北京旅游景点故宫博物院（中英文版）.doc

北京旅游景点:故宫博物院（中英文版）作者/来源：admin /昔街旅行网更新日期：2010-04-10 13:35昔街旅行网查看次数： 次 故宫博物院：紫禁城景区档案：位于北京市中心。评价：中国最丰富的文化和艺术的宝库。故宫的整个建筑金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽，被誉为世界五大宫之一（北京故宫、凡尔赛宫、白金汉宫、白宫、克里姆林宫），并为联合国科教文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。景点描述： 故宫是明清两代的皇宫，又称紫禁城。历代宫殿都“象天立宫”以表示君为天子“受命于天”。由于君为天子，天子的宫殿如同天帝居住的“紫宫”禁地，故名紫禁城。故宫始建于明永乐四年（1406年），永乐十八年（1420年）建成。历经明、清两个朝代24个皇帝，现辟为故宫博物院。院内陈列我国各个朝代的艺术珍品，是中国最丰富的文化和艺术的宝库。故宫的整个建筑金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽，被誉为世界五大宫之一（北京故宫、凡尔赛宫、白金汉宫、白宫、克里姆林宫），并为联合国科教文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。 故宫的宫殿建筑，是我国现存最大、最完整的古建筑群。宫殿是沿着一条南北向的中轴线排列，左右对称，南达永定门，北到鼓楼、钟楼，贯穿整个紫禁城。规划严整，气魄宏伟，极为壮观。无论在平面布局，立体效果以及形式上的雄伟、堂皇、庄严、和谐，都属无与伦比的杰作。它标志着我国悠久的文化传统，显示着500余年前我国在建筑艺术上的卓越成就。 故宫规模宏大，占地72万平方米，建筑面积15万平方米，有房屋9999间，是世界上最大最完整的古代宫殿建筑群。为了突出帝王至高无上的权威，故宫有一条贯穿宫城南北的中轴线，在这条中轴线上，按照“前朝后寝”的古制，布置着帝王发号施令、象征政权中心的三大殿（太和殿、中和殿、保和殿）和帝后居住的后三宫（乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫）。在其内廷部分（乾清门以北），左右各形成一条以太上皇居住的宫殿-宁寿宫，和以太宫太妃居住的宫殿-慈宁宫为中心的次要轴线，这两条次要轴线又和外朝以太和门为中心，与左边的文华殿，右边的武英殿相呼应。两条次要轴线和中央轴线之间，有斋宫及养殿，其后即为嫔妃居住的东西六宫。出于防御的需要，这些宫殿筑的外围筑有高达10米的宫墙，四角有角楼，外有护城河。 午门 ：故宫的正门，游人可由天安门向北进入午门。古以北为子，南为午，午门正处于故宫中轴线之南的向阳位置，故称“午门”。午门平面呈凹形，正楼面阔九间，重檐庑殿式，东西两观对峙，这种形制的门有天子才可以用，所以它是皇帝宫殿的标志。当然这种建筑也有利于防卫，因为它组成了一个交叉火力网。午门是皇帝每年冬至颁发来年历书的地方，如遇有战争获胜，则要在此举行凯旋“献俘”仪式。因古时奏凯献俘首先要祭庙社，而午门去太庙（今劳动人民文化宫）及社稷坛（今中山公园）最近。此外，午门前广场院也是受廷杖的地方，官员如触犯“龙颜”将在此受廷杖之刑。1519年武宗朱厚照要去江南选美，由于众大臣劝阻，惹恼了武宗，结果竟有130名官员在午门受廷杖，一次就打死了11人。太和殿 也叫“金銮殿”，故宫中最巍峨、最壮丽的建筑，面阔11间，进深5间，重檐庑殿式，黄色琉璃瓦，耸立在三层汉白玉须弥座台基（高35.05米）之上。大殿面积2377平方米，是我国现存、也是世界现有最大的木结构宫殿建筑。太和殿是举行大典的地方，明清两代皇帝登极、宣布即位诏书，皇帝大婚，册立皇后，命将出征，每年元旦、冬至、万寿（皇帝生日）等节日都要在此受百官的朝贺及赐宴。 太和殿：内外摆有大量特殊的陈设，殿前月台上摆的铜鼎、铜龟、铜鹤是大典时用来焚香的，它含有江山水固之意。月台上摆的日晷和嘉量，用来象征皇权。三层汉白玉台基每个栏杆下都设有排水的龙头，暴雨时可形成千龙喷水壮观景象，用来显示皇威。殿前的双龙戏珠御路石，其珠为吉祥如意珠，双龙之中，一个代表天帝，另一个代表帝王，帝王受天之命，合天之意，务使国中风调雨顺，国泰民安。双龙下面的山海图案乃象征江山水永固。殿内金色的九龙宝座和屏风安置在高约2米的金色台基之上，并置于六根盘龙金柱之间，以突出帝王唯我独尊之地位。藻井正中的蟠龙口中倒垂下一个大圆球，谓之“轩辕镜”，此乃辟邪之物，也寓有明镜高悬的含意。 中和殿：这是皇帝临太和殿大典前休息和接受官员信行礼的地方。 保和殿：保和殿为重檐歇山顶，面阔九间，是举行册立皇后、皇太子等大典时皇帝更衣的地方，清乾隆以后，殿试也改在保和殿举行。清朝时，每年正月初一和十五，皇帝常在此殿宴请各少数民簇王公和大臣。 游人在游三大殿时，可看到很多御路石，其中以保和殿后面的一块为最大、最宏伟，它用整块艾叶青雕成，长16.07米，宽3.07米，厚1.70米，重达200吨，九龙飞腾在大海和流云之中，象征着真命天子一统山河。 乾清门： 是帝后寝宫以及嫔妃、皇子等居住生活区域的正门。清代御门听政即在乾清门进行。 乾清宫： 是皇帝的寝宫，顺治、康熙年间也兼作听政、召见大臣之处。每逢元旦、元宵、端午、中秋、重阳、冬至、万寿等节日，皇帝在这里举行朝礼和赐宴。交泰殿： 在清代，交泰殿是皇后在元旦、千秋（皇后生日）等节日接受大臣朝贺的地方，后来又在这里存放皇帝行使权力的25方宝玺。此外，这里还有铜壶滴漏装置和清代造的自鸣钟。 坤宁宫： 在明清，坤宁宫是皇后居住的地方，清朝按满族的习俗，将其改为祭神的场所，把东暧阁作为皇帝大婚的洞房。 御花园： 出坤宁宫北行就是御花园，它有门与东西六宫相通。园东西长130米，南北宽90米，主要建筑钦安殿正处在中轴线上，明时这里供秋季大享及祭祀玄武大帝之用，清代改为寺庙。园之东北部叠石堆秀山，是帝后嫔妃“重阳登高”之处。御花园是一座以建筑为主体的宫廷花园，亭台楼阁结构精巧，山石树木安排有序，奇花异木怪石竞奇争艳，五色石子甬道四通八达，游人都愿在此尽情观赏，拍照留影。东西六宫： 这是嫔妃居住的地方，俗称“三宫六院”。现在东六宫大都改为古代艺术品陈列馆，其中有明清工艺美术馆、陶瓷馆、青铜器馆、钟表馆、绘画馆、珍宝馆。以参观珍宝馆和钟表馆的人数最多，钟表馆设在奉先殿，珍宝馆设在故宫东北角的养性殿、乐寿堂、颐和轩这在座堂里。玩具陈列馆设在坤宁宫以东的联房叫东板房里。西六宫基本上未动，仍按原来面貌布置。 养心殿： 乾清门内的养心殿，从雍正清末近200年间，清朝皇帝大多住在这里。在同治、光绪两朝，养心殿东暧阁是慈禧与慈安“垂帘听政”之地。昔街旅行建议：游览故宫，可以从天安门进，也可以由后门-神武门进。进入天安门，穿过一片青砖铺地的广场，便到达紫禁城的正门-午门。这里城墙高大，城门楼巍峨壮观，给人以无比威严的感觉，使站在这里的人自己感到渺小这是古代统治者利用建筑艺术来为增强其帝王威慑力量服务的一个最突出的例子。