高三英语学法指导与语法难点.doc

高三英语学法指导与语法难点一 高考英语试题的主要特点如果你想在高考中取得好成绩，总复习确有成效，你就必须对高考试题的主要特点有一个清楚的了解。 1.试题的基本难度不变英语试题在题型，难度，测试范围，及区分度上都将与近几年一致，因为无论全国试题或地方自命试题都是按考试大纲命制的。随着新教材的使用和新课标的执行，高考英语肯定会有变化，但基本的考点，题型不会有大的变化。2.重视实际使用英语能力的考核。现在的高考主要考查语言运用，即在实际生活中听说读写的能力。 换句话说，如果你的听力好，阅读强，写作也不错那在英语高考中就能拿一个高分。如果你只知道一些语法知识的细枝末节，而听、读、写都没怎么练，那你在高考中肯定是英雄无用武之地，分数上不去。3.突出语篇的作用，在活的情景中考查。所谓突出语篇的作用，即通过语篇考查听、读、写的能力，而不是孤立地、无上下文的单句式的考查。4.考英语还要考思维能力和综合文化素质英语卷不仅仅在考英语，几乎每一个试题都渗透着对观察、分析、记忆、想象，推理，判断和综合能力的测试，以及对学生全面文化素质的考查。试卷中主要试题都是在对话和短文中进行考核的，都有具体的语境，都需要分析，推测和概括。所以，只会死背句型，不善推理判断，记忆不准确，知识面又窄，这样的学生在高考面前就会显得力不从心。5阅读理解能力是重点检查的能力高考对英语听说读写诸项能力的测试并非均衡对待，而是按照教学大纲的要求，突出了对阅读能力的测试。这不仅表现在阅读理解题在试卷中占的比重最大（40分），还表现在阅读能力是决定听力，完形填空、书面表达、单项填空等题型答题效果的最基本的能力。强调对阅读的检测也符合中国人学习英语的规律。阅读是目前中国人学习英语的主要方式，阅读又是获取较综合，较复杂，较深刻信息的手段，突出考察阅读能力是完全正确的。 6强调基础知识和基本技能的掌握。高考作为一种选拔性的考试，虽然有难题，但主要考的仍是基础知识和基本技能。基础的东西掌握好了，才可能把试卷中的中低档的题做对，也才有可能攻克由诸项基础知识综合而成的难题。 高考成绩的高低，主要取决于基础知识和基本技能的掌握。那种在总复习中一味追求难题、怪题，而忽视基础知识的落实与基本技能训练的作法，实在是与高考命题主导思想背道而弛。 二 语法知识易错点本部分共85条，对中国学生在英语语法方面容易产生错误或混淆的地方作了有针对性的提示，而不是系统地讲解语法知识，这对学生抓住要点重点是有帮助的。1. 名词变复数的特殊形式child-children, foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice, stomach-stomachs, tooth-teeth, woman-women, sheep-sheep,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, a man doctor-men doctors, a woman doctor-women doctors, looker-on-lookers-on, grown-up-grown-ups误：There are many woman teachers in my school.正：There are many women teachers in my school.2. 常考不可数名词advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun, weather, knowledge, jewelry, progress误：What a fine weather it is!正：What fine weather it is!3. 可数不可数均可，但意思不同experience 经历（可数）；经验（不可数）room 房间（可数）；空间（不可数）exercise 练习（可数）；锻炼、运动（不可数）误：Visiting the Great Wall is unforgettable experience to me.正：Visiting the Great Wall is an unforgettable experience to me.4. 只能修饰可数名词的有： few, a few, many, a great/good many, a large number of误：There is a large number of water in the hole.正：There is a great deal of water in the hole.5. 只能修饰不可数名词的有：little, a little, much, a large amount of, a great/good deal of误：There are a great deal of people living there.正：There are a good many people living there.6. 可数不可数都可修饰的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, large quantities of, 如：There are plenty of trees along the river.There is a large quantity of snow on the top of the mountain.7. 只有复数形式的名词有：trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks, congratulations, belongings误：A pair of trousers are hanging over there.正：A pair of trousers is hanging over there.8. 复数形式，单数意思的有：plastics, news, politics, physics, mathematics误：The news are exciting.正：The news is exciting. 9. 复合名词的复数形式。girl friends, boy students, women teachers, men workers, passers-by, go-betweens, grown-ups误：Therere many boys students in my class.正：Therere many boy students in my class.10. 名词做主语，谓语动词用复数police, cattle, clothes, goods误：Cattle sells well at that market.正：Cattle sell well at that market. 11. 几个应该特殊注意的名词。people (民族，人); village (村庄，村民)；man(男人，人类)，youth (年轻人，青年男子，青春)误：The Chinese are peace-loving people.正：The Chinese are a peace-loving people.12. 名词所有格1) 形式 s, of Toms living room, teachers office, teachers room, a friend of mine, John and Marys school, Johns and Marys schools2) s适用范围 有生命的物体、时间、距离、国家、城市、机构等误：This is the mountains picture.正：This is a picture of the mountain.误：John and Marys schools are beautiful.正：Johns and Marys schools are beautiful. 