生态 自然和环保词汇.doc

生态、自然和环保11Aa killing frost 严寒abrasion n. 侵蚀；磨损acidification n.土地酸化 afforestation n. 绿化造林agricultural ecology 农业生态学air emission standards 空气排放标准air pollution 空气污染air pollution emission 空气污染排放(物)algae n. 藻类，海藻altitude n. 海拔ample rainfall n. 充足的雨量annual temperature range 年气温幅度anomalies n. 反常（现象）aquatic life 水生植物arid adj. 干旱的artificial rain n.人工降雨ash n. 灰烬atmosphere (The) n. 大气层Autumnal Equinox (fall equinox) 秋分（9月22日左右）Vernal Equinox (spring equinox) 春分（3月21日左右）详析 acid rain n.酸雨Acid rain is an air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist. The acid in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.详析 alternative fuels -替代燃料Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity.Bbarrier effect of mountains 山的阻隔效应、栅栏效应beachgoer n. 海滩游客biomes n. 生物群系 详析 biosphere n. 生物圈The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.详析 biota n. 生态生物区Biota means the animal and plant (fauna and flora) life of a given area.详析 black hole n. 黑洞Black hole is a place where the gravity is so strong that light cant even escape from it. how would you know where to look for it? it can also be interpreted as gateways to an alternative universe.Ccanopy n. 树冠, 华盖car exhaust n.汽车尾气carbon dioxide (CO2) n. 二氧化碳 carbon monoxide (CO) n. 一氧化碳clean energy n. 清洁能源climate n. 气候climatic anomaly 气候异常climatic zones 气候带Temperate 温带（气候） the cool temperate zone 寒温带the warm temperate zone 暖温带Tropical 热带（气候）Subtropical 亚热带（气候）Tundra 苔原（气候）Equatorial 赤道（气候）Arid 干旱（气候）Mediterranean 地中海式（气候）Polar (arctic) 极地（气候）Mountains 高山（气候）Plateau 高原 （气候）Maritime 海洋性（气候）Continental climate 大陆气候clint n. 石芽coastline n.海岸线combustion n. 燃烧comet n.彗星contamination n. 污染continental plate 大陆板块continental shelves 大陆架contingency n. 偶发事件convection n对流corrasion n. 侵蚀cost-effective adj. 成本效益好的，合算的cumulonimbus clouds n. 积雨云详析 Clean Air Act n. 清洁空气法案The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments are the most far-reaching revisions of the 1970 law. In this summary, we refer to the 1990 amendments as the 1990 Clean Air Act.详析 clean fuels n. 清洁燃料Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline详析 confluence n. 汇流（处）A confluence is where a river joins another river.Ddaily maximum temperatures n. 日最高气温daily minimum temperatures n. 日最低气温death toll n. 死亡人数 debris flow 泥石流 decomposition n. 分解，腐烂deep water n. 深冷水区domestic sewage n. 生活污水 drought n. 旱灾dust storm n. 沙尘暴例子 deforestation n.森林砍伐Efforts have been made to stop deforestation -the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel.例子 desertification n.（土壤）沙漠化，荒漠化Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover and cause desertification.Eearthquake n. 地震earthquake magnitude 震级eco-agriculture 生态农业 ecological impact 生态影响eco-technology 生态技术 emission n. 排气；排放物eddy n. / v. 旋涡, 起旋涡Environment Abstracts 环境文摘environmental auditing 环境审核environmental awareness 环保意识 environmental benefit 环境效益 environmental degradation 环境恶化 environmental hazards 环境危机environmental lapse rate气温垂直递减率 environmental management 环境管理environmental threats 环境威胁environmentalist n. 环境保护主义者epicenter n. 震中Equator n. 赤道equatorial zone 赤道地区existing environmental regulations 现有环境规范条例extinct species 灭绝的物种详析 ecosystem n. 生态系统An ecosystem is defined as place having unique physical features, encompassing air, water, and land, and habitats supporting plant and animal life.详析El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象厄尔尼诺是西班牙语El Nino的音译。厄尔尼诺洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流，那时海底不再有冷的、丰富营养的海水,能引起鲸鱼和鱼类的死亡并且影响大部分太平洋地区的气候。在南美厄瓜多尔和秘鲁沿岸，海水每年都会出现季节性增暖现象，因为这种现象发生在圣诞节前后，则被当地渔民称为厄尔尼诺-即圣婴（上帝之子）的意思。