资源描述
选用英语中最常见的单词(名词、动词、形容词和副词),基于Corpus of Contemporary American English(COCA当代美国英语语料库) 找出这些词的搭配(根据词性),然后按照频率列出每个词的10—30个最高搭配及汉语翻译(有些搭配少甚至少到一两个:如动词+介词、形容词+介词),选择给出典型例句(从COCA语料库中抽取)及汉语翻译, 同时对一些适用于特定语域的搭配,词典给予标注[S][F][M][N][A],分别表示口语、小说、杂志、报纸和学术性的语言。下面按词类对搭配种类进行描述:
1. 在google上查找Corpus of Contemporary American English(COCA当代美国英语语料库), 进入并注册,注意:注册时在用途一栏,千万不要选择commercial use。
2. 下次使用时在首页右上角填入你的邮箱地址、密码,点击下面的log in, 即可使用。
3. 在左边words那里打入词目,点击下面的context, 选择context后面的数字,第一个数字表示词目前面出现词的频率,如你点击它(前面出现词),就呈现该词的上下文;第二个数字表示词目后面出现词的频率。
4. 常用的词性符号:名词:n; 动词:v; 形容词:j; 副词:r; 介词:p
5. [n]表示某名词单数和复数,如[book]包括book 和 books.
6. [v]表示某动词的所有形式,如[talk]包括talk, talks; talked; talking。
7. 对于多词性的词,一定要在words栏中标注:如:[walk].[n*]表示walk作为名词;[walk].[v*];表示walk作为动词;[well].[n*];表示well作为名词;[well].[r*];表示well作为副词;[well].[j*];表示well作为形容词;
1.名词:
(1) 形容词+名词(以名词为中心词目): harsh/intense light (1---0)
(2) 动词+名词: emit/shed light (4---0)
(3) 名词+动词: light glows/shines (0---4)
(4) 名词+名词: a light source (0---1)
2.动词:
(5) 动词+名词(以动词为中心词目): emit gas/light (0---4)
(6) 动词+副词 (以动词为中心词目): choose freely, put out a fire/statement (4---4)
(7) 名词+动词(以动词为中心词目): plane crashed (4---0)
(8) 动词+介词: choose between two things (0---1)
3.形容词:
(9) 形容词+名词: candid camera (0---1)
(10) 副词+形容词(以形容词为中心词目): environmentally safe (1---0)
(11) 形容词+介词: safe from attack (0---1)
4.副词
(12) 副词+动词 (以副词为中心词目): stand awkwardly (4---4)
(13) 副词+形容词词(以副词为中心词目): pretty good/well/soon (0---1)
(14) 副词(程度副词)+副词: fairly regularly (1---0)
(15) 副词+介词: well above the average (0---1)
8. 有些形容词不能修饰名词,如’afraid’, 因此就没有‘形名’搭配了。
9. 有些动词不能带名词,如’agree; aim’, 因此就没有‘动词+名词’搭配了。
10. “ 副词+副词”中,第一个副词常常是‘程度副词’,如:fairly regularly。其它副词通常不修饰副词,如: environmentally 等,它们只修饰形容词。
11. 对于那些有显著语域特征(语料库里用深蓝色标注的)的搭配,要标注, 共有五种:[S][F][M][N][A],分别代表spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, academic. 如: pretty face[F]
12. 很多动词前的名词主要指人,属于自由搭配,所以就不要“名词+动词”搭配,如:abandon. 但有些动词前的名词比较固定,就必须要“名词+动词”搭配,如:bloom.
13. 不少动词后的介词其实不依附于动词,和动词不属于同一义群,所以就不要“动词+介词”搭配,如:abolish.
14. 有的形容词只有“形容词+名词”的搭配,如absolute, 没有“副词+absolute”和“absolute+介词”的搭配。
15. 翻译搭配和例句时,经常要回到COCA里找到原句,甚至找到原段落,以求准确(COCA里的翻译不可靠)。
16. 如果context的设定在前后2个及以上,一定要把有限搭配打开看。如:abolish+noun:context 0---4. 里面发现death, education等,death这里是death penalty, education是education department,fee等。
17. 例证可以是句子或短语,但必须从COCA里取,目的是给搭配词使用提供一个语境,选择时要(1)有代表性;(2)尽量取短句子;(3)例证里避免有生词、人名等。(4)避免选生词的句子。
18. 搭配翻译注意词目的“多种意义”,如:“absorb”有多种意思,一定要参考词目的原始意义。
19. 翻译时,多使用金山词霸、百度,google搜索,词典等。如:partial birth abortion.
