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Clone Facts
“Clone”: Noun
A group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of a sexual reproduction.
If you look up the word “clone” in the dictionary you would probably find something similar to this.But in this section we would like to tell you a little bit more about clone technology,how it works,and the history of cloning technology.
What is the fulfillment to be a cloned being?
As we said at the top of this page,clones are two or more life forms that have the exact same gene (DNA).The word clone only has its meaning to living species that have cells within themselves.So two exact same soda cans will not be cloned cans.
What is cloned beings?
A cell or cells that has a same gene (DNA)to another cell,or cells.
So a single celled being like plankton（浮游生物）is a good example of a cloned being.Planktons breed by splitting their cells in half and make new planktons.So the two planktons are completely identical and in a way could be called “Clone Planktons”
But when you breed with two sexes the story gets more complicated.For example humans breed by two sexes,male and female.When you breed with two sexes only half of each parents gene information comes down to the new born child.So the coming baby has half of each parents DNA but does not exactly match anyone’s DNA.(As an exception,identical twins have the exact same DNA.This is because the twins were at first one life form that separated into two or more different body’s that have the same DNA.)
So the technology that makes it possible to reproduce the exact same DNA is what we would call “Cloning Technology”.
How to “clone”?
There are a ways to “clone” life forms.We will show you how clone technology actually works.
Making separating an embryo（胚胎）
The simplest way to make clones is making twins manually.As we said earlier twins have the exact same DNA and could be called clones.By separating the embryo and making one baby into two,it is possible to make perfectly identical twins.In theory it is possible to make triplets,quadruplets and more by the same way.But in the real world it is impossible to make more than four babies from one embryo.If you make more than quadruplets the newborns will not grow properly and probably die.This technology has been used for stockbreeding for many years.
Making clones by nuclear transplantation
By using this technology,unlike the way to make clones from separating the embryo it is possible to make many life forms that have the exact same DNA safely.
The way it works is,first you take out a cell from either a part of the body or a fertilized egg.Then you take that cell and put it into a unfertilized ovum.
This technology is separated into two kinds depending on where the cell comes from.
Taking the cell from a fertilized ovum（卵细胞）
One way is taking the cell from a fertilized ovum.When the cell starts to split you take out the cell and replace it into another unfertilized ovum.Then you put that ovum into a different female’s stomach.All the newborn babies will have the exact same DNA as the other and their father and will be clones.
Taking the cell from parts of the body
The other way to get the DNA you would like to use is taking a sample cell from part of the body that you want to copy from.In this way you take the cell from parts of the body,mostly from the ear or the skin.The rest of the procedure is the same as the procedure using the cell from a fertilized ovum.
The Clone History
1950
This year the first artificial fertilization succeeds.This was done by taking the sperm from a male cow and freezing it at-79 degrees Celsius.After that the sperm was taken to another female cow and the first artificial fertilization succeeded.
1952
The first cloned animal was born.Robert Briggs and Thomas King made a frog from a tadpoles cell.
1978
A movie about making Hitler’s clone appears in the theaters.
In the same year a writer named David Ropic released a non-fiction about a millionaire making his own clone.The world went into a panic but David didn’t show any evidence so this story was judged to be false.
1982
In America a movie named “Blade Runner” comes to the screens.This movie was about a cloned human attacking non-cloned humans.
1985
A lab team leaded by Ralf Prinstar succeeded to make the first livestock that’s gene was manually changed.This time it was a pig that was born.
1993
A cloned human appears in the TV series,“The X Files”.
A team succeeded to divide a human’s fertilized ovum by human work.
A team in Gorgetown University succeeded in making a clone of a human’s embryo.
A movie about cloned dinosaurs comes to the screens—“Jurassic Park”.
1996
Ian Willmack and his team was able to make a cloned sheep “Dolly”.Right after Dolly’s appearance,in the US a cloned monkey was born.This took notice because monkeys are the closest mammals to humans.
