1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。谢谢,第一章,医学英语研究论文,第1页,医学研究英语论文,(,Research Paper,),是指医学工作者用英语对某一学术课题在试验性、理论性或临床研究方面所取得含有创新意义新研究结果或创新看法和知识科学统计;,第2页,或是对某种已知医学理论应用于实际中取得新方法、新技术、新产品、新进展科学总结,用以提供在学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论;或在学术刊物上发表;或作其它用途书面文体;其目标是将基础医学、临床医学、预防医学等方面研究结果介绍给国际同行,是科研国际学术交流主要步骤。
2、,第3页,常见医学研究英语论文有基础医学研究、临床研究、试验研究、预防医学研究、临床汇报、病例汇报、学位论文、调查汇报、文件综述等。因为研究目标、内容、要求和文章体裁不一样,医学英语论文格式和写作方法也不完全一样,各有比较固定格式。,第4页,国际生物医学期刊编辑委员会(,The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors,ICMJE,)于,1997,年第五版公布,生物医学期刊投稿统一要求,(,The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
3、,5th Ed.,1997,),(,温哥华格式,),和国内于,1987,年第一次颁布,科学技术汇报、学位论文和学术论文编写格式,,都对医学论文格式、内容和投稿作了详细要求。,第5页,医学英语论文格式规范,通常由,标题,(Title),作者,(Authorship),摘要与关键词,(Abstract and Key Words),引言,(Introduction),材料与方法(,Materials and Methods,),结果,(Results),讨论,(Discussion),致谢,(Acknowledgements),和参考文件,(References),等,9,部分组成。,第6页,1.
4、1,标题,1.1.1,标题要求,标题,(Tit1e),,亦称题名、题目或文题,是对论文内容高度概括。要写好论文标题,应尽可能到达以下要求:,(,1,)主题明确:标题含义应与论文内容相吻合,能详细、准确地反应论文基本观点和主要论题。在求实基础上,标题要突出文章重点或创新之处。,第7页,(,2,)便于检索:,标题中所选每一个词语应考虑到既能吸引读者阅读,又能便于选定反应论文特点关键词,编制题录索引等二次文件能够提供检索特定实用信息。,第8页,(,3,)简明扼要:,用准确精炼文字或词汇表示尽可能多信息,反应研究性质、内容、对象和方法。国内期刊论文标题要求普通不宜超出,20,字,外文标题普通不宜超出,
5、10,个实词。有国外期刊还提出详细字数要求,比如:美国,Journal of the National Cancer Institute,明确要求标题限制在,14,个词以内,,英国癌症杂志,(The British Journal of Cancer),要求标题不超出,100,个字母。,第9页,1.1.2,标题结构,医学论文英语标题以由短语组成,如名词短语、动名词短语、介词短语。少数也可采取完整句子,以陈说句居多、也可用疑问句。,(,1,)短语型 多以名词或若干并列名词,加上前位或后位修饰语组成。也可采取动名词、介词组成短语。,第10页,名词短语,a.,名词,+,介词短语,用食管镜检验以预计曲
6、张静脉出血,Prediction of varicose haemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy,b.,定语,+,名词 定语惯用形容词、名词、分词等做前位修饰语。,胃切除后回流与回流病,Reflux and reflux disease following gastric resection,第11页,原发性肝癌二级预防随机分组前瞻性研究,Randomized controlled prospective study of secondary prevention for primary liver cancer,第12页,c.,名词,+,分词短语,何杰金病放射
7、治疗引发甲状腺癌,Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkins disease(,名词短语,),d.,名词,+,同位语,庆大毒素是分离,浣血性链菌选择性药品,Gentamicin,a selective agent for the isolation of betahemolytic streptococci,第13页,e.,名词,+,不定式,提议能做胆红素定量化验室不再做黄疸指数,Suggestion to abolish icterus index determination where quantitative bilirub
8、in assay is available,f.,名词,+,从句 (多为同位语从句或定语从句)。,V-sis,基因产物由血小板生长因子多体相互作用而转化证据,V-sis Evidence that the gene product transforms by interaction with the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor,第14页,动名词短语,控制直肠癌探讨,Controlling rectal cancer,心房纤颤患者中风预防,Preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrill
9、ation,介词短语,原发性肝癌临床诊疗探讨,On clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liver,(“探讨”这一概念也可用介词,on,表示,但多数情况下,“探讨”一词可略去不译)。,第15页,(,2,)句子型 以陈说句和疑问句居多,但注意陈说句句未不用句号,疑问句句末用问号。,陈说句,人类,hR24L,基因参加,DNA,切除修复和重组修复研究,Human hR24L gene is involved in DNA excision repair and recombination repair,第16页,疑问句:(常见于评述性文章),杂合子家
