土木工程英语证书考试(PEC)-建筑词汇定义.doc

土木工程英语证书考试(PEC)-建筑词汇定义

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
A regulatory organization which governs the design and specifications of highway bridges.
Accessories
Are extra items that can be furnished in addition to the base joist or joist girder. They include: headers, top chord extensions, extended ends, ceiling extensions, bottom chord extensions, sloped end bearings, bridging, bridging anchors, joist girder bottom chord bracing, or angle units (joist substitutes).
ADL
Abbrevation for 'After Dead Load is Applied'.
Aesthetic
Having the sense of beauty or pleasing to the eye.
AFF
Abbrevation for 'Above Finish Floor'.
AGA (American Galvanizers Association)
A non-profit association representing the post-fabrication hot-dip galvanizing industry.
AGCA (Associated General Contractors of America)
Is a national trade organization of qualified construction contractors and and industry related companies dedicated to skill, integrity, an responsibility. The AGCA is the voice of the construction industry and is dedicated to improving the quality of construction and protecting the public.
AIA (American Institute of Architects)
An organization to unite in fellowship the members of the architectural profession in the United States.
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.)
Is a non-profit technical specifying and trade organization for the fabricated structural steel industry in the United States. It was founded in 1921 with headquarters located in Chicago. One of their best known manuals is the Manual of Steel Construction.
AISE (Association of Iron and Steel Engineers)
Abbreviation.
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)
An institute to promote the interests of the iron and steel industry.
Alignment Chart for Columns
A nomograph for estimating the effective length factor, K, of columns in an unbraced frame. Note that the chart is based upon assumptions of idealized conditions which seldom exist in real structures.
Amplitude
A measure of floor vibration. It is the magnitude or total distance traveled by each oscillation of the vibration.
Amplification Factor
A multiplier of the value of moment or deflection in the unbraced length of an axially loaded member to reflect secondary values generated by the eccentricity of the load.
Anchor Bolt
A long 'L' shaped bolt which is set in concrete and used to anchor columns or other members to a foundation or other support.
Anchor Bolt Plan
A plan view showing the size, location, and projection of all anchor bolts.
Anchorage
The process of fastening a joist or joist girder to a masonry, concrete, or steel support by either bolting or welding.
Angle
A hot rolled shape called an Angle with symbol L which has equal legs or unequal legs.
Angle Unit
A member used as a joist substitute which is intended for use at very short spans (10 feet or less) where open web steel joists are impractical. They are usually used for short spans in skewed bays, over corridors, or for outriggers. It can be made up of two or four angles to form channel sections or box sections. Tube and channel sections are also used. See Joist Substitute.
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
A nonprofit organization which promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally
Apex
The highest point on a joist or joist girder where the sloped chords meet. See also Peak.
Approval Plans
Plans sent by the joist manufacturer to the buyer, engineer, architect, contractor or other person for approval. The plans may include a framing plan, elevations, sections, and a material list.
Area
Unit of measure of length times width expressed in square inches.
Arched Joist
A non-standard type of joist where both the top chord and bottom chord are curved parallel with each other.
Architect
A person who designs buildings or other structures and has completed schooling in building design or similar subjects and is licensed by the state as an architect.
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)
Founded in 1852, is the oldest national professional engineering society in the United States. It is dedicated to the advancement of the individual civil engineer and the civil engineering profession through education.
ASD (Allowable Stress Design)
A structural design method whereby a structural element is designed so that the unit stresses computed under the action of working or service loads do not exceed specified allowable values. See Working Stress Design and Elastic Design.
Aspect Ratio
For any rectangular configuration, the ratio of the lengths of the sides.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
An organization which has developed over 10,000 technical standards which are used by industries worldwide.
Atrium
An opening or skylighted lobby through two or more floor levels other than an enclosed stairway, elevator, etc.
AutoCAD
The world's most popular computer-aided drafting software product for the personal computer in both DOS and windows by Autodesk, Inc. Anything that can be drawn on a drawing board can be drawn by AutoCAD.
Automatic Welding
A welding procedure using a machine to make a weld.
Auxiliary Load
Any dynamic live loads such as cranes, monorails, and material handling systems.
AWI (American Welding Institute)
An organization established in 1984 to bridge the gap between the findings of basic welding research and the needs of the industry.
AWS (American Welding Society)
A non-profit organization whose major goal is to advance the science, technology, and application of welding and related joining disciplines.
Axial Force
A force tending to elongate or shorten a member.
Axial Compression
An axial force causing compression in a member.
Axial Load
A load whose line of action passes through the centroid of the member's cross-sectional area and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.
Axial Strut Load
A structural member designed to transfer a axial tension or compression load only.
Axial Tension
An axial force causing tension in a member.