现在厄尔尼诺一词已被气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常增暖的现象（在海洋气象学中规定，该海域海水表层温度高出气候平均值0.5以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上时定为厄尔尼诺出现）。The term El Nino means Christ Child and was first used by Peruvian fishermen in the late 1800s to describe the warm current appearing off the western coast of Peru around Christmas time. El Nino, and its sister event La Nina are the extreme phases of the southern oscillation, with El Nino referring to a warming of the eastern tropical Pacific, and La Nina a cooling.又见L 词条中La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象详析 environment n. 环境Environment refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.Ffjord n. 峡湾flood n. 洪水；洪灾forest coverage rate 森林覆盖率forestation n. 造林 freshwater pollution 淡水污染详析 firn n. 积雪；万年雪；冰原Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice. It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero.详析 food chain 食物链A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source.详析 fossil fuel 矿物燃料如石油、煤、天然气等，由古代生物衍生而成Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.详析 fungi (plural form of fungus) n. 真菌 (包括酵母、霉菌、担子菌和蘑菇等)Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic.glossary 扩展molds n. 霉菌bacteria n. 细菌viruses n. 病毒（单数形式：virus） G详析galaxy n. 星系, 银河1. A galaxy refers to a system of about 100 billion stars.2. The Milky Way 银河系genera n. (生物学)属, 类(genus 单数形式)geothermal energy n. 地热能glacier n. 冰河GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) 格林威治平时grain for green 退耕还林(还草) grassland n 草地，草原greenhouse gases n. 温室气体ground depression n. 面沉降；地面塌陷global warming 全球变暖例句 Worldwide temperatures have been rising which suggests a global warming. 全世界温度上升,说明全球正在变暖.gorge n. 山峡例句 Geological early-warning system has been set up in three gorges. 在三峡建了地质预警系统详析 greenhouse effect n. 温室效应There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming.详析ground cover n. 地被植物Ground cover refers to plants grown to keep soil from eroding.详析 groundwater n. 地下水It means the supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth (usually in aquifers) that often supplies wells and springs. H详析 Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 危害性空气污染物chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects.habitat n. 自然环境，栖息地hazardous chemicals 有害化学物质hazardous substance危险品, 有害物质hazardous waste 危险废弃物haze n. 薄雾，霾headland n. 岬Himalayas 喜马拉雅山(脉)hot springs 温泉 详析 heat island effect 热岛效应Cities form heat islands due to increased carbon dioxide.详析 herbivore n. 食草动物Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants.扩展geysers 间歇泉human exposure 人体照射hydrocarbon n. 氮氢化合物，烃hydrology n. 水文地理学I详析 ice age 冰河时期， 冰川代Ice Age refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.详析 ice sheet (continental glacier) (地) 大冰原；冰盾During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).ice shelf (海) 冰架industrial solid wastes工业固体废物 insolation n. 暴晒；（医）中暑international energy forum国际能源论坛international energy foundation国际能源组织isotope n.化同位素详析 infiltration (soil) n. 渗透Infiltration means movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.详析 infrared n. 红外线light that is so red humans cannot see it详析 infrared radiation 红外线辐射Abbreviated IR; also called longwave radiation. (简写为IR， 又称长波辐射)详析 isotherm n.等温线A line that joins places with the same temperature.Kkarst n. 喀斯特地形（由于腐蚀而产生裂隙，落水洞，潜流和洞穴的不规则的石灰岩地区）a karst cave 水蚀石灰洞； 溶洞L详析 La Nina phenomenon (气候)拉尼娜现象拉尼娜：拉尼娜是西班牙语La Nina-小女孩的意思。气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常变冷的现象（海水表层温度低出气候平均值0.5以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上）。拉尼娜也称反厄尔尼诺现象。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜现象通常交替出现，对气候的影响大致相反，通过海洋与大气之间的能量交换，改变大气环流而影响气候的变化。