生态 自然和环保词汇.doc

生态、自然和环保

11

A
a killing frost 严寒
abrasion n. 侵蚀；磨损
acidification n.土地酸化
afforestation n. 绿化造林
agricultural ecology 农业生态学
air emission standards 空气排放标准
air pollution 空气污染
air pollution emission 空气污染排放(物)
algae n. 藻类，海藻
altitude n. 海拔
ample rainfall n. 充足的雨量
annual temperature range 年气温幅度
anomalies n. 反常（现象）
aquatic life 水生植物
arid adj. 干旱的
artificial rain n.人工降雨
ash n. 灰烬
atmosphere (The) n. 大气层
Autumnal Equinox (fall equinox) 秋分（9月22日左右）
Vernal Equinox (spring equinox) 春分（3月21日左右）

[详析] acid rain n.酸雨
Acid rain is an air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist. The "acid" in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.

[详析] alternative fuels --替代燃料
Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity.

B
barrier effect of mountains 山的阻隔效应、栅栏效应
beachgoer n. 海滩游客
biomes n. 生物群系

[详析] biosphere n. 生物圈
The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.

[详析] biota n. [生态]生物区
Biota means the animal and plant (fauna and flora) life of a given area.

[详析] black hole n. 黑洞
Black hole is a place where the gravity is so strong that light can't even escape from it. how would you know where to look for it? it can also be interpreted as gateways to an alternative universe.

C
canopy n. 树冠, 华盖
car exhaust n.汽车尾气
carbon dioxide (CO2) n. 二氧化碳
carbon monoxide (CO) n. 一氧化碳
clean energy n. 清洁能源
climate n. 气候
climatic anomaly 气候异常
climatic zones 气候带
Temperate 温带（气候）
the cool temperate zone 寒温带
the warm temperate zone 暖温带
Tropical 热带（气候）
Subtropical 亚热带（气候）
Tundra 苔原（气候）
Equatorial 赤道（气候）
Arid 干旱（气候）
Mediterranean 地中海式（气候）
Polar (arctic) 极地（气候）
Mountains 高山（气候）
Plateau 高原 （气候）
Maritime 海洋性（气候）
Continental climate 大陆气候
clint n. 石芽
coastline n.海岸线
combustion n. 燃烧
comet n.彗星
contamination n. 污染
continental plate 大陆板块
continental shelves 大陆架
contingency n. 偶发事件
convection n对流
corrasion n. 侵蚀
cost-effective adj. 成本效益好的，合算的
cumulonimbus clouds n. 积雨云

[详析] Clean Air Act n. 清洁空气法案
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments are the most far-reaching revisions of the 1970 law. In this summary, we refer to the 1990 amendments as the 1990 Clean Air Act.

[详析] clean fuels n. 清洁燃料
Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline

[详析] confluence n. 汇流（处）
A confluence is where a river joins another river.

D
daily maximum temperatures n. 日最高气温
daily minimum temperatures n. 日最低气温
death toll n. 死亡人数
debris flow 泥石流
decomposition n. 分解，腐烂
deep water n. 深冷水区
domestic sewage n. 生活污水
drought n. 旱灾
dust storm n. 沙尘暴

[例子] deforestation n.森林砍伐
Efforts have been made to stop deforestation ----the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel.

[例子] desertification n.（土壤）沙漠化，荒漠化
Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover and cause desertification.

E
earthquake n. 地震
earthquake magnitude 震级
eco-agriculture 生态农业
ecological impact 生态影响
eco-technology 生态技术
emission n. 排气；排放物
eddy n. / v. 旋涡, 起旋涡
Environment Abstracts 《环境文摘》environmental auditing 环境审核
environmental awareness 环保意识
environmental benefit 环境效益
environmental degradation 环境恶化
environmental hazards 环境危机
environmental lapse rate气温垂直递减率
environmental management 环境管理
environmental threats 环境威胁
environmentalist n. 环境保护主义者
epicenter n. 震中
Equator n. 赤道
equatorial zone 赤道地区
existing environmental regulations 现有环境规范条例
extinct species 灭绝的物种

[详析] ecosystem n. 生态系统
An ecosystem is defined as place having unique physical features, encompassing air, water, and land, and habitats supporting plant and animal life.