穿过午门，又是一个大广场，广场上有一金水桥。过桥经太和门便是雄伟的太和殿。从高处看，金水桥和流经广场的那条御河，其形状恰像一把巨大的弓。经太和殿、中和殿、保和殿，穿过乾清门，便进入内廷，内廷分中路、东路和西路三条路线。如果是半日游，这三条路线只能游一条，一般可走中路。走中路可看皇帝的卧室(乾清宫)，放置皇帝印玺的地方(交泰殿)，皇帝结婚的新房(坤宁宫)，嫔妃所住的地方(其中有的已辟为展厅)和御花园。一般来说，用半天时间游故宫，比较吃力。以安排一日游为佳。如有时间，又想看得细些，则可安排二日游。The Imperial PalaceWhat strikes one first in a birds -eye view of Beijing proper is a vast tract of golden roofs flashing brilliantly in the sun with purple walls occasionally emerging amid them and a stretch of luxuriant tree leaves flanking on each side. That is the former Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, from which twenty-four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for some 500 yearsfrom1420 to 1911. The Ming Emperor Yong Le, who usurped the throne from his nephew and made Beijing the capital, ordered its construction, on which approximately 10,000 artists and a million workmen toiled for 14 years from 1406 to 1420. At present, the Palace is an elaborate museum that presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture complex and more than 900,000 pieces of court treasures in all dynasties in China. Located in the center of Beijing, the entire palace area, rectangular in shape and 72 hectares in size, is surrounded by walls ten meters high and a moat 52 meters wide. At each corner of the wall stands a watchtower with a double-eave roof covered with yellow glazed tiles.The main buildings, the six great halls, one following the other, are set facing south along the central north-south axis from the Meridian Gate, the south entrance, to Shenwumen, the great gate piercing in the north wall. On either side of the palace are many comparatively small buildings. Symmetrically in the northeastern section lie the six Eastern Palaces and in the northwestern section the six Western Palaces. The Palace area is divided into two parts: the Outer Court and the Inner Palace. The former consists of the first three main halls, where the emperor received his courtiers and conducted grand ceremonies, while the latter was the living quarters for the imperial residence. At the rear of the Inner Palace is the Imperial Garden where the emperor and his family sought recreation.The main entrance to the Palace is the Meridian Gate(1), which was so named because the emperor considered himself the Son of the Heaven and the Palace the center of the universe, hence the north-south axis as the Meridian line going right through the Palace. The gate is crowned with five towers, commonly known as the Five-Phoenix Towers(2), which were installed with drums and bells. When the emperor went to the Temple of Heaven, bells were struck to mark this important occasion. When he went to the Ancestral Temple, it was the drums that were beaten to publicize the event.Beyond the Meridian Gate unfolds a vast courtyard across which the Inner Golden Water River runs from east to west. The river is spanned by five bridges, which were supposed to be symbols of the five virtues preached by Confuciusbenevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity(3).At the north end of the courtyard is a three-tiered white marble terrace, seven meters above the ground, on which, one after another, stand three majestic halls; the Hall of Supreme Harmony(4), the Hall of Complete Harmony(5), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony(6).The Hall of Supreme Harmony, rectangular in shape, 27 meters in height, 2,300 square meters in area, is the grandest and most important hall in the Palace complex. It is also Chinas largest existing palace of wood structure and an outstanding example of brilliant color combinations. This hall used to be the throne hall for ceremonies which marked great occasions: the Winter Solstice, the Spring Festival, the emperors birthday and enthronement, and the dispatch of generals to battles, etc. On such occasions there would be an imperial guard of honor standing in front of the Hall that extended all the way to the Meridian gate.On the north face of the hall in the center of four coiled-golden dragon columns is the Golden Throne, which was carved out of sandalwood. The throne rests on a two-meter-high platform with a screen behind it. In front of it, to the left and right, stand ornamental cranes, incense burners and other ornaments. The dragon columns entwined with golden dragons measure one meter in diameter. The throne itself, the platform and the screen are all carved with dragon designs. High above the throne is a color-painted coffered ceiling which changes in shape from square to octagonal to circular as it ascends layer upon layer. The utmost central vault is carved with the gilded design of a dragon toying with pearls. when the Emperor mounted the throne, gold bells and jade chimes sounded from the gallery, and clouds of incense rose from the bronze cranes and tortoises and tripods outside the hall on the terrace. The aura of majesty created by the imposing architecture and solemn ritual were designed to keep the subjects of the Son of the Heaven in awe and reverence.The Hall of Complete Harmony is smaller and square with windows on all sides. Here the emperor rehearsed for ceremonies. It is followed by the Hall of Preserving Harmony in which banquets and imperial examinations were held.Behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony lies a huge marble ramp with intertwining clouds and dragons carved in relief. The slab, about 6.5 meters long, 3 meters wide and 250 tons in weight, is placed between two flights of marble steps along which the emperors sedan was carried up or down the terrace. It is the largest piece of stone carving in the Imperial Palace. Quarried in the mountains scores of kilometers southwest of Beijing, this gigantic stone was moved to the city by sliding it over a specially paved ice road in winter. To provide enough water to build the ice road, wells were sunk at very 500 meters along the way.The three halls of the Inner Palace are replicas of the three halls