压裂基础知识演示教学.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,采油工艺培训班,油井水力压裂基础,中石化胜利采油院,2009,年,5,月,油井压裂的目的：,在地层和井筒之间形成高导流能力,的通道，使油气流更容易通过，从,而达到增产的效果。,表,皮系数,描,述井筒周围地层伤害程度的参数,地层伤害及表皮系数,地,层伤害通常由钻井过程造成，,但之后的各种作业也都可能造成地层伤害,表皮系数,渗,透率,高,低,伤,害带,井,筒,它,会在井筒周围造成附加压降,表,皮系数,k h,D,P,skin,=,141.2 q,m,S,式,中,S,为表皮系数,渗,透率降低,P,D,P,skin,表,皮系数,表,皮系数,P,1hr,-P,wf,m,k,fm,c,T,r,w,2,-log,10,+3.23,S =1.151,式,中：,m=,162.6 q,m,kh,API 表,皮系数计算公式,:-,根,据测试数据计算,表,皮系数,S=0理,想井,S 0真,实,(被,伤害的,)井,S 1 Fracture More Conductive,F,CD,20“Infinite Conductivity”,Dimensionless Fracture Conductivity,F,CD,=,F,C,x,f,k,w,k,p,x,f,k,Advanced Concepts,where,x,f,=fracture half length,k,=formation permeability,Advanced Concepts,Dimensionless Fracture Conductivity,In order to Increase Production,F,CD,must be Greater than One,This does not Account for the Effects,of Bypassing Skin Damage,In High Permeability Formations,the Fracture Must be Designed for,Minimum Length and Maximum Width,流,体滤失,当,压裂液泵注进裂缝时，,其中一部分会通过裂缝面滤失进地层,裂,缝体积等于泵入流体总体积,减去滤失流体体积,流,体滤失,与,压力无关,V,L,=,p,C,eff,A,t,与,压力相关,用3,个系数描述,:-,C,I,粘,度控制,C,II,压,缩系数控制,C,III,造,壁性控制,流,体滤失,与压力相关,C,I,=0.0469,k,f D,P,2,m,C,II,=0.0374,D,P,k c,f,f,m,C,III,=,0.0164,m,A,f,流,体滤失,与,压力相关,C,I,2,1,+,C,III,2,1,1+4,C,II,2,1+,2,C,II,C,eff,=,可,用压裂模拟软件计算,三种主要的压裂酸化类型：,1.,基岩酸化,2.,加砂压裂,3.,酸压,基岩酸化是将酸液注入岩石孔隙中，,使其与各种矿物反应，扩展孔隙，增,加地层渗透率。,基岩酸化,基岩酸化,在井筒周围形成一个孔隙扩展的区域,酸液进入孔隙中，与地层中各种矿物反应,可以用现有完井管柱挤酸，,也可以用连续油管注酸，,.,基岩酸化,:,挤酸：,酸液由现有完井管柱,注入井内，经过炮眼,进入地层,连续油管：,酸液经过直径较小的,连续油管注入。连续,油管可上下移动,在地层内造成裂缝，并用支撑剂支撑，使其保持张开，为油流提供从地层到井筒的高导流能力通道,水力压裂：,图,8,16,垂缝扩展及其有关的压力、应力和岩石性质,压裂：,流体在大排量、,高压下被泵注入地层,井筒两翼均形成,裂缝,裂缝形成后，,泵入支撑剂,缝,高,缝长,缝,宽,裂缝基本参数,加砂压裂：,裂缝形成后，用支撑剂使其保持张开状态，,成为导流通道,酸压,前置液造缝，酸溶解缝壁周围地层。,裂缝闭合后，留下高渗油流通道,加砂压裂和酸压通常,采用挤入方式，,但有时也用其他方式,压裂：,一次成功的增产措施应该,1.,减小表皮系数,2.,降低生产压差,3.,增加有效井筒半径,压裂液,压裂液种类,水,基压裂液体系,线性胶,（基液）,-将,各种聚合物水化后，,获得一定粘度的胶体,交,联冻胶,-将,线性胶交联，以获得,可在较高温度下应用的,高粘度胶体,水,基压裂液体系,线,性胶,Guar-瓜,胶,HPG-羟,丙基瓜胶,CMHPG-羧,甲基羟丙基瓜胶,水,基压裂液体系,线,性胶,纤,维素,-羟,乙基纤维素,(HEC),黄,原胶,-,-羧,甲基羟乙基纤维素,(CMHEC),水,基压裂液体系,线,性胶,Guar,HPG,CMHPG,HEC,CMHEC,Xanthan,残,渣,含量,成,本,水,基压裂液,pH,值调节剂,所,有稠化剂的水化过程都只在一定的,pH,值,范围内进行，超出此范围则水化很缓慢,pH,值调节剂用于调节水的,pH,值,(,一般为,6.58.0,），以满足胶体的需要,pH,值调节一般在稠化剂在水中分散均匀后进行，以避免产生“鱼眼”,水,基压裂液,pH,值调节剂,高,pH-BF-7,-7L,BF-9,BF-1,BF-3,烧,碱,低,pH-醋,酸,(BF-10L),BF-2,水,基压裂液,聚,合物浓度,聚,合物浓度取决于胶体的用途,:,1.5%降,低摩阻,至,8.0%压,裂液，防砂液,水,基压裂液,交,联冻胶,在线性胶中加入交联剂，,使其分子间,产生化学链接，从而粘度大大提高,水,基压裂液,交,联冻胶,线,性胶,冻,胶,水,基压裂液,pH,值调节剂,大,多数交联剂都只在一定,pH,值范围内,起作用，所以需要用,pH,值调节剂,通常胶体需要调节两次,pH,值，,分别在稠化剂水化和交联时进行,水,基压裂液,破,胶剂,氧,化剂：,可,用于任一种聚合物,-过,硫酸铵,-过,硫酸铵胶囊,-其,他,水,基压裂液,破,胶剂,酶,类：,用于特,定的聚合物,-比氧化剂更,“,清,洁”,-应,用温度和,pH,值范围有限,油基压裂液体系,基,液,-柴,油、煤油、原油或,其他“压裂用油”,总需要试验，特别是原油,油,基压裂液体系,-所,有组分都可现场添加,-使,用方便,-缺,点,费,用和,HSE问题,油,基压裂液体系,聚,合物乳化液,-两,份油（一般为柴油）加一份水基胶体,-水,基胶体用标准稠化剂和破胶剂配制,-乳,化剂加在水相中,油,基压裂液体系,聚,合物乳化液,-油,、水相在现场施工时混配,-乳,化液与地层接触后破乳,-需,要进一步进行应用研究,支撑剂,支,撑剂,1.