[详析]El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象
厄尔尼诺是西班牙语"El Nino"的音译。厄尔尼诺洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流，那时海底不再有冷的、丰富营养的海水,能引起鲸鱼和鱼类的死亡并且影响大部分太平洋地区的气候。在南美厄瓜多尔和秘鲁沿岸，海水每年都会出现季节性增暖现象，因为这种现象发生在圣诞节前后，则被当地渔民称为厄尔尼诺-即"圣婴"（上帝之子）的意思。现在厄尔尼诺一词已被气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常增暖的现象（在海洋气象学中规定，该海域海水表层温度高出气候平均值0.5℃以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上时定为厄尔尼诺出现）。
The term El Nino means ‘Christ Child’ and was first used by Peruvian fishermen in the late 1800’s to describe the warm current appearing off the western coast of Peru around Christmas time. El Nino, and its sister event – La Nina – are the extreme phases of the southern oscillation, with El Nino referring to a warming of the eastern tropical Pacific, and La Nina a cooling.又见L 词条中La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象

[详析] environment n. 环境
Environment refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.

F
fjord n. 峡湾
flood n. 洪水；洪灾
forest coverage rate 森林覆盖率
forestation n. 造林
freshwater pollution 淡水污染

[详析] firn n. 积雪；万年雪；冰原
Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice. It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero.

[详析] food chain 食物链
A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source.

[详析] fossil fuel 矿物燃料如石油、煤、天然气等，由古代生物衍生而成
Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

[详析] fungi (plural form of fungus) n. 真菌 (包括酵母、霉菌、担子菌和蘑菇等)
Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic.

［glossary］ [扩展]
molds n. 霉菌
bacteria n. 细菌
viruses n. 病毒（单数形式：virus）

G
[详析]galaxy [ ] n. 星系, 银河
1. A galaxy refers to a system of about 100 billion stars.
2. The Milky Way 银河系
genera n. (生物学)属, 类(genus 单数形式)
geothermal energy n. 地热能
glacier n. 冰河
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) 格林威治平时
grain for green 退耕还林(还草)
grassland n 草地，草原
greenhouse gases n. 温室气体
ground depression n. 面沉降；地面塌陷

global warming 全球变暖
[例句] Worldwide temperatures have been rising which suggests a global warming. 全世界温度上升,说明全球正在变暖.

gorge n. 山峡
[例句] Geological early-warning system has been set up in three gorges. 在三峡建了地质预警系统

[详析] greenhouse effect n. 温室效应
There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming.

[详析]ground cover n. 地被植物
Ground cover refers to plants grown to keep soil from eroding.

[详析] groundwater n. 地下水
It means the supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth (usually in aquifers) that often supplies wells and springs.

H
[详析] Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 危害性空气污染物
chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects.

habitat n. 自然环境，栖息地
hazardous chemicals 有害化学物质
hazardous substance危险品, 有害物质
hazardous waste 危险废弃物
haze n. 薄雾，霾
headland n. 岬
Himalayas 喜马拉雅山(脉)
hot springs 温泉

[详析] heat island effect 热岛效应
Cities form heat islands due to increased carbon dioxide.

[详析] herbivore n. 食草动物
Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants.

[扩展]
geysers 间歇泉
human exposure 人体照射
hydrocarbon n. 氮氢化合物，烃
hydrology n. 水文地理学

I
[详析] ice age 冰河时期， 冰川代
Ice Age refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.

[详析] ice sheet (continental glacier) (地) 大冰原；冰盾
During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).

ice shelf (海) 冰架
industrial solid wastes工业固体废物
insolation n. 暴晒；（医）中暑
international energy forum国际能源论坛
international energy foundation国际能源组织
isotope n.[化]同位素

[详析] infiltration (soil) n. 渗透
Infiltration means movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.