3) 不能被s所替换的所有格形式：the city of Beijing, at the age of 20, the experience of the old, the struggle of the poor13. 必须加the的有以下几种情况。 1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）物；I have a pen. The pen is lost.2) 谈话双方所共知的共指的物体；Look at the blackboard.3) 序数词，形容词最高级前；She is the best student in my class.4) 世界上独一无二的物体；The earth moves around the sun.5) 表方位的名词前；The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.6) 形容词前表一类人；The rich are not always happy.7) 乐器He is playing the piano now.8) 山脉、河流、海洋、群岛；China is on the east of the Pacific Ocean.9) same, only, very前；Its the very book Im looking for. 10) by the +计量单位；by the dozen, by the day, by the poundThe workers are paid by the hour.误：Birds fly to south in winter.正：Birds fly to the south in winter. Birds fly south in winter.14. 不用冠词的情况有以下几种。1) 表泛指的名词前；如：Do you like music?2) 三餐前；如：have breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner3) 棋类、球类运动前；Almost all the boys in my class love playing football.4) 表官衔、职位的名词前；He was made monitor of the class.5) Child as he is中的child名词前。Student as he is, he never obeys the teacher.一 关于英语总复习的几点建议 （一）学会自主学习 所谓自主学习，就是学生具有学好英语的欲望，在老师的指导下能自己确定目标，自己安排进程，自己设计活动，自己寻找材料，自己监督自己，自己总结经验。课上课下听老师的话是对的，但要有主动性，作学习的主人。 坚持实践第一，以使用英语为主。简明扼要地对学过的知识进行归纳总结是必要的，但决不能用很多的时间去钻研语法规则。应该把大部分时间用在阅读、写作和听力的练习上，即应用语言上，尤其要加大和突出阅读的训练。使用英语的能力是在使用英语的实践中产生和提高的，并不是靠老师给讲会的。English is best learnt when always used in meaningful communication.学习英语要坚持模仿为主，理论分析为辅，不要过分钻研为什么。有的同学在学习英语时，采取君子动口不动手的态度，一味在那里琢磨理论，而不是抓紧时间动手写写，找出文章赶紧看看或打开录音机听听。这样的同学最终使用英语的能力不会有大的提高。 （二）抓好基础题 无论什么考试，基础的东西都是最重要的。英语高考也不例外。考生应努力做到保证拿到基础题的分，力争难题的分。在复习中，一定要结合实际情况安排练习的难度。如果水平不是很高，就一定要以练习基础题为主，不要嫌容易，不要跟别人攀比。要把基础词汇、基本句型弄扎实，要做到懂、会、熟。越临近高考越要降低难度 。有人以为做多难的练习就能达到多高的水平，其实并不是这样，这也取决于原来的基础。 （三）把考试大纲上的词汇表掌握好。 词汇表是高考命题的基础，是应该重点掌握的词汇。词汇表上的许多名词可归类为阅读词汇，这类词知道意思，会拼写即可。但动词、介词、连词及其他常用名词等则必须做到四会。学习词汇表不要照搬词典，词典的解释太繁杂了，高考用不上。 （四）重视总结做题规律和扩大知识面。 背诵短文，例句，甚至例题好处甚多。天天练，最终会见成效，但不要渴望迅速成功，因为语言的提高是慢工夫。停一天等于前三天白练。只有那些坚持不懈，埋头苦干，永不退缩的人才有希望到达光辉的顶点。 二 语法知识易错点 1. it, that, one, the one, the ones, thoseMy pen was lost. I cannot find it. （同一物体）My pen was lost. I have to buy a new one. （同类不同一）The population of Shanghai is much larger than that of Tianjin. （不可数名词）This pen is not the one I lost yesterday. （特指）The pens are not the ones I lost yesterday.The pens are not those I lost yesterday.误句：The weather in Beijing is much colder than the one in Shanghai.正句：The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Shanghai.2. each, either, both, neither, every, allTrees are planted on either/each side of the street.Trees are planted on both sides of the street.Trees are planted on every/each side of the square.Trees are planted on neither side of the street.Trees are planted on all sides of the square.误句：You can tie the horse to every of the two trees.正句：You can tie the horse to either of the two trees.3. any, either I have three books and you can choose any one.I have two books and you can choose either one.误句：-When would you like to come over to my house, Saturday or Sunday?-Any day is OK with me. 正句：-When would you like to come over to my house, Saturday or Sunday?