大学英语写作精要-关联词、佳句、范文.doc

关联词

英语作文在语气上有"起、承、转、合"之分。"启"就是开头；"承"就是承接；"转"就是转让；"合"就是综合或总结。在专业写作课中对它的要求是十分严格的。每段的开头由表示"启、承、转、合"的字来引导。引言段表示"启"；第一扩展段表示"承"；第二扩展段表示"转"；结尾段表示"合"，因此形成"起--承--转--合"的情形。有时也有"起--承--承--合"或其它的情形出现，但这些不同的情形只是扩展段"承"、"转"的变化，且"启"与"合"的规律也不是固定不变的。
下面我们为大家精选了一些常用于"起、承、转、合"的词语，通过练习希望学生能掌握这些词语的运用。这样在考试中作文就会流畅、自然。

一．根据关联词在句中所处的位置，分为以下四类
1.常用于引言段开头的短语
Generally speaking，...
一般说来，……
It goes without saying that...
不用说
It is (quite) clear that... because...
很明显地……因为……
It is often said that...
常常有人说......
A proverb says...
有句谚语说：……
As the proverb says...
如谚语所说......
Many people often ask this question：“．．．?”
许多人常常问这个问题……

2．常用于第一个扩展段开头的短语
Therefore we should realize that...
因此我们应该了解……
We have reason to believe that…
我们有理由相信……
Everybody knows that...
每个人都知道……
It can be easily proved that...
很容易证明……
It is true that...
……是真实的
NO one can deny that...
谁也不能否认……
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is...
跟上述同样重要的一项是……
The chief reason why...is that...
为什么……的主要原因是……
We must recognize that...
我们必须承认……
There is no doubt that…
无疑地……
I am of the opinion that...
我认为……
This can be expressed as follows...
可分下列数点：……
To take... for an example...
以……为例，
(Now that) We know that...
(既然)我们知道......
What is more serious is that...
更重要的是……

3．常用于第二个扩展开头的词或短语(语气与第一个扩展段不同或相反)
Others may find this to be true，...
在别人看来可能是对的，……
There is a certain amount of truth in this．
这在大体上是对的。
Another special consideration in this case is that...
. 对这个问题时另一考虑是......
But I don’t. I believe that...
但我个人并不这么认为。我认为……，
Though we are in basic agreement with...
虽然基本上我们同意……
What seems to be the trouble is...
似乎困难是在……
Yet differences will be found， that's...
然而其中仍有不同的地方，……
Why I feel that...
这也是我为什么认为……
On the other hand...
另一方面，
Perhaps you will question why...
也许你会问为什么……
Besides， we should not neglect that...
除此以外，我们更不能忽视……
But it is a pity that...
但是有点可惜的是……
But the Problem is not so simple．Therefore，..
然而问题并非如此简单。因此，……
However，...
然而,无论如何……
But we still have a problem with regard to...
不过对于......我们还有一点问题。
So long as you regard this as reasonable，...只
要你认为合理，……
You may …
你可以……

4．可以用于结尾段的短语
The result is dependent on...
结果根据……而定
From this point of view，...
从这个观点来看，……
In a word，...
总而言之，……
In conclusion，.
结论是，……
On account of this we can find that...
由此我们可以知道……
Thus，this is the reason why we must...
因此，这就是我们为什么必须……

二．根据关联词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类
1．与“启”有关的常用词语
at present现在 currently目前
first(ly)第一 now 现在
lately 最近 in general 一般来说
at first 最初 to begin with 首先，第一
to start with 首先，第一 in the beginning 起初
first of all 首先，第一 in the first place 首先，第一
recently 最近 generally speaking 一般来说
for one thing(for another)首次(其次)
on the one hand(on the other hand)一方面(另一方面)
It goes without saying that... 不用说……

2．有关“承”的常用词语
besides( this) 此外 certainly 无疑地，确实地
so 所以 truly 事实上；具实地
unlike… 不像……；和……不 what is more而且，此外
of course 当然 incidentally 顺便让我一提
at any rate 无论如何 second(ly) 第二；第二点
third(ly) 第三；第三点 also／ too 并且；又，也
for example 例如 for instance 例如
as an example 例如 as another example 再如
namely 即，就是 then然后
in addition to除…之外 besides(this) 此外
in addition此外 furthermore而且，此外
moreover而且，此外 after a while过了一会儿
from now on从此 later后来；
such as正如 similarly同样地
what is more而且， for another其次
in other words换句话说 in particular特别，尤其
in the same way同样地 soon不久
consequently结果 for the purpose为此
indeed的确 no doubt无疑地
obviously明显地 particularly特别地
still仍然 after that此后
afterwards此后 after a few days几天之后
meanwhile与此同时 at the same time同时
by this time此时 in particular特别(地)
in the same manner同样地

3．有关“转”的常用词语(通常用来表示不同或相反的情况)
at the same time 同时 by this time此时
especially特别地 fortunately幸福地
in other words换句话说 whereas然而
after all毕竟 but但是
on the contrary 相反地 unlike与……不同
on the other hand另一方面 all the same但是
unfortunately不幸地 still仍然
in fact事实上 likewise同样地
anyway无论如何 yet仍；然而
however然而 nevertheless尽管如此
although尽管如此 no doubt无疑地
conversely相反地；否则 perhaps或许
in the same way同样地 Luckily幸运地
despite尽管 in spite of尽管
in particular特别地 as a matter of fact事实上

4．有关“合”的常用词语
to sum up总而言之 briefly简要地说
above all最重要的是 as a result结果
for this reason所以 hence因此
finally最后 in brief简而言之
in conclusion 总之 in short简而言之
by doing so籍此 consequently因此
as has been noted如前所述 as I have said如我所述
at last终于 in summary摘要地说
therefore因此 thus因此
to sum up 总而言之 to conclude总而言之
as a consequence 因此 so所以
obviously显然 certainly无疑
on the whole就全体而论；整个看来 at length最后，终于
truly的确 in brief简而言之
in sum，总之；简而言之 to speak frankly坦白地说
eventually最终 accordingly于是
indeed确实 surely无疑
no doubt毫无疑问

三．根据衔接词本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义，可分为以下14类。
1.表示因果关系
as a result
He never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination.
as a result of
He is late for work as a result of traffic accident.
accordingly
He want to buy a radio for study English, and accordingly her mother bought it for him.
because (of)
We are delayed because of a traffic jam.
due to
His success is due to his excellent work.
owing to
Owing to his absence, our meeting is canceled
thanks to
Thanks to your help, or I will have failed in the examination.
now that
Now that you have grown up, you must earn for yourself.
as long as
You could accomplish your dream so long as you try it again and again.
since
Since you are here now, you’d better give a hand.
on account of
Don’t give up on account of his advice.
in that
The policy is harmful in that it may encourage people to give up
so that
The officer spoke at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him.
consequently
It rained so heavily, consequently, we cancelled the play to climb the mountain.
hence
It is 12 now, hence you must take a sleep.
the fact that
The fact that you lost this time doesn’t necessarily mean you won’t be able to win next time
therefore
There is a calculating mistake there, therefore, the answer is wrong.

2.表示解释关系
as a matter of fact
I will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I have only 10 minutes’ drive from you.
as well
I will go there. My friend will go with me as well.
frankly speaking
Frankly speaking, I am not very satisfactory with your words.
in this case
In this case, I will go there as soon as possible.

3.表示推理关系
or else
Make haste, or else you will be late.
otherwise
You must bear this passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard.
if so
If so, it will make a great difference.
that implies
He is in panic now, so that implies he is lying.
to put it more precisely
He is rather strong, to put it more precisely, he is a little sturdy.
under no circumstances
Under no circumstances will I go there.

4.表示递进关系
additionally
I like playing cards, additionally, playing chess is also my favorite.
in addition
I need your help. In addition, I also need her support.
besides
First, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind.
and moreover
The hat is the right size for you, and moreover, it goes well with your skin.
that is to say
The stock price is declining, that is to say, I am losing money.
furthermore
She is kind, and furthermore, she is beautiful.
in other words
I am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in this canteen.
equally important
You should read more news from newspapers and equally important, keep an eye on the news from the radio.
what’s more
It is harmful to my health, and what’s more, it is no good to my work.
last but not least
Last but not least, my thanks should go to every member of my class.

5.表比较关系
equally
as a teacher, I should teach well. But equally, I should study well.
in comparison with
In comparison with the red one, I would like to choose the blue cap.
in the same way
It is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.
in contrast to
In contrast to your belief, I quite disagree with you,
instead
If you don’t go, I’ll go instead.
on the contrary
You thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it.
in contrast
It is hot in the daytime, but in contrast it’s very cold at night.
while
We are happy in China, while most Africans live unhappily.

6.表选择关系
alternatively
You may take the exam．Alternatively you take another one next year．
either... o r
Either you or I will go there．
rather than
In this matter，the parents should be blamed rather than the children．
instead of
You should be reading books instead of lying there in bed．
not....but
She is not an English teacher，but a German student．
whether... or not
I wonder whether you will come or not this afternoon．
neither...nor
Neither you nor I will go there．He will come this afternoon．

7.表转折关系
although
Although he is old，he still work everyday．
despite
I will visit him despite the heavy snow
at the same time
The little kid bring troubles，but at the same time you can't help liking him.
even though
Even she is late, she walks slow.
however
I planned to go there, however, the incident suddenly interrupt my normal work.
in spite of
In spite of the boy’s sincerity, the teacher is still very angry.
nevertheless
Nevertheless, I would try to make a remedy.
regardless of
Regardless of age, sex, race and economic level, all men are equal.
notwithstanding
I have determined, notwithstanding your disapproval.
on the contrary
I used to think that the result will be good. On the contrary, it turns out to be bad.
still
It’s raining cats and dogs outside; still, I will visit him.
though
I will visit him though it is raining there.
otherwise
We must be hurry, otherwise we can not catch the bus.
while
Sadness is beautiful while loneliness is tragical.
yet
He is sentimental sometimes, yet I still like him.

8.表总结关系
all in all
All in all, we must cope with it well.
briefly
Briefly, I agree with you on the matter.
in conclusion
In conclusion, the first opinion is much more reasonable than the latter idea.
in summary
In summary, we can’t fully believe what we heard from others.
to sum up
To sum up, teaching student is not an easy task to perform.
on the whole
On the whole, the book is extremely valuable.
in all
In all, it is great to be a father.
in short
In short, actions speak louder than words.
in brief
In brief, to help others is to help yourself.
in a word
In a word, we will win while they will loose.
in terms
In practical terms, I believe it will work.
in sum
In sum, it is great to be a teacher.
to summarize
To summarize, spare the rod, spoil the children.
to conclude
To conclude, it is true that we should pay more attention to this problem.

9.表次序关系
above all
Above all, remember to call me when you arrive.
afterwards
We played the whole day and afterwards walked home together in the evening.
eventually
Eventually, he rose to the position of vice president.
first/firstly/first of all
First(ly)/First of all, I'll mention the history.
second/secondly
Second/secondly, I will mention the present.
furthermore
Furthermore, it is not good enough in this respect.
finally
Finally, I agree with you on this matter.
last but not least
Last but not least, my personal efforts also play a small role in the accomplishment of the task.
to conclude
To conclude, life is not a battle if you want to be a normal man.
lastly
Lastly, I must say it will be remembered by people around the world.
in the end
In the end, they parted each other at the cross road.

10.表强调关系
above all
Above all, the good policy makes us dare to be rich.
of course
Of course you will fall behind if you don't study harder.
indeed
I am indeed very glad to see you are well and sound.
most important
Most important, it is a book for sale first.
with great emphasis on
He delivered a speech with emphasis on the solar energy.

11.表示过度关系
as regards
as regards your school report, I don't quite agree.
as to/as for
She's very uncertain as to where he is now.
by the way
By the way, there is a letter for you in the President's office.
with reference to
With reference to further information, please let me know.
with regard to
With regard to your score in last examination, I am afraid it is not a good news for you.
regarding
It is a book regarding the War at Hasting.
concerning
Nobody have the information concerning his whereabouts.
talking of
Talking of philosophy, I know little about it.
incidentally
Incidentally, your proposal has most people's attention,
to resume
To resume our discussion, how do you think of Lincoln?
to get back to the point
To get back to the point, have you ever visited Mr. Johnson?

12.表示举例关系
as follows
The reasons are as follows.
a case in point
A case in point, Qingdao is such a beautiful city.
for example
For example, Chairman Mao is such a great hero.
for instance
There are many advantages, for instance, it can make your book perfect.
including
There are many children there, including a 2-year-old baby.
to illustrate
To illustrate, I can give you many examples.

13.表示同指关系
that is
There are two persons there, that is, Tom and Jack.
in other words
In other words, we must finish it before he comes.
that is to say
let's go back to the original plan, that is to say, you must go ther