The first “Cloned Animal” in the world
The first cloned animal was a frog made by a Oxford University Professor J.B.Gardon in 1960.This is known to be the first cloned animal.
The first cloned mammal was a mouse made in 1981.
The first cloned livestock was made in August of 1984.This time it was a sheep that was cloned.This was announced in the magazine “Nature” in 1986.
Animals that have been Cloned
All are still experimental,but right now there are,cows,sheep,rabbits,pigs,goats,primates and mice.
Is there a risk in cloned food?
Cloned food as normal food will have to pass a test to be sold to the public.Also cloned food is normal food and is totally same as non-cloned food.So cloned food should taste like non-cloned food,and is exactly the same.
When will clone technology come to our lives?
The objective of the clone technology is not to produce cloned food,but to support a stable supply of highly rated livestock.To make that happen the clone technology will have to move one more step forward.For real it will take about 5-10 more years.
自主完善
Ⅰ.请在下列四个选项中选出最合适的一项
1.________ in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A.Dressed B.To dress C.Dressing D.Having dressed
答案：A
提示：本题考查动词的非谓语形式，be dressed in是固定搭配。
2.________ into use in April 2000,the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A.Put B.Putting C.Having put D.Being put
答案：A
提示：动词的过去分词在此表示被动。
3.All these gifts must be mailed immediately ________ in time for Christmas.
A.in order to have received B.in order to receive
C.so as to be received D.so as to be receiving
答案：C
提示：receive和these gifts有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以要用被动态。
4.The repairs cost a lot,but it’s money well ________.
A.to spend B.spent C.being spent D.spending
答案：B
提示：money well spent是固定搭配，“（钱）用得正是地方”。
5.I send you 100 dollars today,the rest ________ in a year.
A.follows B.followed C.to follow D.being followed
答案：B
提示：本题考查独立主格结构，the rest和follow有动宾关系，所以用被动语态。
6.—We’d like you to start work tomorrow if possible.
—I’m sorry,but I can’t possibly start until Monday.________?
A.Do you agree with me B.Is that a good idea
C.Do you think I’m right D.Will that be all right
答案：D
提示：询问对方对自己更改开始工作的日期的意见。
7.His idea of having weekly family meals together,which seemed difficult at first,has ________many good changes in their lives.
A.got through B.resulted from
C.turned into D.brought about
答案：D
提示：bring about带来。
8.You should understand the traffic rule by now.You’ve had it________ often enough.
A.explaining B.to explain C.explain D.explained
答案：D
提示：it是explain的对象，所以用过去分词，表示被动。
9.—Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
—Yes.He’s never interested in what ________ is doing.
A.no one else B.anyone else C.someone else D.nobody else
答案：B
提示：从句意可知，Victory是对所有别人做的事都不感兴趣。
Ⅱ.完形填空
The birth rate in Europe has been in a steady decrease since the 1960s.European countries,realizing crisis is at hand,are providing great encouragement for parents to create more babies in the 21st century.
Affairs Ministry concluded last year that, 1 cash encouragement,some women just don’t want to be 2 holding the baby.“What we know is that it’s good for the 3 if men and women share the burden of having children,” says Soren Kindlund,family policy adviser at the Swedish ministry. 4 Swedish parents can take their paid leave as they wish,men use a mere 12% of it;60% of fathers do not take even a(n) 5 day off work.
Experts fear that the tendency for women to use most of the parental leave could make employers 6 give young women the permanent jobs they need to qualify for paid maternity leave (产假).In January,Sweden decided to allow new fathers two months’ paid leave,with a warning: use it or 7 it.
Kindlund admits that men are under 8 to stay at work,even though parental pay comes out of the public purse.“It’s not popular among bosses and perhaps with other men in the workplace,” he says.“But it’s good for the father and for the child if they can 9 a relationship.”
In Norway,a(n) 10 policy has worked wonders.70% of dads in Norway now take parental leave,and the birthrate of 1.85 children per woman is one of the highest in Europe.
