describe,indicate) 2)According to/As can be seen from/As shown in/It is clear/apparent from/It can be seen from2中间关键句型要注意认真审查题目，弄清楚要描述的数据究竟代表什么，单位是什么，用什么方式表达。要明确以一定的顺序来写。从左到右或者是从上到下.注意用以下句型（被动态，定语从句，非谓语动词）要用关联词.时态一般开头结尾用一般现在时,主体用一般过去. 不能出现太主观的话如We can see that3结尾句型（如果没有可以充分说的，可以不用结尾。结尾不要节外生枝。最好不要出现很明显有结尾特征的词语“in conclusion”）. 图表作文重点在描述，不要随意解释，根据文字可以复原图表PIE CHART （饼图）注意点：1）文字中要表达出总量与分量的关系，在两个以上的PIE中，要注意各个PIE间的比较 在开头中表明饼的组成 a Three items are in comparison , namely A B and C b The graphic data are classified into three groups ,A ,B andC 2）数据究竟代表什么应清楚语言点：1）percentage / proportion/ratio 2) (v.) make up / constitute / account for/represent 3) 用整句句型整合零散信息the biggest difference was in ,where Africa made up 5.5% while Europe constituted 61%- the highest percentage of world population, which was approximately 12%the percentage of A in .is more than twice that of B, the ratio is 67% to 45%($% compared to $%) in,while a greater percentage of A than B are found in. (the former is $% and the latter is $%)there are more A in,reaching $%,compared with $% of BA , which used to be the.,has become less important, which declined(increased) sharply from $% in 1978 to only $% in 1998.The biggest loss was to某区域.The biggest gains in A were made by 某区域7 Asia-Pacific (with the percentage of 20.9% of the world oil consumption )was the largest oil consumer country in the 7 quoted in the graph, yet had a oil production almost as high as that of Europe ,a country which constituted the smallest ratio in term of oil production.4 )顺序: 先最大,最小 再中间 A took up the greatest part in percentage, representing %,whilst the least ratio was found in B ,which constituted only %. Apart from the two extremes were listed C,Dand E, which separately made up %,%and%. 5)如果数据不足则对比数据之间的关系: It is also interesting to note that A represented half as many as B What deserves special mentioning is that the percentage of A was twice that of BIs twice as big as The population of China is 6 times as big as that of the U.S. It should also be noted that the proportion of A outnumbered that of B by 2 times.例题 : 请见书p63Table Chart(表格图)注意点1) 不是所信息都一定要描述,抓住最大和最小以及变化最明显的信息2) 要有顺序,一般先比较非时间轴,再按时间铺开(实际等于饼图加线图)3) 如果有两张以上的图,通常图和图之间关系松散,不用比较4) 结尾点明两条线索(横向及纵向)或两张图的关系年代 A B C199920002001 Total 576 789 432例题1Task 1 :You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The tables below are the results of research, which examined the average percentage marks scored by boys and girls of different ages in several school subjects. Write report for a university lecturer describing the information below.You should write a minimum of 150 words.Boys:Subject AgeMathsScienceGeographyLanguagesSports763%70%63%62%71%1065%72%68%60%74%1369%74%70%60%75%1567%73%64%58%78%Girls:Subject AgeMathsScienceGeographyLanguagesSports764%69%62%62%65%1065%73%64%67%64%1364%70%62%65%62%1568%72%64%75%60%分析:这张图难度较高因为它呈现出许多数据又没有明显的趋势. 那如何组织信息呢1. 首先注意组成图表的项目:成绩 (percentage averages), 科目, 年龄组 及性别.2. 组织信息a.) 找出最大最小点.男孩在体育里分数高,语言里分数低女孩相反.b.).大部分科目男女成绩相似.男孩地理成绩稍高, 15岁年龄组相等.所以忽略其他科目 c.) 下一步看年龄组. 除了各性别的弱项(languages and sports)在7-15岁两性成绩都升高.但升高并非连续,成绩提高的年龄对两性相似.两年龄组的成绩差应该被体现( Languages - 10%; 65-75% 13-15yrs) 3. 准备写a.)Introduction- table shows: percentage scores for school subjects (list), different ages (list), different sexes.b.) Highest and lowest subjects for boys/girls- sport/languages- oppositesc.) Other subjects very similar- subjects by sex not too significantd.) More significant- age groups- all subjects increased (overall)- except for slumps(list subject figures)- different ages for boys/girls- 13-15/ 11-13e.) Concluding sentence- boys performed better in sport, girls languages- both sexes experienced performance slump but at different ages.Task 1 写作示范:The tables show averaged percentage scores achieved in the school subjects of Maths, Science, Geography, Languages and Sport by children aged 7, 10, 13, and 15 according to sex.The subjects for which the highest average scores were recorded were Sport,at 78% (boys), and Languages,at 75% (girls). The strongest subject for each sex was revealed to be the weakest for the opposite sex, with these two subjects also comprising the lowest recorded scores,at 60% and 70% respectively.Apart from these two subjects the performance of boys and girls was comparatively similar. Boys tended to score higher in Geography, with scores ranging from 63% to 70%, while scores for girls ranged between 62% and 64%. However, it is significant that at the age of 15 both boys and girls alike averaged a score of 64% for this subject. The differences between the sexes for scores for Maths and Science were negligible.It is more interesting to observe the patterns that emerge when the data is examined in terms of age groups. In general, for both boys and girls, children tended to improve as they got older. For boys, between the ages of 7 and 15, improvement can be observed in these ranges of scores: Maths (63-67%), Science (70-73%), Geography (63-64%), and Sport (71-78%). For girls, it can be observed in these score ranges: Maths (64-68%), Science (69-72%), Geography (62-64%), and Languages (62-75%). The increase in scores for girls for this last subject, Languages, was the greatest overall improvement across the different age groups, and its rise from 65% to 75% also constituted the greatest margin between scores for any two particular age groups.The exceptions to the general trend were Languages, in which scores for boys steadily declined from 62% at 7 years to 58% at 15 years, and Sport, in which scores for girls steadily declined from 65% to 60%. The other significant exceptions that emerged were that both boys and girls recorded a slump between particular ages. For girls this happened between the ages of 10 and 13, when scores in Maths fell by 1%, Science 2%, and Geography, Languages and Sport by 2%. For boys the ages at which this occurred were 13 to 15, when Maths and Languages both fell by 2%, Science 1% and Geography by 6%. Boys scores for sport actually increased by 3% during this period.To sum up, these tables show that in this study, on average, males in this age range performed better in Sport and females performed better in Languages. The other significant pattern that emerged from the data was that boys and girls both went through a slump in performance, but that this slump happened at different ages for the different sexes.例题2The following table gives statistics showing the aspects of quality of life in five countries. Country GNP per head 1982 (US do123rs) Daily calorie supply per head Life expectancy at birth (years) Infant mortality rates (per 1000 live birth) Bangladesh Bolivia Egypt Indonesia U.S.A 140 570 690 580 13160 1877 2086 2950 2296 3652 40 50 56 49 74 132 124 97 87 12 Gross National ProductionThe figures reveal the quality of life in five countries in 1982, namely Bangladesh, Bolivia, Egypt, Indonesia and the U.S.A. It is clear from the table that Americans GNP was considerably higher than that of others, achieving at 13160 do123rs; its daily calorie supply for each person was also the highest at 3652. Meanwhile, Americans enjoyed the longest life expectancy at 74 years, while their infant mortality rate was the lowest at only 1.2%. In contrast, the people in Bangladesh lived the poorest lives of all. This was most evident in its GNP at 140do123rs, being only one tenth of American, as well as the lowest of five countries. Besides, its and life expectancy were also the least at 1877 each person and 40 years respectively, while its infant mortality rate was the highest at 13.2% being ten times of American. The other three countries maintain middle positions. The GNP of them, in decreasing order, were Egypt ($690), Indonesia ($580) and Bolivia ($570). The similar patterns can be seen in the other three columns. Specifically, life expectancy in Indonesia was 1 year less Bolivian, whereas its infant mortality rate was 10% less, compared with Egyptian, Overall, it is clearly shown that there are significant differences in every aspect of quality of life in five countries. Curve Line Chart 曲线图注意点1 曲线图一般是以时间轴和某一参量在这一时间内的变化为纵轴和横轴的, 所以变化明显最容易写.以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升，下降，或是波动，题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较，Over the same period of time, A B and C showed similar increasing trend.2.不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述2注意是否有具体数值的描述。另外，描述数值不可忽视数值的单位。3描述图形所运用的词汇。曲线图的走势一般分为上升、下降、波动、持平四中，而每种走势都可以用不同的词汇进行表达。如：描述上升可以用increase, go up, climb, 下降可用decrease, go down, drop，持平的表达可以用level out, remain stable等等。对于同一走势的不同程度，我们也应用相应的词汇加以区别。如：急剧下降可说成decrease drastically，缓慢上升increase gradually。运用多种词汇来表达曲线的走势对于小作文拿高分意义相当重大。Moderately 4文章中出现的句式。在小作文评分中，句子结构是重要考察项特别是在描写曲线时，很多曲线在不同阶段有相似的走势，在描述的过程中，更加应该注意尽量避免同种句式频繁出现。(名词动词交替使用) After a decrease from A to B ,_the electricity consumption_ bounced back to _12345_, which was the peak value, followed by a declining trend after 10pm_.It climed It ascended An increase was markedly noticed _ showed sign of an increasing propensity .5对类似曲线的归类 特别在线比较多时6结尾段将主体段落中所描述的信息加以总结，在线图里也可以将不同的描述对象的趋势进行大致的比较。Foretell the following trend. 对于线性图表的描述上升1. 对于上升趋势的描述：a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to increaseto go upto riseto growto jumpto leap develop by leaps and bounds to soar to shootto pick upTo surge surge and subside To mount mount up on a new stage To ascendTo level upb. 可以使用的名词：an increasea growtha jumpa soaran upward trend2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词to具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词tothe peak of具体数据。c. 1. a. 中的动词reaching the peak of +具体数据。d. 1. a. 中的动词reaching + 具体数据。e. to the peak at 具体数据f. climb to + 具体数据G to mount to 3. 对于上升的程度的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词by 具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词副词。（见下降1. 对于下降趋势的描述：a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to fallto decreaseto go downto slide glide hang-gliding to collapseto declineto dropTo descendTo level downb. 可以使用的名词：a collapsea decreasea falla declinea dropa dip2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词to具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词tothe bottom of具体数据。c. 1. a. 中的动词reaching the bottom(valley) of +具体数据。d. 1. a. 中的动词reaching + 具体数据。3. 对于下降程度的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词by 具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词副词。（见对于平稳的趋势的描述：stable steady remain/maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to可以使用的动词或动词词组：to hardly changeto have little changeto keep steadyto level offto remain constantto stay the same对波动的描述:fluctuate fluctuation rise and falls up and down surge and subside 占:occupy take up account for gain constitute represent make up 而:while however whereas on the other hand actually/in fact 相比:by contract on the contrary compared with 平均:mean average 趋势:tendency trend inclination propensity 表示程度的副词：1. 程度较大：considerablydramaticallygreatlymarkedlyobviouslyquicklyrapidlysharplysignificantlysuddenly2. 程度较小：slightlygraduallyslowlyInsignificantly 中间steadily moderately 时间的嵌入嵌入时间时所使用的介词和介词词组：infromtobetween.andduringandat the start of by the end of over at the end of throughout 时间s + 具体数据上升和下降趋势的组合描述（嵌入了时间和程度之后）：1. 先上升后下降的句型：. increased slowly during and but fell sharply in .A steady fall in during and followed the sharp increase in .Following a sharp increase, A declined A declined , which was followed by a steady increase to _2. 先下降后上升的句型：1The figure relating to cars fell before 1998and then began to make a recovery 2 Continuing the recovery, it climbed to .3 dropped during but increased again in 4 fell and then pick up during 5 collapsed before rising to at the end of 3. 起伏波动的句型： fluctuated sharply all through 4. 波动不大的句型： hardly changed through the period between and 对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型： % the is/has/have/are accounts for % of the total takes up % in the whole chart例题1Writing Task 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the in formation shown below.You should write at least 150 words.Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992.Sample 1Original version (Band 5)The graph shows the percentage of audiences over 4 yes old of UK follows the radio and television thoughout the day during the period October-December 1992. It has been observed from the graph that less than 10% audiences follows the radio at 6:00 am and the percentage raised to a pick around 30% at 8AM and decline gradually to around 10% during the period 200 to 400 Pm and again raised a bi t to around 12% between 400 to 600 PM. It hen again dropped to below 10% at around 10PM. The rate again raised to a bit between 1000 PM to 1200 PM and then dropped slowly by 400 AM. On the other hand, the rate of television audiences raises 0-10% during the period 600 to 800 am and remain steady up to 1 0AM and then gradually goes down by 1200 noon. The percentage raised dramatically to around 15% by 200 noon. The percentage raised dramatically goes down by 1200 noon. The percentage raised dramatically to