in the front, but smaller in size. They are the Palace of Heavenly Purity(7), the Hall of Union(8), and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility(9).The Palace of Heavenly Purity was once the residence of the Ming emperors and the first two of the Qing emperors. Then the Qing Emperor Yong Zheng moved his residence to the Palace of Mental Cultivation and turned it into an audience hall to receive foreign envoys and handled the state affairs. The promotion and demotion of officials were also decided in this hall. After the emperors death his coffin was placed here for a 49-day period of mourning.The Palace of Union was the empresss throne room and the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, once a private living room for the empress, was partitioned. The west chamber served religious purposes and the east one was the bridal chamber where the newly married emperor and empress spent their first two nights after their wedding.The Imperial Garden was laid out during the early Ming dynasty. Hundreds of pines and cypresses offer shade while various flowers give colors to the garden all year round and fill the air with their fragrance. In he center of the garden is the Hall of Imperial Peace, a Daoist temple, with a flat roof slightly sloping down to the four eaves. This type of roof was rare in ancient Chinese architecture. In he northeastern corner of the garden is a rock hill, known as the Hill of the Piled-up Wonders, which is topped with a pavilion. At the foot of the hill are two fountains which jet two columns of water high into the air. It is said that on the ninth night of the ninth month of the lunar calendar, the empress would mound the hill to enjoy the autumn scene. It is also believed that climbing to a high place on that day would keep people safe from contagious diseases.The six Western Palaces were residences for empresses and concubines. They are kept in their original way for show. The six Eastern Palaces were the residences for them too. But now they serve as special museums: the Museum of Bronze, the Museum of Porcelain and the Museum of Arts and Crafts of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the northeastern-most section of the Inner Palace are the Museum of Traditional Chinese Paintings and the Museum of Jewelry and Treasures where rare pieces of imperial collections are on display.Now the Forbidden City is no longer forbidding, but inviting. A visit to the Palace Museum will enrich the visitors knowledge of history, economy, politics, arts as well as architecture in ancient China.Notes:1. the Meridian Gate 午门2. the Five-Phoenix Towers 五凤楼3. benevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity 仁、义、礼、智、信4. the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿5. the Hall of Complete Harmony 中和殿6. the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿7. the Palace of Heavenly Purity 乾清宫8. the Hall of Union 交泰殿9. the Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