-Either day is OK with me.4. another, the other, the others, others Another student came in.I have two brothers. One is a teacher. The other is a doctor.Suppose there are 50 students. Some students (20) are playing football on the playground. Others (20) are doing their homework in the classroom. The other students (30) are playing football on the playground.The others (30) are playing football on the playground.5. none, nothing, nobody, neither1) -How many students are there in the classroom? -None.2) -How much money do you have? -None.3) -Is there anybody in the classroom? -Nobody.4) -Is there anything in the room? -Nothing.5) -Would you please lend me some ink? -Sorry, but I have none left myself.6) I want neither of the two books. I want none of the three books.误句：-What do you want?-None.正句：1) -What do you want? -Nothing. 2) -Of the three things, which do you want? -None. 6. 反身代词应注意以下几点。1) I myself think2) Help yourself! 请随便吃吧3) Make yourself at home!别客气4) Dont upset yourself.别自寻烦恼5) make oneself heard/ understood I couldnt make myself heard above the noise.声音被淹没了。6) between ourselves, do you think 私下里说7) In itself, his illness is nothing to worry about.就疾病本身而言，没什么可担心的。8) He is not quite himself today.他感到不舒服9) by oneself = alone, without help 单干、无人帮忙10) for oneself 为You have the right to decide for yourself.11) of oneself 自动地The light went out of itself.7. 代词的其他注意事项：1) this, that My plan is like this: firstsecondthird He was ill. Thats why he didnt come.2) much, many3) some, any4) it可以指代分不清性别的小孩 Is it a boy or a girl?5) she, he也可以用于月亮、太阳、轮船或动物拟人化。 China is our motherland and she is the most beautiful country in the world in my opinion.6) you, he and I, you and I, ladies and gentlemen8. 数词1) 大于某数 more than 20 years, over thirty, above twenty degrees2) 小于 less than ten days, fewer than 50 people, children under 73) 至少 at least 10 dollars, no less than 100 people4) 大约 about three days, around 2 oclock, two miles or so5) 至多 not more than 5 rooms, at most ten days6) 仅有 no more than 1 year, only 2 years7) 倍数 This ruler is twice/three times longer than that one.This ruler is twice/three times as long as that one.This ruler is twice/three times the length of that one.误：This box is as three times heavier as that one.正：This box is three times as heavy as that one.9. 数字+形容词+名词Its a five-foot-deep hole.The hole is five feet deep.Its a hole five feet deep.误句：Its a three-meters-long table.正句：Its a three-meter-long table.10. 形容词，副词的比较级和最高级busy-busier-busiesthot-hotter-hottestimportant-more important-most importantgood-better-bestmany/much-more-mostbad/ill-worse-worstold-older/elder-oldest/eldestlittle-less-leastfar-farther/further-farthest/furthestbadly-worse-worstwell-better-best11. 形容词需要注意以下几点：1) 只能做定语的形容词有：live, main, chief;My main purpose is to help you here.2) 只能做表语的形容词有：alone, alike, awake, asleep, lit, contentHe is alone, but he doesnt feel lonely.3) 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序依次是：冠词（所有格；指示词；数词）；品质；大小长短；形状；新旧；颜色；产地；材料；用途；例如：a beautiful little round red Chinese wooden public reading room4) 能修饰形容词比较级的有：much, rather, even , still, far, any, no, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, yet等；Im much better now.Im a great deal better now.5) 能修饰形容词最高级的有：by far, very, much。He is by far the best student in my class.一、听力测试的准备与应试听力是语言交际诸项能力中主要靠听觉捕捉信息的一种能力。听力理解力的强弱是语言多种能力的综合反映。听力测试在高考中占30分，比例不小。一般考九个对话和一篇短文，对话是由一男一女朗读的。试题的语速为每分钟120-140个词，比英美人一般语速每分钟140-150个词略慢。试题前有试听段落，基本没有生词但有个别难句。读音标准，英美音都有。对话的重点包括表示看法、活动安排、购物、看病、就餐、旅游以及打电话等日常生活内容。对话和短文后所问问题包括话题、人物关系、态度观点、顺序、计算、原因、结果、时间、地点及职业。在做听力测试时，一定要调整好心态，紧张、焦虑、不安都不利于捕捉声音信息。试听时，应注意听，争取理解大意。试听可以熟悉讲话者的语音语调，使学生注意力集中，尽快转向英语思维。播放录音前，尽量争取将下一对话的问题看一下。