[详析] infrared n. 红外线
light that is so red humans cannot see it
[详析] infrared radiation 红外线辐射
Abbreviated IR; also called "longwave radiation". (简写为IR， 又称长波辐射)

[详析] isotherm n.等温线
A line that joins places with the same temperature.

K
karst n. 喀斯特地形（由于腐蚀而产生裂隙，落水洞，潜流和洞穴的不规则的石灰岩地区）
a karst cave 水蚀石灰洞； 溶洞

L

[详析] La Nina phenomenon (气候)拉尼娜现象
拉尼娜：拉尼娜是西班牙语"La Nina"-"小女孩"的意思。气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常变冷的现象（海水表层温度低出气候平均值0.5℃以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上）。拉尼娜也称反厄尔尼诺现象。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜现象通常交替出现，对气候的影响大致相反，通过海洋与大气之间的能量交换，改变大气环流而影响气候的变化。从近50年的监测资料看，厄尔尼诺出现频率多于拉尼娜，强度也大于拉尼娜。又见E 词条中El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象

land subsidence 地面沉降
lapse rate (山区) 气温垂直递减梯度
latitudes 纬度
longitudes 经度
life zone (生) 生物带
lava n. 熔岩，火山岩
leading-edge research 尖端研究
lightning n. 闪电
litter v. 乱扔垃圾
litter n. （树林里的）枯枝落叶层
local topography 当地地形

[详析] limestone scenery 岩溶景色
Limestone scenery, or karst, forms some of the most attractive scenery in Britain.

M
marine pollution n. 海洋污染
marsh gas；methane n. 沼气
mean annual temperatures n. 年平均气温
mean monthly temperatures n. 月平均气温
Mediterranean n. /adj. 地中海 (的)
melting Snow n. 融雪
meteor shower n. 流星雨
micro-climates n. 小气候
microorganism n. 微生物
mid and high latitudes 中高纬度地区
mineral n. 矿物
mist n. 薄雾
moist air 潮湿空气
moldy adj. 霉烂的
mosquito control n. 蚊虫控制
mountainous region n. 山区

[详析] marsh n.湿地, 沼泽
Marsh is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.

[详析] monsoon n. 季候风；（印度等地的）雨季, 季风
The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them.

[详析] mouth n. 入河口（入海口）
A mouth is where a river meets the sea or an ocean.

N
Natural disasters/ hazards n. 自然灾害、危害

[详析] natural selection n.[生]自然选择,物竞天择说
The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do not adapt disappear.

[扩展]
debris flow n. 泥石流
drought n.干旱
dust storm n. 沙尘暴
extratropical cyclone n. 温带气旋
earthquake n. 地震
flooding n.洪水, 水灾
forest fire n. 森林火灾
hail n. 冰雹
hurricane n.飓风
hurricane warning n. 飓风警报
hurricane watch n. 飓风监视
storm surge n. 风暴潮
tidal wave ( a tsunami) n. 海啸
tornado n.旋风, 龙卷风
tropical cyclone n. 热带气旋
tropical storm n. 热带风暴
typhoon n. 台风
volcano erupting n. 火山暴发
natural reserve / natural preservation zone 自然保护区
natural resource protection areas 自然资源保护区
nature-nurture 先天与后天；遗传与环境
nebula (pl. nebulae) n.星云
nitrogen dioxide n. 二氧化氮
Nitrogen oxide n.一氧化氮
noise pollution n. 噪音污染
nutrient adj. 有营养的
O
[详析] opacity n. 不透明性
A glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity.

ocean currents 洋流
ocean tide 海潮
oceanic plate 海洋板块
oil spill 石油泄漏
organism n.生物体，有机体

