物体识别对视觉心理表象产生和检测的影响.doc

物体识别对视觉心理表象产生和检测的影响

中文

心理表象是曾经感知过的事物在头脑中保留并再现出来的形象。它可以很好地解释人类的许多作业过程，影响着人类的学习能力、思维活动、记忆能力以及言语能力，是人类智力结构中重要组成部分，对人类的想象、思维等高级心理活动具有重要意义。同样的，物体识别是人类赖以生存的重要能力，是人类的日常生活进行的重要保证。每天我们都会接受来自环境的大量信息，多数情况下我们能理解这些涉及到物体识别和鉴别的信息。物体识别过程看似简单但是实际上又是一个相当复杂的过程。来自外部世界三维物体的视觉信息，投射到观察者视网膜上形成二维图像，与记忆中的信息相匹配，物体识别就是在此二维图像基础上发生。 大量的科学成果检验了视觉表象和视知觉之间的相互作用，二者之间促进或是阻碍的相互作用过程为研究者了解表象与物体识别之间的关系提供了大量的依据。但是，还没有研究关于视觉表象对物体识别影响进行深入的探讨。此外，关于物体识别对心理表象的影响的研究也还不充分。物体识别和视觉心理表象都是人类赖以生存的重要能力，是人类适应性生存的重要保证。因此，二者之间的相互作用对人类生存也有重要的意义。 本论文研究旨在研究物体识别对心理表象产生和检测的影响，对表象与物体识别之间的关系进行的论证。采用表象-图形/词语干扰的研究方法，旨在探讨当进行表象任务时，同时进行的物体识别能否影响表象的产生和检测过程，以及物体识别是如何影响表象任务。 研究共设计了四个实验，均为为被试内设计。实验一采用2（任务类型：左-右高低表象判断任务和长-宽表象判断任务）×2（3目标物和分心物之间的关系：语义相关、语义不相关和中立情况）被试内实验设计，检验当分心物为图片时，左-右高低判断和长-宽判断两种表象任务中，被试的反应是否受物体识别的影响。结果表明：完成左-右高低判断表象任务的反应时要明显长于长-宽判断表象任务的反应时；在左-右高低判断任务中，目标-分心词之间的关系在相关情况下的反应时要长于其它两种情况。实验二为2（分心物类型：图片、词语）×3（目标物和分心物的关系：语义相关、语义不相关和中立情况）×2（时间：第一次执行实验，第二次执行实验），探讨在分心物为图片和分心物为词语的不同条件下，干扰作用是否能增强。实验二的研究结果表明：与不相关和中立情况相比，相关条件下的反应时明显要长；相关的词语分心物并不存在干扰效应。实验三中，改变实验任务，采用3（目标物和分心物的关系：语义相关、语义不相关和中立情况）×2（时间：第一次执行实验，第二次执行实验）被试内实验设计，探讨高级分类任务下对词语的识别和物体识别之间的相互影响。结果表明：在高级分类任务中，相关情况下的图片分心物不存在干扰作用。相反，相对于中立和相关情况，不相关情况下的分心图片对语义分类任务产生了干扰作用。实验四中，采用2（视觉相似性：视觉相似性高、视觉相似性低）×3（目标物和分心物的关系：语义相关、语义不相关和中立情况）被试内实验设计，探讨表象产生过程中来自图片分心物的干扰作用主要是产生于语义表征水平还是视觉表征水平。实验四的研究结果表明：目标-分心词之间的关系在相关情况下的反应时要长于其它两种情况，视觉相似性高和低两组的干扰是相等的，表明干扰处于语义表征水平而非视觉表征水平。 本研究表明，图片分心物存在语义干扰作用，而词语分心物不存在类别干扰现象；当分心物是视觉上相关而非语义上相关时，不存在语义干扰；实验任务为高级分类任务时，没有发现语义干扰现象；目-分心物之间在视觉上的相似性也没有语义产生干扰作用；分心物的启动，不能消除物体识别的语义干扰作用。由此，当前的实验研究表明，来自图片分心物的干扰可能产生于语义表征水平。目标提示词提取语义表征信息进而可以在视觉缓冲区产生相应的心理表象，来自分心物的语义表征对这个过程产生影响。因此，物体识别对心理表象的产生和检测的影响，主要产生于语义表征水平而非视觉表征水平。

译文

Mental imagery occurred when perceptual information was accessed from memory, giving rise to the experience of “seeing with the mind eyes” and so on.It influenced the human learning, thinking activities, memory and verbal ability.It is an important part of the structure of human intelligence. Similarly, object recognition is an important ability of human people in daily life. Every day we are receiving a lot of information from the environment and in most cases we can understand the information of object recognition and identification.The visual information of the Three-dimensional objects from the outside world was projected onto the retina and then the two-dimensional image viewer was formede.It matched to the information in the memory.So the object recognition based on two-dimensional image is taken place. Most researches test of the visual representation and the interaction between visual perception and visual image. The promotion and interference between visual perception and visual image provided a large number of basis of the relationship of them. However, there is lack of the in-depth study of the influence of visual Object Recognition on the generation and inspection of visual Imagery.Our experimental research were aimed to explore whether and how visual object recognition influence the Visual Imagery,such as the processing of generation and inspection. Experiment 1 is a within-subject design of 2 (Type of task: making left–right higher spatial judgments and making taller–wider judgments)×3(Target– distractor relations: related,unrelated and neutral condition).Results from Experiment 1 showed that responses in the tasks of making left–right higher spatial judgments were longer when the simultaneous picture distractor was categorically related to the target distractor relative to unrelated and neutral target– distractor combinations and the responses of left–right higher spatial judgments was longer than making taller–wider judgments. Experiment 2 is a within-subject design of 2 (Distractor type: picture and word)×3(Target– distractor relations:related,unrelated and neutral condition)×2(Time:Time1 and Time 2).Results from Experiment 2 showed that responses in the tasks of making left–right higher spatial judgments were longer when the simultaneous picture distractor was categorically related to the target distractor relative to unrelated and neutral target– distractor combinations. Task repetition and the priming of the distractor did not eliminate categorical interference. Categorical interference did not arise in the left–right higher imagery task when word distractors rather than picture distractors were presented. Experiment 3 changed the target task from one requiring generation and inspection of an image to one requiring access to a semantic representation from a word cue, namely, superordinate categorization. Participants were required to give the superordinate category name of the exemplar named by the word cue and is a within-subject design of 3(Target–distractor relations: related,unrelated and neutral condition) ×2(Time:Time1 and Time 2).Results from Experiment 3 showed that there was no no interference from related picture distractors on superordinate categorization of the word cue. Rather, an unrelated picture distractor interfered with semantic categorization relative to the neutral and related conditions. Experiment 4 is a within-subject design of 3(Target– distractor relations: related,unrelated and neutral condition) ×2(Visual Similarity: High and Low).Results from Experiment 4 showed that responses in the tasks of making left–right higher spatial judgments were longer when the simultaneous picture distractor was categorically related to the target distractor relative to unrelated and neutral target– distractor combinations. Visual Similarity had no influence on the responses of the task. The present study suggested that categorical interference effects from picture distractors on the processes of imagery may arise at a semantic level, in the process of generating information from a semantic representation in order to subsequently place a visual image in the visual buffer. The data presented here have provided evidence for an interaction between visual object recognition and visual imagery.