译文 第一单元 物流.doc

UNIT I LOGISTICS
第一单元 物流
PART Ⅰ The Definition of Logistics
PART Ⅰ 物流的定义
The introduction of Logistics
物流简介
[Para1] “Logistics” is a term, which originates from both the army and French. According to the French, the Baron of Jomini, who of Swiss origin who had served in Napoleon’s army before joining the Russians and who later founded the Military Academy of St. Petersburg, first used the term in the early 19th century. So in a military sense, the term ‘logistics’ encompasses transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.
“物流”或“后勤”一词其实源于军队， 对其词义解释亦有多个不同版本， 根据法国人阐述之词义， 该词早于十九世纪初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的军官，他在投奔俄罗斯军队之前在拿破伦军中服役， 其后一手创立“圣彼得堡军事学院”。就军事意识而言，物流管理―词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料保养。
[Para2] In the business world however, the concept of “logistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one and the earliest usage dates back to the 1950s in the USA.
然而在商务界中，“物流管理”的概念仅仅用于 “物料需求计划”，并且最初是在制造业的部门开始使用。因此该概念被扩展应用于公司是相对较新的，最早使用始于美国的 1950 年代。
[Para3] The introduction of containers and the development of information technology have brought about the development and improvement of logistics’ activities. Whereas containerization has helped master the transportation process, information technology has enabled information to be acted upon in real time thus speeding up the flow of transportation and delivery.
集装箱的发明以及信息技术发达，都从技术方面推动了物流活动的发展。集装箱化有助于货主掌握运输过程，信息技术使我们能在第一时间掌握信息，因此使得运输和配送的速度大大加快。
[Para4] Logistics starts with the provision of raw materials and semi-finished goods for the manufacturing process, and finishes up with the physical distribution and after sales service of the products.
物流管理从原材料的提供开始，经过生产过程中的半成品，以产品的分配和售后服务为结束。
[Para5] Economically, this creates a new source of profit characterized by the development of mass distribution and attention to service quality. The two basis objectives in practicing business logistics, cost reduction and time saving, have enabled companies to profit not only in performance and quality but also in customer satisfaction.
经济学上认为，这产生一个新的利润源泉，表现在集中配上的发展和对服务质量的关注上。实际商务物流管理的二个基础目的，费用减少和时间节省方面，已经使公司利润不仅来源于性能和质量，也来自客户满意方面。
[Para6] Operationally, companies realize that by regrouping the different aspects of logistics and instead of viewing them as separate processes, substantial savings can be made within their business’s outgoing expenditure.
从运营角度来看， 公司意识到将物流的各个方面进行重组而不是将它们看成是独立的个体，更会替公司大量节省金钱。
What is logistics?
什么是物流?
[Para7] There are various definitions of different editions. The term was defined as follow:
有不同版本的各种不同定义，物流被定义如下：
l Logistics (business definition)： Logistics is defined as a business-planning framework for the management of material, service, information and capital flows. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today's business environment.
——(Logistics Partners Oy, Helsinki, FI, 1996)
物流管理 (商务定义)：物流管理被定义为材料、服务的管理、信息和资金流的商务计划的架构。 它包括在今天的商务环境所需要的愈加复杂的信息、沟通和控制系统。
——(物流管理合伙人，芬兰首都赫尔辛基，芬兰，1996)
l Logistics (military definition)： The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces.... those aspects of military operations that deal with the design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation and disposition of material; movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; acquisition of construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities; and acquisition of furnishing of services.
——(JCS Pub 1-02 excerpt)
物流管理 (军事定义)：科学的计划、调遣的执行和武力的维持....那些军事行动的方方面面涉及计划、发展、购置、储藏、调遣、分配、维护、撤退和物资、行动、撤退、医疗人员的部署；建筑物购置、维护、操作和设备的部署；服务性家具的购置。
——(参谋长联席会议 1-02摘录)
l Logistics ：The procurement, maintenance, distribution, and replacement of personnel and materiel.
——(Webster’s Dictionary)
l 物流管理：人员和物料的采购、维护、分配和替换。
——(费伯斯特的字典)
l Logistics ：1. The branch of military operations that deals with the procurement, distribution, maintenance, and replacement of materiel and personnel. 2. The management of the details of an operation.
—— (American Heritage Dictionary)
物流管理：1. 处理物料和人员的采购、分配、维护和替补的军事行动的部门。 2. 操作的细节的管理。
—— (美国传统字典)
l Logistics： The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. Note that this definition includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements, and return of materials for environmental purposes.
——(Reference: Council of Logistics Management)
物流：计划、执行的过程，有效控制的存货和服务的流程，为符合消费者的需求的从起点到最终消费的相关信息。注意：这定义包括输入、输出、内在和外部的活动以及为了环境的目的的材料回收。
——(参考: 物流管理管理的会议)
l Logistics：The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of meeting customer requirements.
—— (Reference: Canadian Association of Logistics Management)
物流：物流是对原材料、在制品库存、产成品及相关信息从起源地到消费地的有效率的、低成本有效益的流动和储存进行计划、执行和控制，以满足客户要求的过程。
——（参考：加拿大物流管理协会）
l Logistics：The science of planning, organizing and managing activities that provides goods or services.