20. evidence+动词中的动词选主动,如: indicate, show, prove 但不选found,而动词+evidence中的动词选主动, 如: find, provide, present, offer。
21. You look absolutely beautiful. 这里absolutely不修饰look。所以,不确定的要看原句
22. 翻译搭配时,可选择项用“/”隔开,如ability measure能力量度/测量尺度。
23. 翻译搭配时,不要重复词条的翻译,应该这样做:perceived[A], uncanny, cognitive[A], academic[A]感知, 超人的, 认知, 学术能力。
24. 翻译搭配时,应在金山词霸里查“词目”的基本意思作为参考。
25. 同类的搭配只需例举一两个。如:”accent”, 表示国家的accent, 例举British, American accent就够了。
26. 搭配中的修饰动词的副词,以”ly”的副词居多。
SAMPLES:
1. abandon verb
abandon+Noun
children丢弃孩子, effort, plan, idea 放弃努力,方案,主意, ship, family丢弃船只,家庭, hope, position, project放弃希望,位置,计划, city遗弃城市, policy放弃政策, party退出政党, program, life放弃计划,生活,home舍弃家园, system废弃制度, practice, weapon, career放弃实践,武器,职业,land离开土地/陆地, strategy, role, attempt, notion放弃策略,角色,尝试,观念/打算, approach, faith, search放弃方法,信仰, 搜寻,goal, work, commitment放弃目标,工作,承诺 Some became more radical, others abandoned the party. 有些人变得更激进,另些人退出了政党。The New Yorker has been criticized for abandoning its commitment to its former high standards. 那个纽约人因为放弃对原高标准的承诺受到了批评。
ADV + abandon
completely, altogether彻底,完全放弃, simply根本上废除, quickly, largely很快,很多程度上遗弃, once曾经废除过, soon不久终止, eventually, finally最终放弃, entirely, already, almost全部,已经,几乎放弃, recently, totally, temporarily, virtually最近,彻底,暂时,几乎放弃, nearly, apparently, abruptly, mostly 差不多,显然,突然,大部分废除 The Romans simply abandoned the place. 那些罗马人干脆把那个地方放弃了。The city was largely abandoned in the 11th century. 那个城市在11世纪很多程度上被遗弃了。The United States has not altogether abandoned multilateralism. 美国没有完全放弃多边主义。、
2. ability noun
ADJ+ability
athletic运动能力[A], high[A]高学习能力, perceived[A], uncanny, cognitive[A], academic[A]感知,超人的,认知,学术能力, great, natural非凡的,天生的才干, physical体能, intellectual[A]智力, unique, limited, remarkable独特的,有限的,杰出的能力, mental智力, individual, human, innate个体的,人的,固有的能力, low低学习能力, spatial, technical, verbal空间,技术,口头表达能力, average中等学习能力, amazing, extraordinary, general惊人的,非凡的,一般能力, functional, increased, predictive功能性的,增强的,猜测能力, artistic艺术才能 Increased ability to earn income will empower women in both public and private spheres. 妇女挣得收入能力的增强增加了她们在公共场合和私人天地里的自主权。 loss of functional ability to perform everyday tasks such as reading and housework失去像阅读和家务之类的日常事务功能性能力 Your innate ability to find the good in others is a gift. 你总是从别人身上发现优点的能力是一种天赋。He had the uncanny ability to read guests. 他有读懂客人心思的超人能力。the development of perceived ability and expectations of success对感知能力的培养和成功的期望
VERB+ability
have有能力, lose失去能力, affect对能力产生负面影响, improve, limit, enhance, develop提高,限制,增强,培养能力, base on基于…能力, give someone给某人能力, demonstrate, show展示能力, increase提高能力, depend on依靠…能力, lie in在于…能力, lack, assess, reduce, possess, restrict, test缺少,评估,减少,拥有,限制,检测能力 We are fighting in order to weaken them and to affect their ability to target Israel in the future. 我们正在战斗,目的是削弱他们的力量和他们将来打击以色列的能力。His strength lies mainly in his ability to read the landscape. 他的优势主要在于他能看懂地形的能力。We selected participants based on their ability to provide a variety of viewpoints. 我们依照提供各种不同观点的能力来选择参加者。
ability+NOUN
level[A]能力水平, grouping[A]按能力分组, student具有…能力的学生, test能力测试, group具有…能力的小组, learner具有…能力的学生者, rating能力分等, measure能力量度/测量尺度,attribution能力特征/具有…能力的特征, score, difference, index能力分值,差异,量度, male具有…能力的男性, profile个人能力特质, scale能力量度表, variable, testing, perception, range能力变量,测试,感知,范围 Considerable research has been conducted comparing the effects of effort and ability attributions for academic success and failure. 在比较勤奋与能力特征对学术成败的影响方面,人们做了大量的研究。the British Ability Scales devised in the 1970s二十世纪七十年代设计的英国智能量表 Failure confirms their negative ability perceptions. 失败证实了他们的不祥的能力感知。study second language learners across the whole ability range从全部能力范围来研究二语学习者 students of different ability profiles不同能力特征的学生 high ability males and females学习能力高的男女 receive higher athletic ability ratings取得较高体能等级 Ability grouping enhances academic achievement of slower learners. 按能力分组可以提高那些反应稍慢些的学习者的学业成绩。low-spatial ability learners低空间能力学习者
3. able adj
able+NOUN
student, man, people, children, seaman能干的/能力强的学生,人,人们,孩子,水手, leadership英明的领导, assistance得力的帮助, administrator, person能干的行政领导,人, learner能力强的学习者 less academically able student学术能力欠佳的学生 attracting and recruiting able people 吸引并招募能干的人 less able children 能力不强的学生 Under his able leadership 在他英明领导下 Fortunately he had the able assistance of his sister. 幸运的是他得到了他姐姐得力的帮助。
ADV+able
