中考英语专项复习教案.doc

中考专项复习教案初三 使用
初中英语时态与语态分析与归纳
             Tiger
纵观现行的初中英语教材，无论是人教版、新目标、广州版等等，都没有脱离教学大纲的要求；对于时态和语态的要求是一致的。在初中阶段，学生必须了解和掌握八种时态，两种语态。只有很好地掌握好时态和语态，才能为进一步运用语言打下坚实的基础。下面，我们一起对此做一分析和归纳。
（一）   时态
所谓时态，在英语中，就是通过动词的不同形式变化来表达不同时间内以不同的方式发生的动作或存在的状态。初中阶段要求掌握的时态如下表：
时      式
间         
一     般
进     行
完    成
现在
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
过去
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
将来
一般将来时
不做要求
不做要求
过去将来
一般过去将来时
不做要求
不做要求
从上面的表格中，我们可以整体上把握时态的形式与结构；我们再具体分析如下：
I.        一般现在时
1．  含义：一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态、习惯或客观事实与真理。
2．  基本结构：
主语（非第三人称单数）+ 动词原形 (be 例外)
e.g. I play tennis .
主语（第三人称单数）+动词第三人称单数形式
e.g. She doesn’t play tennis. The train leaves every morning at 8 a.m.
3．  基本用法：
A) 表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。特征：常常与频度副词或时间状语连用如：always , usually , ever, never , often , sometimes , every day ( week , month etc ) 等等。
经典例析：
Peter often goes to his office by underground . “皮特常常坐地铁上班。”
Father doesn’t smoke . “父亲不吸烟。”
B) 表示不受时间限制的客观存在。所谓不受时间限制的客观存在即包括客观真理、格言、科学事实等等。注意：在宾语从句中，动词时态不变。
e.g. The sun rises in the east and sets in he west .“太阳东升西落。”
   A rolling stone gathers no moss. “滚石不生苔”。
   Our teacher said that the moon turns around the earth .
   C) 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等等。
e.g.. John is an American .
    She has brown hair .
4．  特别提醒：
◆     一般现在时表示将来时间：
1）某些瞬间动词如：begin , come , start , leave, arrive, go , come ,stop, return ,open , close 等等，强调事实的客观性或不可变更时，常常用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
e.g. The plane leaves at 7:30 .
       Class begins at 8:00 every morning .
   2）由if / when / as soon as / before等 引导的条件状语从句或时间状语从句（动词时态用一般现在时） ， 主句用一般将来时或祈使句，或者主句含有情态动词+（V原形）来表示将要发生的动作。
   e.g. If the phone rings , can you answer it ?
Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes ?
Work hard and you will succeed .
l         考点透析 ：近来的中考题加大了综合能力的考查，把几种时态糅合在一定的语境中或透过相应的句式结构来考查学生
l         解题对策：不能单一地从语法角度考虑，而应是结合语境，综合思考。
5．  中考链接：
①     They usually ______ TV in the evening . ( 北京 1999 )
A. watch    B. will watch   C. are watching   D. watches
②     I’ll tell Mrs. Green about it as soon as she _____ back . ( 浙江 2000 )
A. will come   B. is coming   C. comes     D. came  
③ --- Can you guess if they ____ to play basketball with us ?
   --- I think they’ll come if they ___ free . ( 2001 辽宁 )  
   A. come ; are   B. will come ; will be   C. will come ; are  D. come ; will be
④ We will have to clean the plates before Mother ______ home . (2003 广东 )
   A. will come   B. is coming   C. come    D. comes  
⑤ We’re not sure if it _______ tomorrow . If it ______, we won’t climb the South Hill ( 2004 西宁市)
A.      will snow ; snows    B. will snow ; will snow     
C. snows ; snows        D. snows ; will snow
⑥ He said that light _____  much faster than sound . ( 沈阳 )
   A. travelled    B. will travel    C. travels     D. is traveling 
II.     一般过去时 
1．  基本结构：
主语 + 动词过去式 （ 规则动词是在其后 + ed , 不规则动词变化要记住）
2．  基本用法：
A)     表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。特征：常常与频度副词连用如：always , usually 等等
B)      表示过去习惯性的动作，但现在已终止。用used to 来表示。
C)     表示在过去某一时间内的某个时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。特征：常常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用如：yesterday, last week , just now , a week ago , in 1998, when she was 14 等等。
D)     特别提醒：
特殊句式：It is / has been + 时间名词 + since 从句 （ 用一般过去式）
3．  中考链接：
①     Sorry , Miss Wang . I _____ the key to the door of the classroom at home. I have to go back  for it  ( 2001 黑龙江)                 
A. left    B. missed    C. forgot   D. lost  
②     It _____ ten years since they _____ to France . ( 2001 河北) 
A. was; moved  B. was; have moved   C. is ; have moved   D. is; moved
③ --- I’m sorry , Mr Wang . I _____ my homework at home
   --- That’s OK . But don’t forget _____ it to school tomorrow . ( 2004 安徽芜湖)
   A. forgot ; to take  B. left ; to bring   C. forgot ; to bring  D. left ; to take
④ He used to _____ very late , but now he is used to _______ early . (2003 潍坊市)
   A. get up ; getting up         B. get up ; get up   
   C. getting up ; get up         D. getting up ; getting up
III.   一般将来时
1．  基本结构：
A.      主语 + will  / shall + V原形 （通常shall 用于第一人称 ）
B.      主语 + be going to + V原形 （be 随着主语的变化，而对应变化）
2．  基本用法：
1）  表示在将来某个时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态。特征：常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如： tomorrow , next week ( month , year etc. ) from now on 等等。
e.g. My father will go to Beijing tomorrow .