—— (MDC, Log Link / Logistics World, 1997)
物流：是计划、组织和管理年那些提供产品和服务活动的科学。
——（MDC，物流管理世界，1997）
l Logistics：Logistics is the science of planning and implementing the acquisition and use of the resources necessary to sustain the operation of a system.
——(Reference: ECRC University of Scranton / Defense Logistics Agency)
l 物流管理：物流管理是计划和执行获得物并使用维持系统的操作所需的资源的科学。
--(参考:斯克兰顿大学资策会 / 国防物流机构)
[Para8] From these definitions logistics can be briefly described like this: "Logistics means having the right thing, at the right place, at the right time." At its heart, logistics deals with satisfying the customer. This implies that management must first understand what those requirements are before a logistics strategy can be developed and implemented to meet them. As will be discussed in more detail later, customer service is the most important output of an organization’s logistics system. This focus on customer satisfaction will be emphasized through the text just as it should be in the firm.
从上述定义来看，物流可以简短的描述如下：“物流意味着将正确的东西，在正确的地方，在正确的时间送达。”这定义的核心，就是物流要让客户满意。这暗示着在物流策略发展前，管理必须先了解需求是什么并满足这些需求。 正如后文将要详细讨论的，客户服务是组织的物流管理系统的最重要输出。本文将通篇强调客户满意，正如在公司中客户满意也是如此受重视。
[Para9] In a more practical sense, logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required to move benefits from their point of production to the customer. Often these benefits are in the form of a tangible product that must be manufactured and moved to the user; sometimes these benefits are intangible and are known as services. They too must be produced and made available to the final consumer. But logistics encompasses much more than just the transport of goods.
在现实意义上，物流管理是指在将利益从生产地点转移到消费者的过程中的各种不同活动的系统管理。 通常这些利益是有形的产品，它们被生产出来并移动到使用者；有时这些利益是无形产品即服务。 他们同样也应生产出来并使最终消费者可以得到。但是物流管理包含的不仅仅是运输物品。
[Para10] The concept of benefits is a multifaceted one that goes beyond the product or service itself to include issues regarding timing, quantity, supporting services, location, and cost. So a basic definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needs by ensuring the availability of the right benefits for the right customer, in the quantity and condition desired by that customer, at the time and place the customer wants them, all for a price the buyer is willing to pay. These concepts apply equally well to for-profit industries and non-profit organizations, as the earlier discussion on military requirements illustrated.
利益的概念是多方面的，它不仅是产品或服务本身还包含时间、数量、服务支持、位置、成本等方面问题。因此物流的基本概念是满足客户需求的一个连续的过程，要确保正确的客户按他所要求的数量和条件，在正确的地点和时间，以买主愿意支付价格得到他的产品。这些观念在营利和非营利的组织同样得到很好地应用，如较早讨论的在军事上的应用。
[Para11] However, logistics can mean different things to different organizations. Some firms are more concerned with producing the benefits; that is, their management focus is on the flow of raw materials into the production process rather than on delivering the final goods to the user. The sourcing and managing of raw materials and component parts is often referred to as materials management and is illustrated in figure 1-1. For firms with very heavy flows into the production process, materials management and logistics may be synonymous. For example, Airbus Industries produces an A-340 airliner in France for Singapore Airlines (SIA). Once the aircraft is finished, SIA sends a crew to Toulouse and flies the plane away. The logistics effort is not complete at this point, however. Rather, for firms like Airbus, post-production emphasis is on after-sales service and support as opposed to product delivery.
然而，对于不同的机构组织物流管理有不同的含义。一些公司更关注产生利益； 这意味着，他们的管理关注原材料流入生产的过程更胜于关注将最终产品分配给消费者。原材料和零部件的来源和管理通常称为材料管理，如图 1-1所示。对于这类公司来讲有大量的原材料和零部件流入生产过程，物流和材料管理是相同意思。举例来说，空中客车公司为新加坡航空公司(SIA) 在法国生产一架——340 客机。飞机一旦完工，SIA公司送机组成员到土鲁斯将飞机开走。然而，在这个情况下，物流管理不是完全的。对于像空中客车这类公司，生产后期更强调的是售后服务和支持上而不是产品的配送上。
[Para12] Alternatively, some companies experience greater management challenges once the product is finished. In other words, they are much more concerned with the flow of finished goods from the end of the production line to the customer. Depicted in figure 1-2, logistics in this situation is sometimes referred to as physical distribution and is a perspective in many consumer goods manufacturing firms.
另一方面，一些公司在产品完工后就面临巨大的管理挑战。换句话说，他们更关注产成品从最终生产线流向消费者这个过程。如图1－2所示，在这情况下物流被认为是配送管理，在许多消费品制造企业都持这个观点。

[Para13] Finally, some firms view logistics as embracing both materials management and physical distribution. These organizations look at logistics as a way to manage the entire process of customer satisfaction, from sourcing the necessary parts and material through production of the benefit to its delivery to the final user. Indeed, it is this approach that enables management to exploit the full potential of the logistics process.
