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英语相似词语辨析
英语相似词语辨析
第二刊
第一部分
1.force/make
He was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.由于政治原因,他被迫离开了自己的祖国。
How did the bat make the birds believe that he was on their side?蝙蝠是怎样使鸟儿们相信他是站在他们这边的?
<辨析>两者都可以作“迫使”解。force 表示用武力或威胁迫使某人做某事,宾语发出的动作常带有不情愿的意味。这种动作可以用带 to 的不定式表示,也可以用动名词表示。用动名词时,要与介词 into 连用。例如:We forced him to go(into going).我们迫使他去。make 的用法比较广泛,它所表示的强迫性有时不如 force 强,其宾语之后的不定式要省去 to。但当 make 用于被动语态时,所省去的 to 要补上。例如:I was made to go there alone.我被迫一个人去那里。
2.before long/long before
Before long he had to move on again.不久他不得不再迁移。
She said that she had heard of it long before.她说,她老早就听说过这件事。
<辨析>before long 与 long before 是词义完全相同的两个词组。before long 意为“很快”,“不久”(soon,after a short period of time),其中 before 是介词,long 是名词。常在句中作状语,多与动词的过去时或将来时连用。如:I'll go to Shanghai before long.不久我要去上海。long before 意为“很久以前”,其中 long 是副词,long before 单独使用时,before 是副词。long before 后接名词、代词时,before 为介词。long before 后接从句时,before 为连词。这个词组常与过去时或过去完成时连用。跟从句时也可以用在现在时的句子中。例如:It will be long before he arrives.还要多久他才到达。
3.keep/keep on
It kept raining for three days.接连下了三天的雨。
In the years that followed,Mark kept on studying English and using it .在这之后的几年中,马克思继续学习和使用英语。
<辨析>keep 与 keep on 都有“不断”的意思。在表示每隔一会儿即发生的动作时,两者可互换。如:He carght cold and kept(on) coughing all the morning.他(得)感冒了,整个上午不停的咳嗽。如表示动作不间断或保持一种状态,则宜用 keep+v-ing。例如:We'ss keep going forward.我们将不断前进。注意:1)keep 或 keep on 后面只能接 v-ing,不能接不定式。2)两者后接表示动作的 v-ing(如:takling,writing,walking,working 和 standing 等),不能接表示静止状态的 v-ing(如 standing,sitting,lying 和 sleeping 等)。如不可以说 He kept on sleeping.
4.be sure about(of)/be sure to/be sure that
He was not too sure about two things——the grammar and some of the idioms.他在语法和某些方面没有很大的把握。
You are sure to understand much more than before.你一定比以前懂得多了。
He was sure (that) nobody there would steal the money.他确信那儿不会有人偷钱。
<辨析>be sure about(of) 意为“相信”、“对......有把握”,后接名词、代词或动名词,表示当事人的看法,主语必须是人。be sure to 意为“一定”,“肯定”,后接不定式,往往表示局外人的推测、评论,主语不一定是人。如:It's sure to rain tomorrow.明天一定会下雨。试比较下面两句:He is sure of living to ninety.他自信可以活到90岁。He is sure to live to ninety.他肯定可以活到90岁。be sure to 用于祈使句时,表示对对方的要求。作“务必”,“切望”解。如:Be sure to come tomorrow.你明天一定要来。be sure 接 that 从句时,意为“认为......一不会”,主语必须是人,that 可以省略。be sure 后面还可接 whether 或 where,when,who 等引导的名词性从句。这时主句通常是否定形式。如:I am not sure where I left my notebook.我不能确定我把笔记本忘在什么地方了。
5.go on to do/go on doing
He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着谈了世界形势。
Dr Bethune went on working throughout the night.白求恩大夫整个夜晚都在做手术。
<辨析>go on to do 意为“停止以前做的事,接着做另一件事”;go on doing 意为“继续做以前的事”。试比较:Let's go on to discuss another question.我们接着讨论另外一个问题吧。Let's go on discussing the question.咱们继续讨论这个问题吧。此外,这两个短语在动作的时间概念上也有所不同,go on to do 指一个时刻的动作,go on doing 指一段时间的动作。例如:I went on to read Lesson Two at half past two.两点半钟我接着读第二课。I went on reading Lesson Two for half an hour.第二课我连续不断地读了半个小时。
6.advice/advise
Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.马克思对如何学习外语提出了一些意见。
I would advise you to earn enough money to travel round the world.我建议你挣些钱去做环球旅行。
<辨析>两者的基本意思都是“劝告”,“建议”。advice 是不可数名词,前面不能有不定冠词 a,后面也不能加复数词尾-s。“一项建议”是 a piece of advice,不可以说 an advice。“一些(许多、多项)建议”是 some (much,pieces of) advice。advise 是动词,常用作及物动词,间或用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,后接名词、代词,也可跟含有不定式的复合宾语。还可跟 that 从句,这时从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气。如:
I advise that you (should) go at once.我劝你马上就去。
7.consult/look up
At the same time,consult dictionaries and memorize grammatical rules.同时,要查字典,记语法规则。
When you don't know how to pronounce a new word,you must look it up.当你不知道一个生词怎么念时,必须查字典。
<辨析>两者都可以表示“查”。consult 意为“查阅”(refer to),后接表示“词典或参考书”的名词作宾语。look up 的意思是“在词典或参考书中查找”(find a word,phrase,etc.in a dictionary or reference book)。但有时 look up 后面也跟表“词典”、“参考书”的名词,与 consult 通用。如:Did you look up a dictionary for the meaning of the word?你翻词典查过这个词的意思吗?
