Argument范文89篇.docx

GMAT—AWA—1
Argument Writing Samples
写作题目见权威辅导（PP2）第258页，共89篇：这些文章的价值不在于它们的
语言表达（尚有不少不当之处，有待改进），而在于它们提出的观点具有启发作用。请
不要背样文，应背写作模式及每篇的理由。

1. Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a
downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argues
that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits
in the future. In support of this conclusion the author cites the general principle that "as
organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient." This principle,
coupled with the fact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in the food
processing industry leads to the author's rosy prediction. This argument is unconvincing
because it suffers from two critical flaws.
First, the author's forecast of minimal costs and maximum profits rests on the
gratuitous assumption that Olympic Foods' "long experience" has taught it how to do
things better. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author
cite any evidence to support this assumption. Just as likely, Olympic Foods has learned
nothing from its 25 years in the food-processing business. Lacking this assumption, the
expectation of increased efficiency is entirely unfounded.
Second, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from the color-film processing
industry are applicable to the food processing industry. Differences between the two
industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than
valid. For example, problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation all
affect the food industry but are virtually absent in the film-processing industry.
Problems such as these might present insurmountable obstacles that prevent lowering
food-processing costs in the future.
As it stands the author's argument is not compelling. To strengthen the conclusion
that Olympic Foods will enjoy minimal costs and maximum profits in the future, the
author would have to provide evidence that the company has learned how to do things
better as a result of its 25 years of experience. Supporting examples drawn from
industries more similar to the food-processing industry would further substantiate the
author's view.

2. In this argument the author concludes that the Apogee Company should dose
down field offices and conduct all its operations from a single, centralized location
because the company had been more profitable in the past when all its operations were
in one location. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.
First, the author assumes that centralization would improve profitability by cutting
costs and streamlining supervision of employees. This assumption is never supported
with any data or projections. Moreover, the assumption fails to take into account cost
increases and inefficiency that could result from centralization. For instance, company
representatives would have to travel to do business in areas formerly served by a field
office, creating travel costs and loss of critical time. In short, this assumption must be
supported with a thorough cost-benefit analysis of centralization versus other possible
cost-cutting and/or profit-enhancing strategies.
Second, the only reason offered by the author is the claim that Apogee was more
profitable when it had operated from a single, centralized location. But is centralization
the only difference relevant to greater past profitability? It is entirely possible that
management has become lax regarding any number of factors that can affect the bottom
line such as inferior products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor
employee expense account monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies
and other wasteful spending. Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to
diminishing profits, this argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one
event (decreasing profits) follows another (decentralization), the second event has been
caused by the first.
In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee
should close field offices and centralize. This author must provide a thorough cost-
benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization
that might be affecting current profits negatively.

3. In this argument the author concludes that the city should allocate some of its arts
funding to public television. The conclusion is based on two facts: (1) attendance at the
city's art museum has increased proportionally with the increases in visual-arts program
viewing on public television, and (2) public television is being threatened by severe cuts
in corporate funding. White this argument is somewhat convincing, a few concerns need
to be addressed.
To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that increased exposure to
the visual arts on television, mainly public television, has caused a similar increase in
local art-museum attendance. However, just because increased art-museum attendance
can be statistically correlated with similar increases in television viewing of visual-arts
programs, this does not necessarily mean that the increased television viewing of arts is
the cause of the rise in museum attendance.
Moreover, perhaps there are other factors relevant to increased interest in the local
art museum; for instance, maybe a new director had procured more interesting, exciting
acquisitions and exhibits during the period when museum attendance increased, in
addition, the author could be overlooking a common cause of both increases. It is
possible that some larger social or cultural phenomenon is responsible for greater public
interest in both television arts programming and municipal art museums.
To be fair, however, we must recognize that the author's assumption is a special
case of a more general one that television viewing affects people's attitudes and
behavior. Common sense and observation tells me that this is indeed the case. After all,
advertisers spend billions of dollars on television ad time because they trust this
assumption as well.
In conclusion, I am somewhat persuaded by this author's line of reasoning. The
argument would be strengthened if the author were to consider and rule out other
significant factors that might have caused the increase in visits to the local art museum.