3．  特别提醒：
1）  be going to + V 原形 ； will +V 原形 在表示“将来”的区别。
A.表示说话人的计划、打算、或准备要做的事，常用be going to 结构表达。
e.g. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii .
   We’re going to meet each other tonight at 7:00 PM.
B.表示根据现有的情况一种推测或预言将要发生的事情。常用be going to 结构表达。
e.g. Look at the cloud. It is going to rain .
2）  在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时来表示将来。
e.g. I’ll give the note to him as soon as he comes back .
4．  中考链接：
① --- Mike wants to know if _____ a picnic tomorrow .
   --- Yes. But if it _______ , we’ll visit the museum instead . ( 2001 河北)
   A. you have ; will rain           B. you will have ; will rain  
   C. you will have ; rains          D. will you have ; rains
② I don’t know if she _____ me when she ________________.(2000 黑龙江)
   A. tells ; arrives  B. tells; will arrive  C. will tell ; will arrive  D. will tell ; arrives.
③ --- Do you know when the world cup _________ next week ?
   --- Next Friday . When it ________, I will ring you .
  A. begins ; begin                 B. begins ; will begin 
  C. will begin ; will begin           D. will begin ; begins
IV.   一般过去将来时
1．  含义：表示在过去某个时间内将要发生的动作。
2．  基本结构：would + V原形 ; was /were going to + V 原形。常常用于宾语从句中。
经典例析：
She said that she would go to Sweden .
Tom said he was going to swim next week
3．  特别提醒：would 常常缩写成为’d. 如：I’d ; you’d .等。
4．  中考链接：
1）    The teacher said that she ______ us to the park the next day . ( 北京 1993 )  
A. will take   B. has taken    C. would take    D. is taking
2）    --- What did the scientists say ? (2001 广州)
--- He said he wondered if _______ into space by spaceship one day .
A. he had to fly      B. he could fly    
C. can be fly        D. could he fly
V.      现在进行时
1．  基本结构：主语 + be + V ing (be 的形式随主语的变化而变化)
2．  基本用法：
1）  表示现在正在进行的动作。特征：常常与now或具体的时间连用，有时句中会有感官动词来提示，或上下文来暗示。
e.g. Look ! The car is coming to you .
 --- What are you doing ?
 --- I’m writing a letter to my mother.
2）  表示现阶段一直进行的动作。特征：这类动词常常是延续性动词。常与at present ， this week , these days  等连用。
e.g. At present , computers are playing a more and more important role .
3．  特别提醒：
A.      表示位置移动的动词如：come , go , leave , arrive , start , begin , fly , return 等，常常用其进行时来表示将来。
e.g. I am leaving for Nanjing tomorrow .
B.      感官动词不能用于进行时态。如：see , hear, smell , taste, feel 等等。
C.      表示感情的动词如：love ,hate , fear, like , prefer 等不能用于进行时。
D.     表示思考和理解意义的动词如：know , understand , believe, think , forget, remember 等等不能用于进行时。
4．中考链接：
①.  Don’t talk loudly here. My little baby _____________. ( 2003 辽宁 )
A. has gone out  B. is sleeping   C. sleeps   D. went to school
    ②  People in Qingdao _______ learning English to get ready for the 2008 Olympic Games .