8.memorize/remember
If you memorize a few words every day and keep on reading all the time,you are sure to do well in the English study.如果你每天记住几个单词,并坚持不断地阅读,你就一定能学好英语。
He rememberd that the word was pronounced 'plau'.他记得这词该读作'plau'.
<辨析>memorize 意为“记住”、“熟记”,表示有意识地努力去记。remember 意为“记得”、“记起”、“想起”,指某件事或某个印象留存在记忆中,常指不需要有意识地追忆便可想起来。
9.close/shut/shut off
Please close the windows.请把窗关上。
Shut the door,please.请把门关上。
The visionphone shuts off.电视电话机关上了。
<辨析>三者都有“关”的意思。close 与 shut 表示“关窗(门)”时,常可通用。但 shut 比 close 意味较强,close 仅指把开着的窗(门)关上的动作,而 shut 则指把窗、门关上并闩住的动作,即含有“隔绝内外”的意思。shut off 意为“关掉、停止运转”,常用于关收收音机、发电机、煤气、电视机等,既可看作不及物动词,也可看作及物动词。如:Shut the steam off——it's getting too warm in here.把暖气关上——屋里太暖和了。
10.examination/test
We are going to have our term examination next week.下星期我们将进行期末考试。
We had our last physics test. 我们举行了一次物理测验。
<辨析>这两个名词都有“考试”的意思。examination 通常指比较正式的考试。如学期考试、入学考试等,可缩写成 exam,常用于口语。test 指小考或测验。还可指物理化学等(做)试验。如:The professor showed them how to do a test in the chemistry lab.教授在化学实验室里演示给他们看如何做试验。两者除表示“考试”外,也可作“(身体)检查”解。如:The doctors gave the little girl all kinds of tests (examinations).医生给小女孩做各种各样的身体检查。
11.breath/breathe
The young man held his breath.那年青人屏住气息。
The doctor told Charlie to breathe deeply.大夫要查理做深呼吸。
<辨析>两者都有“呼吸”的意思,拼法仅有一个字母之差,用法也就不同。breath 是名词,与 breath 构成的短语有:hold one's breath 屏住气;out of breath 上气不接下气。breathe 是动词,用作及物动词或不及物动词。
12.because/since/as
He didn't go to the meeting because he was ill.他因为生病没有去开会。
Since you have to stay home,why don't you do some shopping?既然你得待在家里,何不(利用这时间)买买东西呢?
As he didn't know much English,he got out his dictionary and looked up the word "cough".由于他英语懂得不多,于是就拿出词典查“咳嗽”这个词。
<辨析>三者是从属连词,引导原因状语从句。because 意为“因为”,它的语气最强,表达主从句间的必然因果关系。因此,回答 why 的问句,必须用 because;能放在“it is ...that...”句型中加以强调的也只能是 because 引导的从句。它所引导的从句一般放在主句后面,需要强调时,也可以放在主句的前面。如:Because he was Aristotle,the great thinker,no one questioned his ideas for almost 2000 years.因为他是亚里斯多德,是一位伟大的思想家,所以差不多2000来,无人对他的看法提出质疑。since 要比 because 的语气稍弱而没有 because 那样正式,表示无须加以说明的原因,这种原因是已知的。常常译作“既然”,所引导的从句多放在主句之前。如:Since you are busy,I'll do it for you.既然你忙,我来替你做吧。as 意为“由于”,“鉴于”,是本组中语气最弱的一个词,它所说明的原因是比较明显的,可能是已经浅露的原因。常用于日常的谈话中,它引导的从句可放在句首或主句之后。如:As it's raining,you'd better stay at home.天在下雨,你最好待在家里。
13.agree with/agree to
They could not agree with one another.他们谁也不能同意谁的意见。
We agree to this plan.我们同意这个计划。
<辨析>两者都有“同意”、“赞成”的意思。agree with 后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词作宾语。agree to 后面一般接表示提议、办法、计划之类的名词作宾语。此外,agree with 还有“适合”、“符合”的含义。如:The climate here doesn't agree with him.他不适合这里的气候。
14.happen/happen to
This story happened in London.这个故事发生在伦敦。
What happens to ice when it is placed in your hand?冰放在你的手里将会变成什么?