[B]
Backing Bar
A welding aid used to prevent melting through of a joint when preforming, for example, a complete-joint penetration groove weld.
Balcony
An elevated platform or seating space of an assembly room projecting from a wall of a building.
Ballast Roof
A roof which has selected material, such as crushed stone, placed on its surface to hold down the roof from wind forces.
Bar
A square or round piece of solid steel which is usually 6 inches or less in width.
Base Metal
The metal to be welded or cut.
Base Plate
A steel plate welded to the base of a column which distributes the column loads over an area of foundation large enough to prevent crushing of the concrete and usually secured by anchor bolts.
Basement
Any floor below the first story in a building.
Batten
A small piece of angle or plate welded to the heels of a two angle web member or any two parallel components to tie them together and usually located at the middle of the member.
Bay
The distance between the main frames of a building.
Base Ply
Is one layer of felt fastened to the deck over which a built-up roof is applied.
BBC (Basic Building Code)
A minimum model regulatory code for the protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy, location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction.
Beam
A structural member, usually horizontal, whose main function is to carry loads transverse to its longitudinal axis. These loads usually cause bending of the beam member. Some types of beams are simple, continuous, and cantilever.
Beam-Column
A structural member whose main function is to carry loads both parallel and transverse to its longitudinal axis.
Bearing
1) The distance that the bearing shoe or seat of a joist or joist girder extends over its masonry, concrete, or steel support 2) A structural support, usually a beam or wall, that is designed by the specifying professional to carry reactions to the foundation
Bearing Plate
The steel plate used for a joist or joist girder to bear on when they are supported by masonry or concrete supports. This plate transfers the joist reaction to the supporting structure and must be sized accordingly.
Bearing Wall
A wall which is supporting any vertical loads i2n addition to its own weight.
Bending Moment
The condition in the analysis of the internal stresses across the cross section of a member when it is subjected to forces which cause it to bend.
Bending Stress
Is zero at the neutral axis and assumed to increase linearly to a maximum at the outer fibers of the section.
Formula in the elastic range: Bending stress (in psi)=(M * c)/I, where 'M' is the bending moment at the section in in-lbs, 'I' is the moment of inertia of the section in inches^4, and 'c' is the distance from the neutral axis to the point at which the stress is desired in inches.
Bent
The plane of beam or joist girder members which support loads and the columns which support these members.
Bevel Cut
A single cut made at an angle to the member length. See Miter Cut.
BG-Type Joist Girder
A type of Joist Girder where joists are located at all panel points where vertical webs and diagonal webs intersect the top chord.
Biaxial Bending
Bending of a structural member about two perpendicular axes at the same time.
Bifurcation
The phenomenon whereby a perfectly straight member may either assume a deflected position, deflect then twist out of plane, or may remain in an undeflected configuration.
Bill of Lading
A list that gives each part or mark number, quantity, length of material, total weight, or other description of each piece of material that is shipped to a jobsite. The receiver compares each item on this list to what is on the truck and signs the statement. See also Shipping List.
Bill of Materials
A list of items or components used for fabrication and accounting purposes. See Cut-List.
Blasting
A method of cleaning or of roughening a surface by a forceable stream of sharp angular abrasive.
Blue Print
Also called a blue line. Is a copy of an architectural or other drawing made by a special machine usually on white paper with the lines and text being a blue color.
BOCA (Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.)
A minimum model regulatory code for the protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy, location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction. Its serves primarily the North Central and Northeast United States.
Bolted Splice
The connection between two structural members joined at their ends by bolting to form a single, longer member.
Bond Beam
The top course of block of a masonry wall filled with concrete and reinforcing steel and used to support roof loads.
Bottom Bearing
A bearing condition where the joist or joist girder bears on its bottom chord and not at an underslung condition.
Bottom Chord
The bottom members of a joist or joist girder.
Bottom Chord Extension (BCX)
The two angle extended part of a joist bottom chord from the first bottom chord panel point towards the end of the joist.
Bottom Chord Strut
A bottom chord of a joist or joist girder designed to transfer a axial tension or compression load.
Boundary Condition
An idealization to model how a structure is attached to its "external" points of support, for example, pin, fixed, roller, or shear release.
Bow String Joist
A non-standard type of joist where the top chord is curved and the bottom chord is straight or level.
Bow's Notation
Used in a graphical analysis of a joist or joist girder. It is a notation for denoting truss joints, members, loads, and forces. Capital letters are placed in the spaces between truss members and between forces. Each member and load is then designated by the letters on opposite sides of it.
Braced Frame
A frame which resists lateral loads by the use of diagonal bracing, K-braces, or other system of bracing.
Bracket
A structural support attached to a column or wall on which to fasten another structural member.
Bridge Crane
A lifting system which has a hoist that moves laterally on a beam or other member which then in turn moves longitudinally on a runway made of beams and rails.
Bridging
In general, is a member connected to a joist to brace it from lateral movement. See Horizontal Bridging and Diagonal Bridging.
Bridging Anchor
An angle or bent plate attached to a wall where the bridging will be attached or anchored, either by welding or bolting. The ends of all bridging lines terminating at walls or beams shall be anchored thereto.
Bridging Clip
A small piece of angle or plate with a hole or slot that is welded to the top and bottom chord angles so that bridging may be attached.
Bridging Diagram
A diagram of the profile of a joist used to show the number and location of the rows of bridging.
Brittle Fracture
The tearing or splitting of a member with little or no prior ductile deformation.
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree farenheit.
Buckling Load
The load at which a straight member under compression transfers to a deflected position.
Building
Any structure used for support or for shelter.
Building Code
Regulations established by a recognized agency describing design loads, procedures, quality of materials, and construction details for buildings for the protection of the public.
Building Designer
A registered architect or registered engineer who is responsible for the design of a structure. See Specifying Professional.
Building Official
The officer or other authority which has the duty of administration and enforcement of a building code.
Built-Up Roof
A type of roof composed of two or more layers of alternating felt, tar and asphalt.
Built-Up Section
A structural member made up from individual flat plates welded together or any structural metal elements that are welded or bolted together.
Butt Plate
The end plate of a structural member usually used to rest or butt against a like plate of another member in forming a connection.

[C]
C Shapes
A hot rolled shape called an American Standard Channel with symbol C.
"C" Section
A structural member cold-formed from sheet steel in the shape of a block "C" which can be used by itself or back to back with another C Section.
CAD
Abbreviation for Computer-Aided Drafting.
Calipers
A mechanical instrument usually having a pair of pivoted legs adjustable to any distance and used to measure thichness, distances between surfaces, and any internal or external diameter which is inaccessible with a scale.
Camber
Camber is an upward curvature of the chords of a joist or joist girder ind