10、族性高胆固醇血症患者何时开始治疗为宜,?,When should patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia be treated?,还未处理问题,饮酒者患冠心病少吗,?,Unresolved issue,:,Do drinkers have less coronary heart disease?,第17页,1.1.3,副标题,副标题(,Subtitle,)是对主标题限定补充和说明,或突出论文某方面内容。副标题通常放在正标题之后或之下,表达论文研究范围和角度。作者假如感到正标题太长或不足以说明研究内容,可采取副标题处理,从
11、而强化或缩写研究范围。标题要突出重点。在有正标题和副标题论文中,要以论文叙述主要内容为正标题,次要内容作为副标题。主、副标题汉语和英文结构基本相同,有时也不尽相同。主、副标题之间常以冒号或破折号分开。在国内医学期刊中,副标题应用频率不高,而在国外医学期刊中较多使用副标题,用来突出病例数目、研究重点或研究方法等。比如:,第18页,(1),突出病例数,带模支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤六例汇报,Endoluminal stent-graft for aortic aneurysms,:,A report of 6 cases,对急诊室连续,176,例腹疼病例回顾性研究,Original:A retrosp
12、ective study of l76 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room,Revised:Abdominal pain in the emergency room,:,Retrospective study of l76 consecutive cases,第19页,(2),突出研究重点或内容,糖尿病:新诊疗标准,Diabetes mellitus,:,New diagnostic criteria,大动脉炎胸部,X,线表现及其临床意义,Original:The chest X-ray appearance an
13、d its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis,Revised:Aorto-arteritis,:,Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance,第20页,(3),突出研究方法或性质,肝素疗法前瞻性随机研究,Heparin therapy,:,A randomized prospective study,传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查,Original:A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis,Revised:Dia
14、betes after infectious hepatitis,:,A follow-up study,第21页,(4),突出治疗作用(表示同位关系),Prazodine,一个新治疗高血压血管扩张剂,Prazodine,:,A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension,乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗原是一个有用预后指标,Original:A useful prognostic indicator of carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue/Carcinoembryonic antige
15、n in breast-cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicator,Revised:Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue,:,A useful prognostic indicator/Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue as a useful prognostic indicator,第22页,(5),提出疑问或选择,药品调整:进化还是革命,?,Drug regulation,:,Evolution or revoluti
16、on?,慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状,?,Original:Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symptom?,Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum,:,A study of miscellaneous disease conditions,第23页,(7),说明研究时间,中国烧伤护理综合研究:,A collaborative study of burn nursing in China,:,曲张静脉内镜硬化疗法:一年临床经验研究,Original:One y