The first blind man happened to place his hand on the elephant's side.第一个瞎子碰巧把手放在象的一侧。
<辨析>happen 是不及物动词,意为“发生”,其主语往往是物。使用 happen 时须注意:1)不能用于被动语态,如不可以说 An accident was happened last week.上星期发生了一个事故。应将 was 删去。2)happen 是终止性动词,其现在完成时不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。如不可以说 The accident has happened for a week.事故发生已有一星期了。应改成 The accident happened a week ago.如表示“某人发生了什么事”或“某物怎么了”则用 happen to sb./sth.结构。如:Has anything happened to him?他出什么事了?happen 还可作“碰巧”、“恰好”解,后接动词不定式或用于“it happens that...”结构。如:I happened to have no money with me(=It happened that I had no money with me.)恰好我没带钱。
15.quarrel about/quarrel with
The six man sat by the roadside all day,quarrelling about the elephant.那6个人整天坐在路边,为了那头象争吵不休。
John quarrelled with his wife yesterday.昨天,约翰跟妻子争吵。
<辨析>quarrel about 意为“为(某事)争吵”,quarrel with 意为“跟(某人)争吵”。
16.at all/not at all
We were not tired at all.我们一点也不累。
It's very kind of you.——Not at all.你真客气——哪里,哪里。
<辨析>at all 起加强语气的作用,可用于以下几种场合:1)用在否定句中或与含否定意义的词的连用,意为“一点也不”、“根本不”。如例1)。2)用在肯定句或疑问句中,常有较强的感情色彩,意为“究竟”、“果然”。例如:Did you speak at all?你究竟发言了没有?3)用在条件句中,意为“既然”、“(如果)真的、确实”。如:Do it well if you do it at all.既然要做就得做好。not at all 常用作客套语,是“别客气”的意思。
17.who/that
People who can see somethings act just as foolishly.有时候,眼睛看得见的人也同样做出这类蠢事。
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?在那边看报纸的那个人是谁?
<辨析>who 与 that 都可用作关系代词,引导限制性定语从句,指人。在从句中做主语时,通常两者可以互换。例如:The boy that(who) helped me is my brother.帮助我的那个男孩是我的弟弟。但下列几种情况多用 who:1)先行词为 those 时,如:Those who want to go to the cinema,please be at the school gate at four o'clock.想去看电影的人,请四点钟到达校门口。2)先行词为 one,ones 或 anyone 时,如:They said,the clothes made of this magic cloth would be invisible to anyone who was unfit for the office he held.他们说,这种魔布缝制的衣服,任何一个不称职的人是看不见的。若主句是以 who 开头的疑问句,则其后的定语从句宜由 that 引导。如例2)。
18.that/which
This is the best film that has been shown this year.这是今年放过的最好的一部电影。
The earth,which goes round the sun,is called a planet.地球围绕太阳运转,被称为行星。
<辨析>关系代词 that 与 which 引导的定语从句时,都可指物,都可作主语和宾语。有时两者可互换。如:A place is a machine that(which) can fly.飞机是一种能飞的机器。但在下列情况下,只宜用 that,不用 which:1)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如例1)。2)先行词被序数词以及 only,very,last 等修饰时。如:The first thing that we should do is (to) work out a plan.我们该的第一件事是订个计划。3)被修饰的先行词为 all,much,little 等不定代词时,如:All that can be done must be done.凡能做到的事情都必须做。4)当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,如:They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们聊起他们所能记得的学校里的人和事来。5)关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,如:My home village is no longer the place that it used to be.我的故乡现在已不再是过去那个面貌了。在下列情况下只宜用 which,不用 that:1)在非限制性定语从句中,如例2)。2)当关系代词前面有介词时,如:This is the room in which we lived last year.这是我们去年住过的房间。
19.as soon as/once
I'll give this note to him as soon as school is over.一放学我就把这张便条给他。
Once you see him,you will never forget him.你一旦见到他,就永远忘不了他。
