非谓语动词教案.doc

非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词种类
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
二、分类：
（1）不定式的形式：

主 动
被 动
一般式
to write
to be written
进行式
to be writing
/
完成式
to have written
to have been written
完成进行式
to have been writing

否定式
not + (to) do
1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：
I’m glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.

（2）动名词的形式：
语 态
式

主动语态

被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定式
not + 动名词
1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

（3）现在分词的形式：
现在
及 物 动 词 write
不及物动词go
分词
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
writing
being written
going
完成式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式
not + 现在分词
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
（4）过去分词：done
四、非谓语动词的句法功能：
句子成分
非谓语

主语

表语

宾语

补语

定语

状语
不定式
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
动名词
ü
ü
ü
（极少）
ü

现在分词

ü

ü
ü
ü
过去分词

ü

ü
ü
ü
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（一）做主语：做主语可用不定式和动名词
（1）非谓语做主语句型结构图
A. (Not )To do---------------
B. (Not )Doing--------------

+谓语+其他
（（

（2）例句：
1.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
2.To lose your heart means failure.
注意：动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
3. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
4. Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
注意：当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。
补充：不定式，动名词做主语时，谓语用单数。
（二）做表语：做表语可用不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词
（1）非谓语做表语句型结构图
A. to do---------------
B. wh to do----
C. doing（表示主语所处的状态,主动或进行）
D. done（表示主语所处的状态,被动或完成）

主语+is+

（2）例句：
1. Her job is to clean the hall.（不定式）
2. He appears to have caught a cold.（动名词）
3. In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.（现在分词） 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
4. The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. （现在分词）正在这家上演的电影很棒。
5. The present situation is inspiring. （现在分词）当前的形势鼓舞人心。
辨析： be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
6. The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
辨析：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
7. The window is broken.（系表）
8. The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
注意：有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

（三）做宾语：做宾语可用不定式和动名词
（1）非谓语做宾语句型结构图

A. to do （谓语:want/hope/wish/offer/fail/plan/learn/pretend/refuse/manage/help-）
B. wh to do（谓语:know/decide/find out/forget/learn/remember/ /think/understand, wonder）
C. it adj to do（谓语:find）
D.doing（谓语:deny/endure/escape/resist/suggest/enjoy/finish/avoid/excuse/ --- ）
E. it noun doing（谓语动词:find）

主语+谓语+

1．只能用不定式做宾语的动词
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse. manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help
还有 afford， strive（努力，奋斗），happen, wait, threaten
2． 只能用动名词做宾语的动词
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，设想), avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape
还有：be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to , stick to, object to(反对)，…..

3.有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：
go on doing sth.继续干同一件事;
go on to do sth接着去干另外一件事;
stop doing sth停止做某事;
stop to do sth停下来去干某事;
forget doing sth忘记已干了某事;
forget to do sth忘记要干某事;
remember doing sth记得已经干了某事;
remember to do sth记住要干某事;
try doing sth试着干某事;
try to do sth设法干某事;
mean doing sth意味着做某事;
mean to do sth打算干某事;
can’t help doing sth禁不住干某事;
can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助干某事;
regret doing sth后悔干了某事;
regret to do sth因要做某事而遗憾等等
愿意做某事
would/should like/ love/ prefer to do sth
feel like dong sth
4. 动词want, need, require,作“需要”， deserve作“应受，应得”解等后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾语，表示被动关系，如接不定式时，则必须用被动形式。即：need doing = need to be done.
5.be worth doing sth …..值得被…… 用主动表被动
= be worthy to be done
= be worthy of being done
5. 不定式作介词宾语。介词expect / but, other than之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实义动词do,则expect / but , other than后接不带to 的不定式；反之，如果except / but前没有实义动词do，则不定式要带to.
1. She has no choice but to wait for the news.
2. The man can do everything but speak French.
3. I have no choice but to stay here.
4. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
6. 在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit, consider 后直接跟动名词作宾语：如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用动词不定式做宾语补足语
sb to do sth
allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider
doing sth
7. tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out, 常接 how/ what/ whether/ where/ when/ who + to do sth. 但 why 后不加to 的不定式
We must decide whether to stay or go.
Can you tell me why do it?
（四）做宾语补足语：做宾语补足语可用不定式，现在分词和过去分词
（1）非谓语做宾补句型结构图
A. to do（谓语：want/wish/ask/tell/order/beg/permit/help/advise,）
B. do（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe/have/let/make--）
C. doing（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe--）
D. done（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe--）

主语+谓语+sb

（2） 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
1. With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
2. I saw him cross the road.
3. He was seen to cross the road.
口诀：吾看三室两厅一感觉
look at/ see/ watch/ notice/observe, make/ let/ have, listen to/hear, feel
（3）如下动词后可跟分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
4. Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
5. He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
6. I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
7. With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。

（五）做定语：
（1）非谓语短语做定语句型结构图：
A. to do-----------(主动/被动、将来)
B. doing-----------(主动/进行)
C. done----------- (被动/完成)
D. being done----(被动/进行)
E. to be done-----(被动/将来)

名词

说明：
1.选A与被修饰词之间构成主谓和动宾关系，且表示将来的含义。
2.选B与被修饰词之间构成主谓关系，且表示进行的含义
3.选C与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示完成的含义
4.选D与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示进行的含义
5.选E与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示将来的含义
6.A,E的区别：选A在句中有do的逻辑主语，选D在句中无do的逻辑主语。
（2）不定式做定语：
动词不定式做定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
1）动宾关系：
1. I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
2. He found a good house to live in.
3. The child has nothing to worry about.
4. What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
5. He has no place to live.
6. This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
7. Have you got anything to sent?(主语发出寄的动作)
8. Have you got anything to be sent?（主语不发出寄的动作，另外的人发出这个动作）
2）说明所修饰名词的内容：
9.We have made a plan to finish the work.
3）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
10. He is the first to get here.
不定式可用在the first, the second以及the last, the only和最高级等后面作定语。
She likes to listen to Mr. Li’s lessons, so she is always the first to come and the last to leave.