barely勉强能够/几乎不能, best最能胜任, least根本不能/最不能够, most最能, actually事实上能够, hardly几乎不能, physically身体上允许/能够, somehow不知怎么了能够/竟然能够, eventually终于能够, highly非常能干的, rarely很少能够, academically学术能力强的, increasingly越来越能, scarcely几乎不能, financially, perfectly, equally, legally, uniquely, truly财力上/经济上,非常,同等地,法律上,唯独,确实能够/胜任 barely able to utter the words勉强能够说出那些话 Your brain is fresh and best able to attend to details. 你的头脑清醒最能关注细节了。 They are most helpless and least able to care for themselves. 他们非常无助,根本不能照顾自己。 As soon as he was physically able, he was going to do something he hadn't done. 一旦他身体允许,他要做些从未做过的的事。She was somehow able to buy a house in the suburbs. 她竟然能在郊区买得起一个房子。highly able students非常能干的学生 We were willing and financially able to travel overseas. 我们愿意并财力上能赴海外旅游。 The project is thus uniquely able to probe the Milky Way's structure. 因此唯独这个计划能探究银河系的结构。
4. abroad adv
VERB+abroad
be, go在, 去国外, travel到国外旅游, study, live, work在国外学习,生活,工作, send把某人送往国外 He travelled abroad to Turkey. 他出国旅游到土耳其。 Many students were sent abroad to continue their education. 许多学生被送到国外继续深造。
ADV+abroad
both domestically and abroad国内和国外, home and abroad国内外 In World War II, more than 330,000 women served both domestically and abroad. 二战期间,33万多妇女服务于国内和国外。
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doubt
n
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doubt
v
1313
dough
1314
down
v
1315
down
adv
1316
downtown
adj
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downtown
adv
1318
dozen
1319
draft
n
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draft
v
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drag
1322
drain
1323
drama
1324
dramatic
1325
dramatically
1326
draw
1327
drawer
1328
drawing
1329
dream
n
1330
dream
v
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dress
n
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dress
v
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dried
1334
drift
1335
drill
1336
drink
n
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drink
v
1338
drinking
adj
1339
drive
n
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drive
v
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driver
1342
driveway
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driving
n
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drop
n
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drop
v
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drown
1347
drug
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drum
1349
drunk
1350
dry
v
1351
dry
adj
1352
duck
1353
due
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dumb
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dump
1356
dust
1357
Dutch
1358
duty
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dying
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dynamic
1361
dynamics
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eager
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ear
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early
adj
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earn
1366
earnings
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earth
1368
earthquake
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ease
n
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ease
v
1371
easily
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east
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eastern
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easy
1375
eat
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eating
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echo
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ecological
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economic
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economically
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economics
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economist
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economy
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ecosystem
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edge
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edit
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edition
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editor
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educate
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education
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educational
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educator
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effect
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effective
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effectively
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effectiveness
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efficiency
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efficient