<辨析>两者都可译作“刚......就......”、“一旦......就......”,表示主句动作紧接在从句动作之后 发生。as soon as 强调时间的紧接,once 则带有条件意味。试比较:As soon as the bell rang,the teacher came in.铃一响,老师就进来了(不宜用 once)。You won't find it difficult once you have understood the rule.一旦你懂得了这条规律,你就不会感到困难 了。(不宜用 as soon as)
20.receive/accept
Our country sometimes uses man-made satellites to send and receive TV programmes.我国有时候使用人造卫星发送和接收电视节目。
He did experiments to test and prove an idea before he was rady to accept it.他准备接受一种观念之前,都先进行实验,对它加以验证。
<辨析>这两个词都有“接”的意思。receive 指“接到”、“收到”这一动作或事实,不涉及是否乐意或同意,可以表示收到信件、礼物、邀请,或接受教育、命令等。accept 指经过考虑“接受”下来,强调其主观上乐意“接受”。再看下例:Yesterday he received a present,but didn't want to accept it.昨天他收到一件礼物,但他并不想要。receive 还可表示“接待”、“接见”,accept 则没有这种意义。如:We often receive foreign guests.我们经常接待外宾。注意:receive 是终止性动词,其现在完成时不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。如不可以说 I have received your letter for five days.应该说 I received your letter five days ago.
21.watch/observe
In the evening we watched dancing and singing in a big theatre.晚上,我们在一家大剧场看了歌舞。
He observed things carefully and never took anything for granted.他仔细观察事物,对任何事情从不想当然。
<辨析>watch 意为“看着”、“观看”、“注视”,后接名词或代词作宾语,也可接由不带 to 的不定式或现在分词构成的复合宾语,还可接连接代词或副词引导的从句,但不能接 that 从句。例如:I watched them get into the car.我看着他们上了车。He stopped to watch us working.他停一来看我们干活。Watch what I do and how I do it.看我的动作,看我是怎么做的。observe 意为“观察”(watch carefully),也可表示“注意到”(see,notice),后接名词或代词、复合宾语(与 watch 同),还可接 that 从句。例如:We observed that it had turned cloudy.我们注意到天转阴了。
22.decide/make up one's mind
Jenny decided to turn the wallet in first.詹妮决定先交钱夹。
Galileo made up his mind to test Aristotle's theory by doing experiments.伽利略下决心通过试验验证亚里斯多德的理论。
<辨析>两者都有“决定”、“决心”的意思。decide 着重指经过考虑、商谈或研究之后而作出决定,后跟名词、代词、动词不定式或从句,可用于被动语态中。如:Nothig is decided yet.什么都没有决定下来。make up one's mind 是与“迟疑、动摇、不知所从”等相对的说法,意味着打定主意,下了决心,后跟不定式或 that 从句,也可单独使用。有时也解作“认定了某事”。如:Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects.亚里斯多德认定重的物体比轻的物体下落得快。
23.slow/slowly
A feather falls slower than a stone.羽毛比石头落得慢。
He observed that feathers fell to the ground slowly.他观察到羽毛落地很慢。
<辨析>两者都可以用作副词,表示“慢慢地”的意思。slow 常用在动词 go,drive,speak,read 等后面或副词 how 后面。如:How slow he walks!他走得多慢啊!My watch goes slow.我的表经常慢。slowly 可置于行为动词的前后或句首。如:Mr Baker's face slowly turned red.贝克先生的脸慢慢地变红了。slow 的比较级和最高级是 slower,slowest;而 slowly 的比较级和最高级是 more slowly,most slowly。slow 还可作形容词,意为“慢的”、“迟钝的”。如:He was old and slow.他年纪大,行动迟缓。
24.pay/spend/cost
He paid one yuan for the apples.他买苹果花了一元。
I spent ten yuan on the dictionary.这本词典花了我十元。
The new diamond necklace cost the Loisels thirty-six thousand francs.买新钻石项链花掉了卢瓦泽尔夫妇三万六千法郎。
<辨析>三者都有“花费(金钱)”的意思,但用法不相同。pay 与 spend 的主语应该是人,使用它们的方式分别是 sb.pays some money for sth.和 sb.spends some money on (for) sth.或 sb.spends some money in doing sth.cost 的主语总是所购买的东西,而购物的主人常常是它的间接宾语,其方式是 sth.costs sb.some money。试比较:The coat cost her twenty tuan./She spent twenty yuan on (for) the coat.She paid twenty yuan for the coat.买这件外衣她花了二十元。注意:cost 的间接宾语不能同介词连用。如不可以说 The coat cost twenty yuan for (to) her.