17、ear clinical experience with endoscopic variceal sclerosis,Revised:Endoscopic variceal sclerosis,:,One year clinical experience,第24页,1.1.4,标题中心词位置,每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题词语,要将其置于突出位置;也可针对读者对象确定中心词位置,以及研究方法、对象、目标和效果等。中心词英文惯用名词、名词短语、动名词短语等。有中心名词可依据需要决定用单数还是用复数。,第25页,叶天士活血化淤疗法探讨,An approach to the
18、principle of activating circulation and relieving stasis formulated by Ye Tianshi,“,探讨,(approach)”,为中心词,在译文中需置于首位。“活血化淤疗法”则为“叶天士”所提出,称为“叶天士活血化淤疗法”,可译为“,Ye Tianshis principle of activating circulation and relieving stasis”,,也可将其用过去分词短语表示,置于末尾,以突出“叶天士,疗法”,与原文一致。,第26页,(2),针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功效状态影响,The acupun
19、cture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris,“,影响,(effect)”,为中心词,但它在本文中意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一个治疗疾病方法,“针疗疗效”可译为“,acupuncture effect(on)”,。“左心功效状态”是表示类属定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者,(patients)”,修饰“左心功效状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文简练而明晰。,第27页,(,3,)氟烷麻醉治疗新生儿受
20、损肺功效,Halothane anesthesia impairs pulmonary function in newborn lambs/Impaired pulmonary function in newborn lambs anesthetized with halothane,上述两例译文表示信息相同。不过,将,Halothane anesthesia,放在句首可引发麻醉医生注意,而将,Impaired pulmonary,置于句首,则会引发新生儿童教授关注。,第28页,1.1.5,标题简练,短标题给人印象更为深刻,所以在不影响准确、完整前题下应尽可能写短标题,,这就要求标题简练。做到
21、简练有以下几个方法:,第29页,(1),缩略词和符号,标题中只能使用标准缩略词、代号、符号、公式等,但不宜将其原形词同时列出,也无须写出汉字全名,以外国人命名综合征或体征也无须译成汉字,不加“氏”字。比如:,DNA(,脱氧核糖核酸,),、,AIDS(,艾滋病,),、,LCl00(,绝对致死浓度,),、,HBsAg(,乙型肝炎表面抗原,),等。尽可能防止在标题和摘要中使用缩略词。除了标准计量单位以外,在正文中首次出现缩略词时,应写出其全称,其方法是先用短语全称,然后将缩略词语放在其后括号内,如丙型肝炎病毒:,hepatitis C virus(HCV),,维甲酸:,all-trans retin
22、oic acid(ATRA),。,第30页,(2),省略无须要单词,标题首和副标题首可省略冠词,比如:,革兰氏阴性菌休克治疗,Treatment of gram-negative shock(Treatment,前省略,The),革兰氏阴性菌休克,169,例分析,Shock caused by gram-negative microorganism,:,Analysis of l69 cases(Analysis,前省略,An),第31页,疾病名称、症状、药名及复数名词前普通不用冠词,比如:,肛管癌,Carcinoma of the anal canal,传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查,Di
23、abetes after infectious hepatitis:A follow-up study,第32页,省略非必要开头词,如,Nature of,Studies of,Preliminary evaluation of,等,比如:,系统性红斑狼疮患者尿中抗核体没定临床意义初步探讨,Preliminary Evaluation of Clinical Significance in Determination of Antinuclear Antibodies Present in Urine of Pationts with SLE,(该标题中,,Preliminary Evalua
24、tion of,为无须要成份,可略去不译。),第33页,(3),形容词选择,标题中表明主题或关键点时,惯用定量(可测量)和定性(表性质、不能定量测定)形容词来修饰主题词。用于修饰定量主题词时可用,increased,decreased,,,reduced,等,比如:“,Reduced metabolic rate in rats during radio-frequency irradiation”,,该标题中,,metabolic rate,为可测量定量主题词。修饰定性主题词时可用,improved,impaired,,,altered,等,比如:“,Altered pulmonary fl
25、uid balance induced by positive end-expiratory pressure”,该标题中,pulmonary fluid balance,是一个定性主题词。,第34页,1.1.6,标题中常见介词搭配使用方法,(1)in,疾病名称,/,各种病理与生理现象名称,+in+,病人,比如:,乳腺癌患者甲状腺功效状态,Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer,治疗方法,/,检验方法,/,药品名称,+in+,疾病,/,器官,/,组织,比如:,汉语中,,due to,有时省略不译。比如:,人灵链球菌,C,组感染,Infec