最后，一些公司认为物流管理包含材料管理和配送管理。这些机构认为物流是对消费者满意的全程管理途径，从采购必需的零部件和原材料到生产到将产品配送给最终消费者这整个过程。确实，正是这种方法使管理能开发物流过程的全部潜能。
[Para14] As shown in figure 1-3, this broader view of logistics integrates materials management and physical distribution tasks into a single supply chain that links the customer with all aspects of the firm. Viewing internal operations this way keeps seemingly disparate and historically separated activities focused on the common objective: to produce and deliver some benefit or benefits to the customer in a way that offers greater value than can be obtained from a competitor. In other words, this comprehensive view of logistics, sometimes referred to as supply chain management, can lead to lower costs and/or better service that enhance the value received by the buyer.
如图1－3所示，这种广义的物流概念将材料管理和物资配送融入单一的供应链，它将消费者和公司的各方面联系起来。从内部操作上看，这个方法使得表面上和传统上分开的活动关注共同一个目标：在一定程度上生产并传递比客户从单一竞争者处所能获得价值更大的价值给消费者。换句话说，这种综合的物流管理观念，有时就是指供应链管理，它导致降低成本或提供更好的服务，这种服务提高价值。
Evolution of the Logistics Management Concept
物流管理概念的演变
[Para15] In conclusion，logistics Management Concept has evolved over the last three decades from the narrowly defined distribution management to the integrated management of the global supply chains.
总的来说，在过去三十年物流管理观念已经从狭窄的配送管理发展到全球供应链的综合管理。
[Para16] Physical distribution: The first phase of the logistics management concept began during the 1960s to replace the fragmented management by physical distribution management. Physical distribution was intended to mean "the broad range of activities associated with efficient movement of finished products from the end of the production line to the consumers”. Its main focus is on the rationalization of the relationship between the firm and its customers. Physical distribution thus includes functions like delivery, warehousing, material handling, protective packaging, and customer services.
实物分配: 物流管理观念的第一阶段开始于20世纪60年代，在此期间开始实物分配管理代替了片断管理。 实物分配意指“产成品从最终生产线有效的传递给消费者的各种活动”。它主要关注公司和消费者之间的合理关系。 实物分拨包含配送。存储、加工、包装和客户服务等功能。
[Para17] Physical distribution approach has gained wide acceptance among various manufacturers and distributors, but the limitation of the physical distribution approach soon became obvious since it did not address the cost containment issue of the raw material and working - process inventory (which account for, in average, 60 percent of the total material inventory).
实物分配的方法得到了不同生产商和供应商的广泛认可，但由于它没有考虑原材料和生产过程中存货的成本（而这部分存货平均占材料库存的60％），因此它的局限性也很快表现出来。
[Para18] Internally integrated logistics: Logistics management has experienced the second transition in 1980s. The experience during 1960s and 1970s suggested that the physical distribution function should be integrated with pre-production activities such as material sourcing and work-in-process inventory to form a total material flow management.
企业综合物流管理: 在20世纪80年代物流管理管理经历第二个转变。 60 年代和 70 年代的经验是：实物分配的功能应该将生产前的活动如材料采购和生产中存货整合形成完全的物料流程管理。
[Para19] Material flow was thought to be a process that involved horizontal movement of inventory from the time the raw material was delivered until the time when an account receivable was recorded by the firm (a sale made and the product shipped). Emphasis was shifted from the minimization of the level of inventory to the speed of processing (e.g. inventory velocity). These logistics management techniques were primarily conceived at the level of individual firms, but it has little impact on the improvement in the overall efficiency of the national economy.
物料流被认为是一个过程，包含从原材料的运输直到公司收到并做账的平行运动（销售和产品运输），关注的重点从使存货水平最低转移到存货处理速度（如存货周转率）。物流管理的这些技术最初是从单个公司层面上考虑的，但它对促进整个国家的经济发展没有什么影响。
[Para20] Externally integrated logistics: This integrated logistics management approach has made the third evolution in early 1990s and beyond. It has extended the concept beyond one firm to all firms involved in the whole supply chain, outsourcing the internally supplied materials and products to external suppliers. This extended view of enterprises offered firms an opportunity to view the relationship with vendors, suppliers; third party logistics support agents and customers in a different way, each forming a part of the channel. Participants in the channel gain competitive advantage through improving the overall channel efficiency by reducing risk and effectively leveraging the corporate resources of each channel member. Coupled with the recent development of electronic data interchange (EDI), this approach began to bring about a broader impact on macro economic efficiency.
社会综合物流管理：在90年代早期甚至更早，这种综合物流管理方法带来了第三次变革。它将物流的概念从一个公司扩展到整个供应链的所有公司，将内部供应的材料和产品外包给外部供应商。这个扩大的视野为公司提供一个考察卖主和供应商关系的机会；第三方物流以另一种方式服务代理商和消费者，他们都是这个链上组成部分。这条链上的参与者通过以降低风险和链上每一位成员的共同资源的有力支持来改善整条链的效率从而获得具有竞争力的优势。随着近来电子数据交换技术的发展，这个方法为宏观经济的效率带来显著的影响。
[Para21] Global supply chain management: