辅导11 从句的简化.doc

辅导11 从句的简化
一，名词从句的简化
（一） 名词从句与动名词
1．That 引导的主语从句
a. It surprised us that John won the marathon. → John’s winning the marathon surprised us.
b. That he lost the game as a surprise to everybody. → His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.
2．That 引导的同位语从句
a. There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive. → There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive.
b. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner was untrue. → Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
c. We were greatly encouraged by the news that China had launched another man-made satellite. → We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having launched another man-made satellite.
3． That 引导的宾语从句简化：
a. I hope that I can drive to work in my own car. → I hope to drive to work in my own car.
b. I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future. → I consider emigrating to America in the future.
c. Jane’s mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother. → Jane’s mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother.
（二）名词从句与不定式
a. I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do.
b. Please tell me how I can get to the bus station. → Please tell me how to get to the bus station.
c. She can’t decide whether she should go with him or stay home. → She can’t decide whether to go with him or (to) stay home.
d. I haven’t decided whether I should vote for Clint. → I haven’t decided whether to vote for Clint.
二．定语从句的简化
（一）从句中含有be动词
a. Do you know the boy who is playing the violin? → Do you know the boy playing the violin?
b. The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher. → The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.
c. Books that are written in English are more expensive. → Books written in English are more expensive.
d. The car that was repaired yesterday by him is my brother’s. → The car repaired yesterday by him is my brother’s.
e. The people who were responsible for the incident were all published. → The people responsible for the incident were all punished.
（二）从句中没有be动词
a. They live in a room that faces the south. → They live in a room facing the south.
b. Anyone who touches the wire will get an electric shock. → Anyone touching the wire will get an electric shock.
c. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. → English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
（三）用不定式替换定语从句
a. The only one that understands me → The only one to understand me
b. The next train that arrives is from New York. → The next train to arrive is from New York.
c. Clint was the second person that fell into this trap. → Clint was the second person to fall into this trap.
三．状语从句的简化
（一）从句含有be动词
a. Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.
b. When a student in the university, he read a lot.
c. While (he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read.
d. A tiger can’t be tamed unless (it is ) caught very young.
e. _____, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s economic policies.
A. Although not being an economist himself
B. although not an economist himself
C. Although not having been an economist himself
D. Although being no an economist himself
（二）从句没有be 动词
a. Since I came to Beijing, I have made many new friends. → Since coming to Beijing, I have made many new friends.
b. After I finished my homework, I fed the dog. → After finishing my homework, I fed the dog.
c. After he jumped out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. → After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
选择题：
1． Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water ____.
A. to constantly flow into them
B. is constantly flowing into them
C. constantly flows into them
D. constantly flowing into them
2. Tornadoes, powerful, destructive wind storms, occur most often in the spring when hot winds ____ over flat land encounter heavy, cold air.
A. which to rise B. that rising C. are rising D. rising
3. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ____ the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A. receive B. Received C. to receive D. she received
4. The first explorer ____ California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1825.
A. that he reached B. to reach C. reached D. reaching it
5. _____ often found in fruit and vegetables.
A. Vitamin C, a trace element that is
B. For vitamin C, a trace element to be
C. Vitamin C, a trace element, is
D. Vitamin C, is that trace element
6. The Amazon rain forests, _____ the earth’s lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
A. functioning as B. which functioning as
C. functions as D. functioned as
7. Through a process _____ coalescence, water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.
A. calls B. to be called C. calling D. called
8. Penicillin, _____ in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.
A. to be discovered B. discovering C. discovery was D. discovered
9. The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device _____ to a computer.
A. connected B. to connect it C. and connect D. that connect
10. An amendment to the Constitution _____ in Harry Truman’s tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.
A. passing B. to pass C. passed D. was passed
11. A reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way _____ with other chemicals.
A. when mixed B. when is mixed C. it mixed D. when mixing.
12. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.
A. made B. to be made C. being made D. having made
13. As a general rule, snakes don’t bite unless ____.
A. offended B. are offended
C. they offended D. offending
14. She had said little so far, responding only briefly when ____.
A. speaking B. spoken C. speaking to D. spoken to
15. _____, his family moved to America.
A. When still a baby B. When a baby still
C. When he was still a baby D. When being still a baby
16. _______ native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of North America.
A. Although B. If it were C. In spite of D. That it is
17. In its pure state antimony（锑） has no importance uses, but _____ with other substances, it is an extremely useful metal.
A. when combined physically or chemically
B. combined physically or chemically
C. the physical and chemical combination
D. It is combined physically and chemically
18. Although pure diamond is colorless and transparent, _____ with other material it may appear in various colors, ranging from pastels to opaque black.
A. but when contaminated B. but when contaminating
C. when contaminated D. when contaminating
19. ______ classified as a carnivore（肉食动物）, the North American grizzly bear eats berries and even grass.
A. Just as B. Because of C. Although D. Either
20. _____ usually thought to end in northern New Mexico, the Rocky Mountains really extend southward to the frontier of Mexico.
A. Despite B. To be C. While D. However
21. Nearly all trees contain a mix of polymers（聚合物） that can burn like petroleum ____ properly extracted.
A. after B. if C. when it D. is
22. Although ____ rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
A. apparently B. are apparently C. apparently D. are they apparently
23. Although ____ of the world’s oceans, the Atlantic has by far the largest drainage area（流域）.
A. the largest is not B. not the largest C. the largest not D. largest not the