（3）动名词做定语：
1. He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
2. Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（4）现在分词做定语：现在分词作定语，在含义上表主动或进行，也可表示经常性，习惯性的动作。当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如：The changing world(正在发生的世界),如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
1. In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
2. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

（5）过去分词做定语：过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作如：the changed world（已经起了变化的世界）；通常单个的过去分词作前置定语，过去分词短语作后置定语。Developed countries; a crowded room, illness caused by the accident; the photos taken in the zoo；有少数单个过去分词，如left, given等，常作后置定语。
1. There will only be standing room left for us next century!
2. The books given are well worth reading.
3.Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
4. Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。

（六）做状语：
（1）非谓语做状语句型结构图
1）状语置于主句前：
A. (Not )To do（主谓/目的）
B. (Not )Doing（主谓/时间，原因，条件和让步）
C. (Not )Having done（主谓/谓语之前的动作）
D. (Not )Done（动宾/原因，时间，条件，让步和伴随）
E. (Not )Having been done（动宾/谓语之前的动作）

，主语+谓语+其他。

说明：1. 选择A,B,C时句子的主语与非谓语的主语构成主谓关系，选择D,E时句子的主语与非谓语的主语构成动宾关系
2. 选择A时做目的状语，意为“为了----”
3. 选择B时表示时间，原因，条件和让步。
4. 选择C时表示非谓语的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
5. DE的区别为E的动作明显在主句动作之前。而D并不强调。
1）做时间状语（doing/done/having done/having been done）：
1. __ __ a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.　
A. Having been given B. Having given 　
C. Giving 　　 D. Being given
2. ____ _a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon..
A. Having been given B. Having given
C. Giving 　 D. Being given
3. with the threat of water shortages, Beijing and Shanghai are taking effective measures to save water and protect water resources.
A．Face B．Faced
C．Facing D．To face
4. When if she would request a rise，the actress noted that money was not important.
A.asked B.being asked
C.having asked D.asking
5. When different cultures，we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A.compared B.being compared
C.comparing D.having compared
6. ____ how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.
　 A. Not to know　　 B. Not knowing 　
C. Knowing not　　 D. Not known
2）表目的（to do）：
1. out of the difficult situation，the restaurant is now making efforts to improve the quality of service.
A.Getting B.Got
C.Having got D.To get
2. the mixture, the teacher showed it around the classroom.
A.To see B.More students to see
C.For more students to see D.Seen
4）表原因（doing/done）：
1. , Mary had to stay at home to look after her.
A．Being ill B．To be ill
C．Her mother was ill D．Her mother being ill
2. by his grandparents，Jimmy wasn’t used to living with his parents.
A.To bring up B.To be brought up
C.Brought up D.Being brought up
3. all her spare time to her study during the three years，she finally took the first place in her school in the College Entrance Examination and received the admission notice from her dream university.
A.Devoted B.Having devoted
C.To be devoted D.She had devoted
4. good and sweet，this kind of apple was soon sold out in the market.
A.Tasted B.Tasting
C.Having been tasted D.Being tasted
5. __________ tomorrow's lessons, I have no time to go out with you.
A. Not preparing B. Not prepare
C. Not being prepared D. Not having prepared
5）做方式和伴随（doing）：
1. _____their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.
A. Followed B. Followed by
C. Being followed D. Having been followed
2. and short of breath , Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai .
A.To be tired B.Tired
C.Tiring D.Being tired
3. _____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. 
A. To throw     B. Thrown        
C. Throwing       D. Being thrown
4. ______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A.Surprising B.Surprised
C.Being surprised D.To be surprising
6）做条件状语（doing/done）：
1. If ________ to a high temperature , water can be turned into vapour .
A. heat B. to heat
C. heating D. heated
2. to the right，you will find the house you are looking for.You cannot miss it.
A.You turn B.Turn
C.To be turning D.Turning
3. ___________ the past, our life is much better.
A. Comparing with B. Be compared with
C. To compare with D. Compared with
4. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A.invited　 B.inviting
C.being invited D.having invited
7）做让步状语（doing/done）：
1. Though to stop to take a rest，the farmer went on working till sunset.
A.told B.being told
C.telling D.having told
2 that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.
A.To have said B.Having said
C.To say D.Saying
3. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A lacked B lacking of
C lacking D lacked in
8）独立成分（doing/to do）：
1. from media reports，the result has been unclear.
A.To judge B.Having judged
C.Judging D.Judged
2. everything into consideration，the result is better than .
A.Taking; expected B.Taken;expected
C.To take;expecting D.Taking;expecting
9）与逻辑主语构成独立主格（doing/done）：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。

A. (not )to do（主谓/目的不用逗号隔开/结果）
B. (not )doing（主谓/伴随，结果和目的）
C. (not )done（动宾/伴随，结果和目的）
D.(not )Having done（主谓/谓语之前的动作）
E. (not) to have done（主谓/谓语之前的动作/原因）
2）状语置于主句后：

主语+谓语+其他，