26、tions due to group C streptococci in man,第35页,(3)after(,可用,following,替换,),肝脏术后综合,Postoperative syndromes after liver surgery,(4)during,肥胖症患者治疗期间颗粒细胞功效,Granulocyte function during treatment of obesity,(5)as,表现为肺动脉高压瘤栓,Tumor emboli presenting as pulmonary hypertension,第36页,1.1.7,标题书写格式,不一样医学期刊对标题书写规则要
27、求不一样。作者向某杂志投稿时,应事先了解其编写规则。标题书写格式普通有三种:,(1),仅首词第一个字母大写,包含通用缩略词语、人名、地名等,其余均小写。副标题中首词普通要大写。,第37页,(2),每个词第一个字母大写。一些虚词,如冠词、连词和介词要小写。有杂志要求,,4,个字母及以上虚词要大写,如,with,,,from,,,after,against,,,between,等。大多数期刊都采取这种书写格式。,第38页,(3),标题中全部字母均用大写。这种书写方法常见于英文期刊中短讯、广告等标题,或表示强调,以引发读者注意。,第39页,1.1.8,标题页,(,1,)标题页,(Title page
28、),内容,依据国际,生物医学期刊投稿统一要求,,论文标题页内容包含:标题:应简明扼要;全部作者姓名,最高学位及所属单位;研究工作所属部门或单位名称;放弃署名者(若有话);稿件联络人姓名和通讯地址;申请副本联络人姓名和地址;资助、设备、药品起源;在标题页脚注列出不超出,40,个字母(含间隔)标题。,第40页,(,3,)标题页脚注中惯用句型,基金资助起源表示,a.to be supported by,本课题为国家自然科学基金资助项目,(N0,39470318),和国家“九五”攻关课题基金资助项目,(N0,95-690117),。,This study,work,research was suppo
29、rted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.39470318)and the 9th Five-Year Plan National Project(N0.95-690117),第41页,b.supported/funded/granted/sponsored,本项目基金由中国医学科学院资助。,Supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,c.grant support,基金资助单位:世界医学协会和卫生教育署。,Grant support,:,World Me
30、dical Association and Health Education Service.,第42页,d.sources of funding,资金起源:卫生部。,Sources of funding,:,Ministry of Public Health.,e.project supported by,本项目由中国科学院科学基金资助。,Project supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,第43页,致谢,a.to thank,for,我们感激史密斯教授提供技术帮助。,We wish to than
31、k Professor Smith for technical assistance,b.to be acknowledged,我们感激联合国儿童基金会对本研究提供资助。,Financial support for this study by the United Nations Childrens Fund is acknowledged,第44页,地址表示,a.correspondence,通讯地址:南京市南京医科大学组织胚胎教研室,210029,Correspondence,:,Department of Histology and Embryology,Nanjing Medical
32、University,,,Nanjing 210029,,,China,b.address reprint requests to,或,requests for reprints should be addressed to,索取重印本请致函:加州洛杉矶市加州大学洛杉矶分校医学院普外科,Joel J,Roslyn,医学博士,90024,Address reprint requests to Joel J,Roslyn,,,MD,,,Division of General Surgery,UCLA School of Medicine,,,Los Angeles,,,California 900
33、24,第45页,年会汇报表示,(presented at,presented in part),1983,年,2,月,1922,日在加州新港湾召开太平洋沿岸外科协会第,55,届年会上汇报,Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Surgical Association,,,Newport Beach,,,California February 19-22,,,1983,第46页,作者单位表示,(From),山西医科大学第一从属医院口腔内科,From the Department of Oral Medicine,,,F
34、irst Affiliated Hospital,,,Shanxi Medical University,收稿和出版日期表示,收稿日期,年,2,月,28,日:,Received February 28,/Received-02-28,出版日期,年,6,月,15,日:,Accepted for Publication June l5,/Accepted-06-15,第47页,(,4,)附信,作者投稿时,除了论文全文外,普通还要给编辑部写一封附信。附信内容及写法参见第十章医用函件,10.6,向国外期刊、出版社投稿部分。,第48页,1.1.9,标题中惯用名词与介词搭配使用方法,在汉语标题中,常出现“