带着问题听，可集中注意主要的信息，效果肯定好。其实两题之间有10秒的停顿，这10秒可以省出三四秒看看下一题。学会预测，对理解全文意义重大。边听边在草稿纸上用自己熟悉的简单符号速记数字、地名、人名等。 有的对话或独白要读两遍,第一遍不必追求全听懂，有些听不懂是很自然的，努力抓住大意就是好的。第二遍再结合问题听要点，以便答题。学会抓住关键词。一个关键词就能解决一道题。 听的能力是在听的实践中提高的。任何理论的讲解都是辅助性的。有志于提高听力的同学，应该赶紧打开录音机，利用一切机会，多听、勤听。熟能生巧，经过一段时间练习，听力肯定会有提高。要精听泛听相结合。泛听主要练习听大意或部分内容，不必什么都听懂。泛听对培养良好的感觉，提高听力技巧也是重要的。材料的选取要难易适度，并注意趣味性。 不要一开始就练听太难的东西，这样，会挫伤积极性，欲速则不达。掌握正确的语音语调。听者本人的语音语调正确，在听的过程中的语音识别能力就强。要学会抓住主要信息，忽略非主流信息，要练习看到问题和听到某一词时能迅速预测下面内容。另外， 听说读写是互相联系、互相影响的。要想听力提高，不但要多听，还应重视说、读和写。某些阶段有所侧重是应该的，但不能偏废任何一方面。一个读写能力强、说的也不错的人，是很容易提高他的听的能力的。二、语法知识易错点 1. 注意几个短语的用法。1) the tallest of all The girl is the best student of all. 2) the smaller of the two This island is the larger of the two. 3) less rich than He is less poor than his brother. 4) as rich as He is as tall as his brother. 5) the more, the better The more you look at it, the better you like it. 6) not more beautiful than, no more beautiful than 误：He is no more clever than his brother. So he can solve the problem. 正：He is no more foolish than his brother. So he can solve the problem. 2. 注意几组副词的区别。 1) deep, deeply I was deeply touched by the moving story.2) high, highly I thought highly of his idea. 3) wide, widely English is widely spoken in China nowadays. 4) direct, directly Go direct home. 5) first, firstly 6) free, freely He can talk freely in English. 7) hard, hardly I can hardly move. 8) late, lately Where have you been lately? 9) just, justly 10) loud, aloud, loudly Reading aloud is important for English learners. 11) most, mostly My friends are mostly Chinese. 12) near, nearly, almost Almost nobody was there to help him. 13) fair, fairly, rather, quite 14) also, as well, too, either 15) very, much, very much 误：Im deep moved by what he said. 正：Im deeply moved by what he said. 3. 几个易错的副词home, downtown, downstairs, abroad 误句：He went to abroad three years ago. 正句：He went abroad three years ago. 4. 介词与动词的搭配。agree with, belong to, break away from, care for He agreed with what I said. 5. 介词与形容词的搭配。afraid of, angry with, different from, good at Im afraid of falling behind others.6. 介词与名词的搭配。answer to, key to, reason for, cause of, visit toHow about your visit to the Great Wall? 7. 注意几组介词的区别。1) at, in, on (表地点，表时间) 2) from, for, since (表时间) 3) below, under, above, over 4) between, among 5) by, with, in (表方式) You can get there by bus. He cut the meat with a knife. He wrote the letter in ink. 8. 一般现在时注意以下两点。1) 表时刻表的情况下，一般现在代替将来时态用； 2) 主将从现符合的原则是：if条件句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句和让步状语从句。如：If he comes, Ill let you know. He will be happy when I tell him. Next time Ill do as you say. Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place. 3) be to do 表有责任、有义务做某事be going to do 表示有计划性、准备做某事 will do 一般情况下使用 误：The plane will take off at 10p.m.正：The plane takes off at 10p.m. 9. 现在进行时注意以下四点。1) 和always, constantly, forever, continually连用表示说话人的感情色彩，责备，埋怨等；He is always thinking of others. 2) 强调情况的暂时性；He is walking to school because his bike is being repaired. 3) 强调一时的表现； He is being silly. 4) 表将来。 Im going shopping this afternoon. 误：He types his own letters when his secretary is ill. 正：He is typing his own letters when his secretary is ill. 误：He always makes the same mistake. 正：He is always making the same mistake. 10. 一般将来时注意以下三点。 1) 表倾向，习惯性动作。意为会，不能，没法；We will die sooner or later. The medicine wont help. 2) 表推测 The man in the middle will be visit