        A. is active in              B. takes an active part in  (2003 青岛 )
C. are taking an active part in  D. are joining
    ③  Be quick ,the monitor _______ for you in the library . ( 河南 )
        A. was waiting     B. waits     C. is waiting     D. waited   
VI.   过去进行时
1．  基本结构： 主语 + be (was / were ) + V ing （形式）
2．  基本用法：
表示在过去某个时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。特征：常常与表示过去的时间状语连用如：then , at this  / that  time , at 9 last night 等等。
经典例析：
   I was watching TV at 9 last night .
3．  特别提醒：
①表示位置移动的动词如：come , go , leave , arrive , start , begin , fly , return 等，常常用其进行时来表示过去将来要发生的动作。
He didn’t said when he was going .
②特殊句式：
A. 主语 + （ 过去进行时 ）； when 引导的从句（一般过去时 ）[表示动作的暂时性 ]
When she knocked at the door , I was doing my homework.
有时，when引导的从句，也可以用进行时，关键看这个动词是不是延续性动词。
When I was walking in the park , I dropped my wallet .
B. 主语 + （一般过去时 ）； while 引导的从句（ 过去进行时 ）[表示动作的延续性]
While Jim was making a cake , the bell rang .
C. 主语 + （过去进行时）； while 引导的从句（ 过去进行时 ）[表示两个动作同时发生或进行]
Some students were playing basketball , while others were walking around the corner .
4．  中考链接：
1）When her father came back home , Joan _________ with her friend . ( 2002 南州市 )
   A. talked    B. talks      C. is talking    D. was talking 
2) --- Hi! Lin Tao . I didn’t see you at the party . 
  --- Oh, I __________ ready for the maths exam . 
   A. am getting  B. was getting    C. got     D. have got
3) When the teacher came in , the students _________ about the new film . ( 2004 乌鲁木齐)
   A. are talking  B. were talking   C. talked   D. talks
4) --- Rick ! Your jacket is wet through . Didn’t you listen to the weather report this morning ?
  --- No, I didn’t . I was in a hurry . Besides , it _________ when I left . ( 2004 广州市 )
   A. hadn’t rained   B. would rain   C. rained    D. wasn’t raining 
VII. 现在完成时
1．  基本结构： 主语 + have / has + V ed （形式）……
2．  基本用法：
1）表示过去发生的动作，但强调对现在产生的影响。特征：不能与表示具体的时间状语连用。如：yesterday , last week , when I was a child , at that moment , that day , when I lived in Japan . 等等； 但常常与 ever , never , already , once , many times , several times , before , so far , yet , just 等一起使用。
经典例析：
I have seen that movie three times .
There have been many earthquakes in California .
2) 表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，还可能继续下去的动作或状态。特征：常常与since , for , in the past + 时间名词， in the last + 时间名词 时间状语连用, 而且谓语动词要求是延续性动词。
经典例析：
I have lived in Guangzhou for five years .
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia .
The old farmer has been dead for a month . ( 不能用has died )
3）表示一种“经历或体验”.既可以表示 经历过也可以是从来都没有经历过。
经典例析：
I think I have seen that movie before .
He has never traveled by train .
3．  特别提醒：区分have been to 与have gone to
have / has been to  “表示到过/ 去过某地”强调此人在此地。
Have gone to “表示去……的途中” 强调此人不 在此地。
4．  中考链接：
1）I don’t think I __________ you in that dress before . ( 2003 北京海淀区 )
 A. have seen     B. was seeing   C. saw     D. see  
2) --- Mum, may I go out and play basketball ?
  --- ________ you  ______ your homework yet ?   ( 2003 天津)
 A. Do ; finish     B. Are ; finishing   C. Did ; finish   D. Have ; finished
3) --- Lucy , _____ you _________ your ticket ?  ( 2003 河北)
  --- Not yet .    
  A. did ; find     B. have ; found     C. has; found   D. do ; find 
4) --- Oh, Mrs King , your necklace looks nice . Is it new ?  ( 2003 黄岗 )
  --- No, I ____________ it for two years .
  A. had          B. have had        C. bought     D. have bought 
5) --- Where ‘s Mr Lee ? I have something unusual to tell him . ( 2003 黑龙江 )
  --- You _________ find him . He __________ Japan . 
  A. may not ; has gone to              B. may not; has been to 
  C. can’t ; has gone to                 D. can’t ; has been to
VIII.              过去完成时
1．  基本结构： 主语 + had + V ed （分词 ） ……
2．  基本用法：
1）表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。就是“过去的过去”
经典例析：
I had studied a little English when I came to the U. S.
2）表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。特征：常常与由for / since 引导的表示一段时间或从句连用。
Comrade Hu had taught in  No. 1 Middle School for ten years before he came here.