35、探讨”、“研究”、“观察”、“体会”、“问题”等词语。译成英文时,要注意对这些套语处理。若这些词语之前有详细内容,就要全部译出;在没有详细内容情况下,这些词语可略去不译,这并不影响标题实质性内容。国外标题普通无“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”等表示谦虚词语,而是直接表明作者本意。,第49页,(1),探讨:,discussion of,on,,,an approach to,,,a probe into,,,investigation of,on,,如:,心源性猝死,51,例临床病理探讨,Sudden cardiac death,:,Clinicopathologic investigation
36、 of 51 cases,亚临床肝癌诊疗问题探讨,An approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancer,第50页,(2),对,影响(作用):,effect/influence ofon,,如:,苯对白细胞毒性作用探讨,Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes(“,探讨”一词省略不译,),(3),意义:,significance/importance of/in/at,如:,血清肌浆球蛋白临床评价对诊疗急性心肌梗塞意义,Significance of clinical assessment of serum m
37、yosin in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction,第51页,(4),观察,(,汇报,结果,),:,an observation,observations of,on,in,,,过敏性鼻炎,342,例脱敏疗效观察汇报,Clinical observation on 342 cases with allergic rinitis,窒息后多器官功效受损新生儿细胞内外钙水平观察,Levels of plasma calcium and red cell calcium in newborns with multi-organ damage af
38、ter asphyxia(“,观察”一词略去不译,),第52页,(5),调查:,survey of,on,,试验:,test/trial,如:,慢性肾功效衰竭甲状旁腺切除疗法,38,例调查,Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure,(6),体会,(,经验,),;,experience in/with,(后接疾病名称),如:,治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症新体会,Recent experience with bacillemia due to gram-negative organisms,洋地黄类药品门诊治疗心力衰
39、竭用药体会,Treatment of heart failure with lanatoside medication(“,体会”一词略去不译,),第53页,(7),总结:,experience,,,experience of,如:,小儿心肌炎,8,年临床经验总结,Myocarditis among children,:,An eight-year clinical experience,35,例恶性高血压治疗总结,Treatment for malignant hypertension,:,An experience of 35 cases,第54页,(8),问题:,problem of,,
40、,aspect on,,如:,甲状腺机能亢进手术治疗几个问题,Certain problems of the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism,二尖瓣置换术中几个问题,Some aspects on mitral valve replacement,第55页,(9),研究:,study,studies of,on,in,如:,10,例,Wilson,病临床与病理研究,Wilsons disease,:,A clinical and pathological study of l0 cases,心脏病患者血小板功效研究,Platelet func
41、tion studies in heart disease,第56页,(10),汇报:,a report of,on,,如:,青少年桡骨远端骨骺损伤附,51,例汇报,Distal epihysis injury of radius in adolescence,:,A report of 51 cases,(11),评定(判定):,assessment/evaluation/estimation/appraisal/calculation/valuation/appreciation of,如:,肝功效判定,Assessment of Liver Function,第57页,(12),关系,/
42、,相关,/,比较,/,对照:,relationship/correlation/association,comparison/contrast,等作中心词,后接,of A and B,或,of A with B,或,between A and B,如:,甲烷产生细菌与纤毛虫关系,Correlation of methanogenic bacteria with ovine rumsu ciliates,第58页,(13),技术,使用,特征,结果,方法,模式,证据,介绍:,technique,use,property/characteristics/feature,result,method,m
43、odel,evidence/proof,introduction,等,后接介词,for/of/to/in sth.or doing sth.,或用带,to,不定式短语,表示范围和类型等,如:,结肠腺癌细胞线,SW620,生物特征,,Biological properties of the human colonic adenocarchionma cell lines SW620,第59页,(14)(,药品,),治疗:,A,治疗,B(A,二药品名称,,B,二病名,),,,A in the treatment,management of B,,,treatment of B with A,,,u
44、se of A in the treatment of B,,,A therapy,treatment of B,,,A in,for B,,如:,可乐定治疗高血压,Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension,大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞性白血病,Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia with high dose methotrexate,皮质激素治疗败血性休克,Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock,P-,磷酸钠治疗转移性癌肿,P-s
45、odium phosphate in metastatic malignant disease,第60页,(15)(,非药品,),治疗:,A,治疗,B(A=,治疗方法,,B=,病名,),,,A for,in B,,,A in the treatment of B,,,treatment of B by A,,如:,甲状旁腺切除治疗慢性肾功效衰竭,Parathyroidectomy for chronic renal failure,左心室部分切除术治疗晚期原发性扩张性心肌病,Partial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage d
46、ilated cardiomyopathy,血透析治疗牛皮癣,Treatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis,第61页,(16),诊疗:,A,诊疗,B(A=,诊疗方法,,B=,病名,),,,A in B,A in the diagnosis of B,,,assay,detection of A in B,,,diagnosis of B by,with A,,,detection of B by A,,,application of A to the diagnosis of B,,如:,胆石症超声诊疗,Ultrasonography in the diagno
47、sis of gallstones,心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶测定,Assay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in heart disease,静脉造影术诊疗门诊患者深静脉血栓形成,Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in the outpatient by venography,用放射免疫法测定血清,17-,羟孕酮诊疗与治疗先天性肾上腺增生,The application of a serum 17-OH-progesterone radioimmunoassay diagnosis and management of cong
48、enital adrenal hyperplasia,第62页,1.2,作者,标题要写明作者,(Authorship),姓名、学位及工作单位。国内外医学期刊对这一部分排列次序不尽相同,但常见次序是:标题、作者姓名、学位和工作单位。比如:,标题:,Parathyroidectomy for Chronic Renal Failure(,慢性肾功效衰竭甲状腺切除疗法,),作者:,William C,Robert,,,MD,,,FRCP(William C.Robert,医学博士,皇家内科医师学会会员,),单位:,Cardiovascular-pulmonary Research Laborator
49、y,Department of Medicine,,,School of Medicine,,,University of Cambridge(,剑桥大学医学院内科心血管、肺研究室,),第63页,1.2.1,作者署名,作者姓名应署真名、全名,其英文署名按国家要求汉语拼音拼写,姓和名分开写,而双姓,(,如司马、欧阳,),和双名不分开写,姓和名首字母都大写。用汉语拼音拼写时,要确保拼写准确,采取标准式写法,比如:,Li Shizhen(,李时珍,),、,Zhang Jian(,张建,),、,Sima Guang(,司马光,),、,Ouyang Jingping(,欧阳静萍,),等。若两字拼音连写处
50、出现元音字母,a,,,o,,,e,开头音节,用隔音符号“”隔开。如,Gao Changan(,高长安,),、,Xian(,西安,),等。,第64页,各种医学杂志上拼音法也不一样。以,中华医学杂志,汉字版为例,在英文摘要中,姓名采取变式写法,即:作者姓每个字母都大写,名字只首字母大写,比如:,GUO Weimin,,,WANG Hongli,,,ZHAO Weili,;而其英文版,作者姓名除了用英文表示置于标题下之外,还用括号将姓名以脚注形式再次置于论文首页右下角作者单位之后,作者英文署名姓首字母大写,名字则采取缩写形式。比如:,Huang Guofu(,黄国福,),缩写为,Huang GF,S