1.A.in spite of B.at the cost of C.in addition to D.due to
2.A.sent B.left C.caught D.seen
3.A.birthrate B.income C.health D.spirit
4.A.Just as B.Only if C.Even though D.Now that
5.A.one B.mere C.only D.single
6.A.willing B.reluctant C.likely D.unable
7.A.reserve B.misuse C.ignore D.lose
8.A.discussion B.attack C.control D.pressure
9.A.make out B.add up C.build up D.set aside
10.A.impersonal B.similar C.severe D.global
答案：
1.答案：A
提示：从下文可知，这里是表示让步。
2.答案：B
提示：本句的意思是“有些妇女不想留下来抚养孩子”。
3.答案：A
提示：如果男人和女人共同分担拥有孩子的负担的话，有利于提高出生率。
4.答案：C
提示：本题要选用从属连词，从下文可知，男人远没有充分利用带薪的假期，所以这里应该是表示让步。
5.答案：D
提示：本句的意思是“60%的父亲连一天假都不休”。
6.答案：B
提示：由于年轻女性要休产假，顾主会很不情愿给她们提供长久的工作。
7.答案：D
提示：既然是warning（警告），那除了是利用它（两个月的带薪假期），就是失去它了。
8.答案：D
提示：under pressure处于压力之中。
9.答案：C
提示：build up a relationship建立关系。
10.答案：B
提示：从下文可知，挪威的政策和瑞典的政策相似。
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Do you want to live another 100 years or more?Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.
“I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生),” said Michael Zey,a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future.“I think by 2075 we will see it and that’s a conservative estimate (保守的估计).”
At the conference in San Francisco,Donald Louria,a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology (纳米技术)make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.“There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years,” he said.“Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.”
However,many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease,they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live.“It remains to be seen if you pass 120,you know;could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?” said Leonard Poon,director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre.“At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at all.”
1.By saying “we are knocking at the door of immortality”,Michael Zey means ________.
A.they believe that there is no limit of living
B.they are sure to find the truth about long living
C.they have got some ideas about living forever
D.they are able to make people live past the present life span
2.Donald Louria’s attitude towards long living is that ________.
A.people can live from 120 to 180
B.it is still doubtful how long humans can live
C.the human body is designed to last past about 120 years
D.it is possible for humans to live longer in the future
3.The underlined word “it” (Paragraph 4)refers to ________.
A.a great push
B.the idea of living beyond the present life span
C.the idea of living from 200 to 300 years
D.the conservative estimate
4.What would be the best title for this text?
A.Living Longer or Not
B.Science,Technology and Long Living
C.No Limit for Human Life
D.Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living
答案：
1.答案：C
提示：句子的意思是“我们正在扣响永生之门”。Michael Zey 认为人类到2075年就能实现永生的梦想，而且这还是保守的估计，可见，这些科学家是有了永生的想法。
2.答案：D
提示：Donald Louria 说，基因的利用和纳米技术使人类将来可以比以前活得更长，这也正是他对长寿的看法。
3.答案：B
提示：许多专门研究老年问题的科学家对人类能超越现在的年龄，活得更长表示怀疑。
4.答案：A
提示：文章的前三段讲的是一些科学家对人类活得更长的前景表示乐观，后两段讲的是一些科学家对前者的观点表示质疑。
B
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor.Because of this,most people that craft(手艺) no longer exists.
One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid,and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability (持久性).“Homes in those days were well-built,” they say.No doubt these homes were well-built,but what these people have done is mixing up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.For example,more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways,although they were once fairly common in older homes.Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter(木匠) to built the stairway.Yet if someone can pay the high cost,there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways.And not only would these carpenters know how to built them,they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools.Such tools as laser beams and power planes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts(精确切割) on the wood.Also,it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics,which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality,then,really boils down to the problem of material,for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago,but only if given proper material.
5.Compared to the carpenters in the past,modern carpenters are________.
A.more successful B.more learned
C.more imaginative D.more hardworking
6.What does the underlined word “they” (Paragraph
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