P
pest n.害虫, 瘟疫
pesticide n. 杀虫剂
photosynthesis n. 光合作用
planet n. 行星

[扩展]
Planet Earth 地球
Planet Jupiter 木星
Planet mars 火星
Planet Mercury 水星
Planet Neptune 海王星
Planet Pluto 冥王星
Planet Saturn 土星
Planet Uranus天王星
Planet Venus 金星
polar adj.（南，北）极的
Pollutant n. 污染物质
Pollution Abstracts 《污染文摘》简称PA
pollution index n. 污染指数
power plant n. 发电站, 发电厂
primary energy n. 一次能源
primary pollutant n. 一次污染物
protect natural habitats 保护生存环境
PST = Pacific Standard Time太平洋标准时间

[详析] plankton n. 浮游生物
plankton refers to passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants ( phytoplankton 浮游植物) and animals (zooplankton浮游动物 ).

[详析]precipitation n. 降水 (暴雨、雪、冻雪或冰雹降落到地表的任何形式的水)
Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail.

[扩展]GMT = Greenwich Mean Time (time at 0 long.) 格林尼治平时
EST = Eastern Standard Time（美国）东部时间

Q
Qinghai-Tibet plateau 青藏高原
quake n. 震动; 地震

R
radiation protection 辐射防护
radioactive materials 放射性物质
rainfall n. 下雨，雨量
rare or endangered species 珍稀濒危物种
recycle n. 回收
red tide n. 红潮
reflectivity n. 反射率
release n. 释放
renewable resources可再生资源
residue n. 残余物
resource degradation n. 资源消耗
respiration n.呼吸, 呼吸作用
Richter Scale n. 里氏地震强度表
river basin 流域

[例子]reservoir n.水库, 蓄水池
One of the goals is to have Three Gorges Dam act as a reservoir during China’s flood season.

S
salt marshes n. 盐沼
sand dunes n. 沙丘
seasonal variation n. 季节性波动
secondary pollutant n. 二次污染物
seismic (earthquake) activity n. 地震
seismic waves n. 地震波
sewage treatment/ disposal n. 污水处理
shelterbelt n. 防护林
shrubland n. 灌木林地
soil alkalinization n. 土壤碱化
soil erosion n. 土壤侵蚀
solar cycle n. 太阳活动周期
source （the start of a river） n. 源头
space trash n. 太空垃圾
stalagmite n. 石笋
stratosphere n.[气]同温层, 最上层, 最高阶段 (也是Las Vegas 赌城同名最高酒店)
Supernova n. 超新星
surface albedo n. 表面反照率
surface water n. 地表水
sulfur dioxide n. 二氧化硫
swamp n.沼泽, 湿地, 煤层聚水

[详析] silviculture n. 造林学, 林学
Silviculture refers to management of forest land for timber.

[详析] smog n. 工业烟雾, 烟雾污染
a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals.

[详析] solar wind n. 太阳风
The wind from the Sun.

[详析] Stalactite n. 地钟乳
Water dripping from the roofs of caves leave behind microscopic particles of calcium carbonate. These build up as icicle shaped stalactites.

[详析] sunspot n.太阳黑子
A relatively dark, sharply defined region n the solar disk
T
temperate adj.温和的
temperate climate n. 温和的气候
temperature variations n. 气温变化
the amount of rainfall n. 降雨量
the biological diversity n. 生物多样性
the Ganges 恒河
the ozone layer n. 臭氧层
the Pacific Ring of Fire n. 太平洋火环 （世界上最主要的火山带，系环绕太平洋的边缘分布，号称 “火环”）
thermal pollution n. 热污染
thermal power plants n. 热电站
three-D climate n. 立体气候
Three Gorges Project n. 三峡工程
Three Gorges reservoir n. 三峡水库
tree-hugger n. 环境保护狂 (有时甚至以抱树的方式来护树或宣示捍卫树木的决心-- 的环保人士)
tropical rain forest n. 热带雨林
tropical storm n. 热带风暴
thunder n. 雷, 雷声
toxic chemicals n. 有毒化学物质
tributaries n. 支流
tropical storm n. 热带风暴
traffic congestion交通拥塞

[详析]