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effort
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egg
1401
ego
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elaborate
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elbow
1404
elder
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elderly
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elect
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election
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electric
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electrical
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electricity
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electronic
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electronics
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elegant
1414
element
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elementary
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elephant
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elevator
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eligible
1419
eliminate
1420
elite
1421
elsewhere
1422
e-mail
1423
embarrassed
1424
embrace
1425
emerge
1426
emergency
1427
emerging
1428
emission
1429
emotion
1430
emotional
1431
emotionally
1432
emphasis
1433
emphasize
1434
empire
1435
employ
1436
employee
1437
employer
1438
employment
1439
empty
1440
enable
1441
enact
1442
encounter
n
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encounter
v
1444
encourage
1445
encouraging
1446
end
n
1447
end
v
1448
endless
1449
endorse
1450
endure
1451
enemy
1452
energy
1453
enforce
1454
enforcement
1455
engage
1456
engagement
1457
engine
1458
engineer
1459
engineering
1460
English
n
1461
enhance
1462
enjoy
1463
enormous
1464
enroll
1465
ensure
1466
enter
1467
enterprise
1468
entertainment
1469
enthusiasm
1470
entire
1471
entirely
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entitle
1473
entity
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entrance
1475
entrepreneur
1476
entry
1477
envelope
1478
environment
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environmental
1480
envision
1481
epidemic
1482
episode
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equal
1484
equality
1485
equally
1486
equation
1487
equip
1488
equipment
1489
equity
1490
equivalent
1491
era
1492
error
1493
escape
n
1494
escape
v
1495
essay
1496
essence
1497
essential
1498
establish
1499
establishment
1500
estate
3251
policy
3252
polish
n
3253
polished
3254
polite
3255
politeness
3256
political
3257
politically
3258
politician
3259
politics
3260
poll
3261
pollution
3262
pond
3263
pool
n
3264
pool
v
3265
poor
3266
pop
n
3267
popular
3268
popularity
3269
populated
3270
population
3271
porch
3272
pork
3273
port
3274
portfolio
3275
portion
3276
portrait
3277
portray
3278
pose
n
3279
pose
v
3280
position
n
3281
position
v
3282
positive
3283
possess
3284
possession
3285
possibility
3286
possible
3287
post
n
3288
post
v
3289
poster
3290
postpone
3291
posture
3292
pot
3293
potato
3294
potential
n
3295
potential
adj
3296
potentially
3297
pound
n
3298
pound
v
3299
pour
3300
poverty
3301
powder
3302
power
3303
powerful
3304
practical
3305
practically
3306
practice
n
3307
practice
v
3308
practitioner
3309
praise
n
3310
praise
v
3311
pray
v
3312
prayer
3313
preach
3314
precaution
3315
precious
3316
precise
3317
precisely
3318
predator
3319
predict
3320
prediction
3321
prefer
3322
preference
3323
pregnancy
3324
pregnant
3325
prejudice
n
3326
preliminary
3327
premise
3328
premium
3329
preparation
3330
prepare
3331
prerequisite
3332
prescription
3333
presence
3334
present
n
3335
present
v
3336
present
adj
3337
presentation
3338
preservation
3339
preserve
3340
presidency
3341
president
3342
presidential
3343
press
n
3344
press
v
3345
pressure
3346
prestige
3347
presumably
3348
pretend
3349
pretty
adj
3350
pretty
adv
3351
prevail
3352
prevent
3353
prevention
3354
previous
3355
previously
3356
price
3357
pride
3358
priest
3359
primarily
3360
primary
3361
prime
3362
principal
n
3363
principle
3364
print
n
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print
v
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prior
3367
priority
3368
prison
3369
prisoner
3370
privacy
3371
private
3372
privatization
3373
privately
3374
privilege
3375
prize
3376
probability
3377
probably
3378
problem
3379
procedure
3380
proceed
3381
proceedings
3382
process
n
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process
v
3384
processing
3385
processor
3386
proclaim
3387
produce
3388
producer
3389
product
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