支,撑剂基本要求,能,承受闭合应力的作用,不,能破碎,不,能产生粉末,支,撑剂,2.颗,粒尺寸分布,均,匀,天,然,支,撑剂,3.总,体颗粒尺寸,颗,粒大渗透率高,支,撑剂,4.球,度和圆度,圆,球度高则渗透率大,支,撑剂,渗,透率,5.压,裂液残渣,压,裂液破胶后有残渣,残,渣会堵塞支撑剂孔道,渗,透率恢复一般为,30%to 95%,压,裂液质量,破,胶剂效率,支,撑剂,6.闭,合应力,闭,合应力越大，渗透率越低，,通常是支撑剂产生的粉末造成的,闭,合应力越大，需要的材料强度越高,支,撑剂,7.非,达西流,在,高流速下发现附加压降,圆,球度越低、颗粒尺寸分布越不均匀,则附加压降越大,支,撑剂,8.多,相流,相,对渗透率影响,与,非达西流一样，降低有效渗透率,支,撑剂,支,撑剂的选择,根,据井况对渗透率的要求进行支撑剂的优选,用,厂方提供的一定闭合应力下的渗透率值,记,住闭合应力可能增加,考,虑非达西流和多相流情况,支,撑剂,支,撑剂的选择,一,般人造支撑剂的渗透率是天然压裂砂的,2-3,倍，,即使在低闭合应力下也如此,.,支,撑剂,支,撑剂的选择,典,型的粒径范围,:,8/12,12/20,16/30,20/40,40/60 等,数,字代表筛眼孔径,20/40 目,的颗粒可通过,20,目的筛子，,但会被,40,目的筛子挡住,压裂设计及施工流程,Example Treatments,Obtain Well data:,Logs,DSTs,Mud Logs,Production History,(if any),PVT Data,Completion Diagram,Previous Treatments,Use Frac Model,Production,Simulator,History Match,Production Data,Frac Job Flow Chart,Establish Base,Case Production,Example Treatments,Frac Job Flow Chart,Run Production,Simulation with Fracture,Optimum,Fracture,Geometry?,Yes,Design Treatment for,Optimum Fracture Geometry,Using Fracture Simulator,No,Preliminary,Treatment,Schedule,SRT Schedule,Minifrac Schedule,Input Speculative Fracture,Geometry into Production,Simulator,Example Treatments,Frac Job Flow Chart,Rig Up,Mix Fluids,Pressure Test,Pre-Job Safety,Meeting,Pump Step Rate,Test(Step Up and,Step Down),Real Time,Data Modelling,Mobilise Equipment,Materials and,Personnel,Example Treatments,Frac Job Flow Chart,Analyze SRT,Data,Fracture Extension,Pressure,Near,Wellbore Friction,Is NWF,Significant?,Pump Minifrac,with Proppant Slugs,Yes,Pump,Minifrac,No,Pressure,Rise due to Prop.,Slugs?,Pump Proppant,Slugs as per,SPE 25892,Yes,Real Time,Data Modelling,No,Example Treatments,Frac Job Flow Chart,Pressure Match Simulator,Output to Minifrac Data,E,n,K,lc,C,l,ll,lll,P,net,P,closure,h,frac,Re-Design,Treatment,Final Treatment,Design,Load Proppant&,Additives.Mix Fluids,Pre-Job Safety,Meeting,Pump,Treatment,Real Time,Data Modelling,Example Treatments,Frac Job Flow Chart,Premature,Screenout?,Shut in Well&,Bleed Off Pressure,Wait for Fluid,Samples to Break,Analyze,Treatment Data,Post-Job,Report,Flow Back Well,Yes,Monitor Pressure,until Fracture Closure,No,Rig,Down,Typical Frac Jobs,Tight Gas Fracturing,StageFluid Rate Clean Vol Prop Conc,bpm gals ppa,PadLinear4020,000 0,2XLink4020,000 1,3XLink4040,000 2,4XLink4040,000 3,5XLink40100,000 4,FlushSlick408,300 0,Example Treatments,设备,泵车,混砂车,仪表车,管汇车等辅助车辆,压裂液罐,高、低压管汇,