1、v1.0 可编辑可修改独立主格结构小结一独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状
2、况或动作。 1)名词代词形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident,my heart full of worry我听说她在这场事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light,his door open月光下,门开着,他默默地站立在那。 2)名词代词现在分词 Winter coming,it gets colder and colder冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk雨停了,他出去散步。 3)名词代词过去
3、分词 More time given,we should have done it much better如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there,his right hand raised那个男生站在那里,右手高举。 4)名词代词(主格)不定式 Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go t
4、o his friends两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。 5)名词代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest,gun in hand那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意:这里,gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand,但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6)名词代词十副词 Nobody in,the thief took a lot of things away由于没有人,小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over,he left the houseBut he w
5、as thinking午饭结束,他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7)名词代词名词 He fought the wolf,a stick his only weapon他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8)There being +名词(代词)如:There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。9)It being +名词(代词)如:It being Christmas
6、, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。10)with复合结构 它的构成是:“with 宾语 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当,宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。 Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour福尔摩斯和沃森坐着,让灯亮了半个小时。(介词短语) He used to sleep with t
7、he door open他过去常开着门睡觉。(形容词) With a boy leading the way,they started towards the village由一个小男孩领着路,他们朝那个村子去了。(现在分词) With the work done,he went home工作做完后,他回了家。(过去分词) 三、独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her w
8、ork done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。2) 表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。3) 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4) 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good
9、 conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)四、使用独立主格结构的五点注意:1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the c
10、lassroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。(2)在There being名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)4