4. In response to a coincidence between calling revenues and delays in
manufacturing, the report recommends replacing the manager of the purchasing
department. The grounds for this action are twofold. First, the delays are traced to poor
planning in purchasing metals. Second, the purchasing manager's lack of knowledge of
the properties of metals is thought to be the cause of the poor planning. It is further
recommended that the position of the purchasing manager be filled by a scientist from
the research division and that the current purchasing manager be reassigned to the sales
department. In support of this latter recommendation, the report states that the current
purchasing manager's background in general business, psychology, and sociology equip
him for this new assignment. The recommendations advanced in the report are
questionable for two reasons.
To begin with, the report fails to establish a causal connection between the falling
revenues of the company and the delays in manufacturing. The mere fact that falling
revenues coincide with delays in manufacturing is insufficient to conclude that the
delays caused the decline in revenue. Without compelling evidence to support the causal
connection between these two events, the report's recommendations are not worthy of
consideration.
Second, a central assumption of the report is that knowledge of the properties of
metals is necessary for planning in purchasing metals. No evidence is stated in the
report to support this crucial assumption. Moreover, it is not obvious that such
knowledge would be required to perform this task. Since planning is essentially a
logistical function, it is doubtful that in-depth knowledge of the properties of metals
would be helpful in accomplishing this task.
In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the
manager of the purchasing department be replaced, the author would have to
demonstrate that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing.
Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals
is a prerequisite for planning in purchasing metals.

5. A newspaper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury,
be reduced below the price of a competing newspaper, The Bugle. This
recommendation responds to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the
5-year period following the introduction of The Bugle. The publisher's line of reasoning
is that lowering the price of The Mercury will increase its readership, thereby increasing
profits because a wider readership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is
problematic in two critical respects.
While it is clear that increased circulation would make the paper more attractive to
potential advertisers, it is not obvious that lowering the subscription price is the most
effective way to gain new readers. The publisher assumes that price is the only factor
that caused the decline in readership. But no evidence is given to support this claim.
Moreover, given that The Mercury was the established local paper, it is unlikely that
such a mass exodus of its readers would be explained by subscription price alone.
There are many other factors that might account for a decline in The Mercury's
popularity. For instance, readers might be displeased with the extent and accuracy of its
news reporting, or the balance of local to other news coverage. Moreover, it is possible
The Mercury has recently changed editors, giving the paper a locally unpopular political
perspective. Or perhaps readers are unhappy with the paper's format, the timeliness of
its feature articles, its comics or advice columns, the extent and accuracy of its local
event calendar, or its rate of errors.
In conclusion, this argument is weak because it depends on an oversimplified
assumption about the causal connection between the price of the paper and its
popularity. To strengthen the argument, the author must identify and explore relevant
factors beyond cost before concluding that lowering subscription prices will increase
circulation and, thereby, increase advertising revenues.

6. In this argument corporations are urged to consider the city of Helios when
seeking a new location or new business opportunities. To support this recommendation,
the author points out that Helios is the industrial center of the region, providing most of
the region's manufacturing jobs and enjoying a lower-than-average unemployment rate.
Moreover, it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base o'
the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative
technologies. This argument is problematic for two reasons.
To begin with, it is questionable whether the available labor pool in Helios could
support all types of corporations. Given that Helios has attracted mainly industrial and
manufacturing companies in the past, it is unlikely that the local pool of prospective
employees would be suitable for corporations of other types. For example, the needs of
research and development companies would not be met by a labor force trained in
manufacturing skills. For this reason, it's unlikely that Helios will be successful in its
attempt to attract companies that focus or research and development of innovative
technologies.
Another problem with the available work force is its size. Due to the lower than
average unemployment rate in Helios, corporations that require large numbers of
workers would not find Helios attractive. The fact that few persons are out of work
suggests that new corporations will have to either attract new workers to Helios or Day
the existing workers higher wages in order to lure them away from their current jobs.
Neither of these alternatives seems enticing to companies seeking to relocate.
In conclusion, the author has not succeeded in providing compelling reasons for
selecting Helios as the site for a company wishing to relocate. In fact, the reasons
offered function better as reasons for not relocating to Helios. Nor has the author
provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to
choose Helios.

7. In this argument the author concludes that people trying to lose weight are better
off consuming sugar than the artificial sweetener aspartame. To support this conclusion
the author argues that aspartame can cause weight gain by triggering food cravings,
whereas sugar actually enhances the body's ability to bum fat. Neither of these reasons
provides sufficient support for the conclusion.
The first reason that aspartame encourages food cravings is supported by research
findings that high level s of aspartame deplete the brain chemical responsible for
registering a sense of being sated, or full. But the author's generalization based on this
research is unreliable. The research was based on a sample in which large amounts of
aspartame were administered; however, the author applies the research findings to s
target population that includes all aspartame users, many of whom would probably not
consume high levels of the artificial sweetener.
The second reason that sugar enhances the body's ability to bum fat is based on
the studies in which experimental groups, whose members consumed sugar after at least
45 minutes of continuous exercise, showed increased rates of fat burning. The author's
general claim, however, applies to all dieters who use sugar instead of aspartame, not
just to those who use sugar after long periods of exercise. Once again, the author's
generalization is unreliable because it is based on a sample that clearly does not
represent all dieters.
To conclude, each of the studies cited by the author bases its findings on evidence
that does not represent dieters in general; for this reason, neither premise of this
argument is a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that dieters are
better off consuming sugar instead of aspartame.

8. Based upon a survey among workers that indicates a high level of interest in the
topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs, the author
concludes that workers are n