3．  特别提醒：
当我们强调动作的先后关系，句子由before , after , as soon as , when 等引导从句，从句用一般过去时，此时，主句的时态可以用过去完成时也可用一般过去时。
I had finished my homework before 10 o’clock yesterday evening .
When we got to the cinema the movie had begun .
By the end of last year , I had collected five hundred stamps .
４．中考链接：
１）--- Did you see Tom at the party ?
    --- No, he ___________ by the time I got there.
    A. left     B. was leaving    C. had left     D. has left 
２）--- Why didn’t you go to the movie yesterday ?
    --- Because I __________ it before .  ( ２００４　山东烟台)　
   A. had watched   B. have seen    C. have watched    D. had seen
(　二　)　语态　
所谓语态，就是说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。分两种形式：
主动语态：句中的主语是动作的执行者或发出者。
被动语态：句中的主语是动作的承受者或接受者。
语态的考查是全国各地中考的热点，也是初中必须掌握的语法之一。
我们重点学习被动语态。
• 实际上, 英语中的被动式就相当于汉语表达中的”把字句和被字句”.即:”把－－－怎样“；”－－被怎样”．初中阶段我们学习了七被动式结构，归纳如下：

一般现在时的被动式：
•         结构：am /is / are + Ved(过去分词）
•         例句：My brother asks me to clean the windows.  (主动句句式)
•         步骤：
•         １）．找到主动句中的宾语，如果有双宾语（间宾／直宾），把间宾作为被动句中的主语．
•         ２）．确定主动句中的动词时态．
•         ３）．对应变换为被动结构．
•         ４）．有时，主动句中的主语在被动式中可省略．
•         被动式：I am asked to clean the windows by （my brother）.
现在完成式的被动式：
•         结构：主语＋have / has + been +Ved.
•         例句：
•         We have finished our homework already.
•         改：Our homework has been finished already (by us )

现在进行时的被动式：
•         结构：　am / is / are + being Ved
•         例句：
•         Look, the students are playing basketball in the open air.
•         Basketball is being played by the students in the open air . 
过去式的被动结构：

一般过去时的被动式：
•         结构：was / were + Ved
•         例句：
•         We cooked the lunch an hour ago .
•         改：The lunch was cooked ( by us ) an hour ago .
•         We didn’t make the model plane.
•         The model plane wasn’t made by us.
过去进行时的被动式：
•         结构：was / were + being + Ved
•         例句：
•         He was watching TV when I called him last night.
•         TV was being watched by him when I called him last night .
过去完成式的被动式：
•         结构：had +been+ V ed
•         例句：
•         By the end of last term , we had learned about eight hundred English words .
•         About eight hundred English words had been learned by us ,by the end of last term .
一般将来时的被动式：
•         结构：will / be going to + be Ved
•         例句：
•         Mr. John will  complete the project tomorrow .
•         The project will be completed tomorrow.
含有情态动词的被动式：
•         结构:Modal Verb + be + V ed
•         1.should + be +Ved “---应该被做”
•         2.must + be + V ed “---必须被做”
•         3. might + be + Ved “---可能被做”
•         4. can / could + be + Ved “---能被做  ”
特别提醒：
１．谓语是由动词短语构成的，变被动语态时，不能把它们分开。
The baby is taken good care of by his grandma .
Take care of 是一个完整的动词短语，不能分开。
２．意思是“发生”的动词：happen / take place . 不能变成被动语态。
Great changes have taken place in the past few years .
3. 只有及物动词才能变成被动式。
总之，我们在做题时，首先问问自己：句子的主语与后面的动词之间是什么关系？如果是动作的承受者或接受者，则选择用被动式。尤其是现在的中考题目不是以简单的语法考查出现，而是把要考的语法知识融会在一定的语境中，此时，同学们要长个心眼，不要大意失荆州。
中考连接：
１）When and where to go for the holiday ______ yet . ( 2003 呼和浩特　)　
A. are not decided               B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided           D. has not been decided
２）--- Alice , you _____________ on the phone .  ( 2003  杭州　)
    --- I’m coming . Thanks .
    A. want      B. are wanted   C. are wanting    D. have wanted
３）A new shoe factory will _________ in this part of the city . ( 2003 武汉　)
　　A. be building  B. be built     C. build        
４）The trees must ___________ three times a week . ( 2003 长沙　)
　　A. water      B. is watering   C. be watered    D. waters
５） --- What do you think of the football match yesterday ? ( 2003 安徽　)
     --- well, it’s surprising . The strongest team of our school ________.
　　A. was beaten  B. won   C. scored    D. was failed