25.pay for/pay off/pay back
We've already paid for the recorder.这架录音机我们已经付款了。
We've at last paid off all our debts.我们总算把所有的债都还清了。
They had to pay back the money they had borrowed.他们不得不归还所借的钱。
<辨析>pay for 意为“付......款”(give money for),其宾语通常是表示物件或东西的名词或代词。pay off 意为“偿还(债务等)”(pay all that is owed on a debt,etc.)。pay back 意为“归还(所借的钱)”(return money that has been borrowed),有时后面跟表示“债务”的名词,作“偿还(债务)”解。如:You ought to pay back your debts.你应当偿还你的债务。这两个短语中的 off 与 back 可与 pay 拆开使用,跟代词作宾语时,必须将代词放在两者之间。
26.because/because of
He isn't coming because he is very busy.他来不了,因为他很忙。
Mathilde lived a hard life for ten years because of the lost necklace.玛蒂尔德因为那条丢失的项链,而过了十年艰苦的生活。
<辨析>because 与 because of 都是“因为”的意思,但它们的词性与用法不同。because 是从属连词,后接原因状语从句。because of 是复合介词,后接名词(代词)或动名词,也可接 what 引导的从句。如:Her face went red because of what he said.他所说的话使她的脸都红了。
27.would rather/had better
I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里。
You had better go yourself.你最好自己去。
<辨析>would rather 表示句子主语的愿望、选择,意为“宁愿......”。如果表示“宁愿(可)......也不愿......”则用句型 would rather...than...。在 would rather 和 than 后面所连接的两个对比部分一般要一致,宜将 than 译成否定意义。如:The brave soldier would rather die than give in.那个勇敢的士兵宁死不屈。hat better 表示对别人劝告或建议,意为“最好......”。使用这两个短语须注意:1)两者都是后接动词原形。2)其否定形式分别在 rather 和 better 之间加 not。如:I would rather not tell you.我宁可不告诉你。You had better not keep the window open.你最好不要开着窗户。3)would rather 后可跟从句,从句谓语要用虚拟语气,即用过去时表示现在或将来要做的事情。如:I would rather that we stopped now.我宁可现在停下来。
28.wise/clever/bright
The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader and a wise,warm-hearted,honest man.人民已把他看成一位具有感召力的领袖,看成一位聪明、热情、诚实的人而爱戴他。
The little mokey was clever.这只小猴子很聪明。
He told Tom's mother that Tom was not bright.他告诉汤姆的母亲说,汤姆并不聪明。
<辨析>这三个形容词都有“聪明的”的意思。wise 指人有广博的知识与经验,能作出正确的判断,采取明智的行动,经常用来形容伟人、领袖等。clever 应用范围较广,常用来形容一般人或小孩子,有“思维敏捷、聪明伶俐”的含义。bright 的意思与 clever 基本相同,常用于口语中,它一般用来形容小孩。
29.continue/last
Though it was late,they continued the work.虽然天晚了,他们仍继续工作。
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.这场战争持续了四年,最后北方取得胜利。
<辨析>comtinue 意为“继续”,可用作及物动词和不及物动词。作及物动词时,后接名词、代词、不定式或动名词。如:She continued to do(或 doing) her lessons.她继续做功课。After a short break the play continued.休息一下以后,演出继续进行。last 用作不及物动词,意为“延续”、“持续”、“维持”。多用于时间、气力、友谊、金钱、利益、食物等方面的延续。如:We're sure our friendship will last forever.我们相信,我们的友谊将会万古长表。How long did the concert last?音乐会开了多久?
30.country/nation
This country is in the west of Asia.这个国家位于亚洲的西部。
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at his death.听到他的死讯,全国陷入深深的悲痛之中。
<辨析>这两个名词都可解作“国家”,但着眼点不同。country 侧重指疆而言。nation 侧重指人民而言,因此 nation 常可译作“民族”。
31.no more than/not more than
He has no more than twenty yuan in his packet.他的口袋里只有20元。
He has not more than twenyt yuan is his packet.他口袋里的钱不超过20元。
<辨析>这两个短语在意义上是不相同的。1)后面接数词时,no more than 相当于 only,是“仅仅、只不过”的意思。not more than 相当于 at most,是“至多、不超过”的意思。前者强调少,后者说明事实。试比较:There are no more than ten tickets left.只剩下10张票了(表示不多了)。There are no
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