从近50年的监测资料看，厄尔尼诺出现频率多于拉尼娜，强度也大于拉尼娜。又见E 词条中El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象land subsidence 地面沉降lapse rate (山区) 气温垂直递减梯度latitudes 纬度longitudes 经度life zone (生) 生物带lava n. 熔岩，火山岩leading-edge research 尖端研究lightning n. 闪电litter v. 乱扔垃圾litter n. （树林里的）枯枝落叶层local topography 当地地形详析 limestone scenery 岩溶景色Limestone scenery, or karst, forms some of the most attractive scenery in Britain.Mmarine pollution n. 海洋污染marsh gas；methane n. 沼气 mean annual temperatures n. 年平均气温mean monthly temperatures n. 月平均气温Mediterranean n. /adj. 地中海 (的)melting Snow n. 融雪meteor shower n. 流星雨 micro-climates n. 小气候microorganism n. 微生物mid and high latitudes 中高纬度地区mineral n. 矿物mist n. 薄雾moist air 潮湿空气moldy adj. 霉烂的mosquito control n. 蚊虫控制mountainous region n. 山区详析 marsh n.湿地, 沼泽Marsh is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.详析 monsoon n. 季候风；（印度等地的）雨季, 季风The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them.详析 mouth n. 入河口（入海口）A mouth is where a river meets the sea or an ocean.NNatural disasters/ hazards n. 自然灾害、危害 详析 natural selection n.生自然选择,物竞天择说The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do not adapt disappear.扩展debris flow n. 泥石流drought n.干旱dust storm n. 沙尘暴extratropical cyclone n. 温带气旋earthquake n. 地震flooding n.洪水, 水灾forest fire n. 森林火灾hail n. 冰雹hurricane n.飓风hurricane warning n. 飓风警报hurricane watch n. 飓风监视storm surge n. 风暴潮tidal wave ( a tsunami) n. 海啸tornado n.旋风, 龙卷风tropical cyclone n. 热带气旋tropical storm n. 热带风暴typhoon n. 台风volcano erupting n. 火山暴发natural reserve / natural preservation zone 自然保护区 natural resource protection areas 自然资源保护区 nature-nurture 先天与后天；遗传与环境 nebula (pl. nebulae) n.星云nitrogen dioxide n. 二氧化氮 Nitrogen oxide n.一氧化氮noise pollution n. 噪音污染nutrient adj. 有营养的O详析 opacity n. 不透明性A glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity.ocean currents 洋流ocean tide 海潮oceanic plate 海洋板块oil spill 石油泄漏organism n.生物体，有机体Ppest n.害虫, 瘟疫pesticide n. 杀虫剂photosynthesis n. 光合作用planet n. 行星扩展Planet Earth 地球Planet Jupiter 木星Planet mars 火星Planet Mercury 水星Planet Neptune 海王星Planet Pluto 冥王星Planet Saturn 土星Planet Uranus天王星 Planet Venus 金星polar adj.（南，北）极的Pollutant n. 污染物质Pollution Abstracts 污染文摘简称PApollution index n. 污染指数power plant n. 发电站, 发电厂primary energy n. 一次能源 primary pollutant n. 一次污染物 protect natural habitats 保护生存环境PST = Pacific Standard Time太平洋标准时间详析 plankton n. 浮游生物plankton refers to passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants ( phytoplankton 浮游植物) and animals (zooplankton浮游动物 ).详析precipitation n. 降水 (暴雨、雪、冻雪或冰雹降落到地表的任何形式的水)Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earths surface. It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail.扩展GMT = Greenwich Mean Time (time at 0 long.) 格林尼治平时EST = Eastern Standard Time（美国）东部时间QQinghai-Tibet plateau 青藏高原 quake n. 震动; 地震Rradiation protection 辐射防护radioactive materials 放射性物质rainfall n. 下雨，雨量rare or endangered species 珍稀濒危物种 recycle n. 回收red tide n. 红潮 reflectivity n. 反射率release n. 释放renewable resources可再生资源 residue n. 残余物resource degradation n. 资源消耗respiration n.呼吸, 呼吸作用Richter Scale n. 里氏地震强度表river basin 流域例子reservoir n.水库, 蓄水池One of the goals is to have Three Gorges Dam act as a reservoir during Chinas flood season.Ssalt marshes n. 盐沼sand dunes n. 沙丘seasonal variation n. 季节性波动secondary pollutant n. 二次污染物 seismic (earthquake) activity n. 地震seismic waves n. 地震波sewage treatment/ disposal n. 污水处理 shelterbelt n. 防护林 shrubland n. 灌木林地soil alkalinization n. 土壤碱化 soil erosion n. 土壤侵蚀 solar cycle n. 太阳活动周期source （the start of a river） n. 源头space trash n. 太空垃圾stalagmite n. 石笋stratosphere n.气同温层, 最上层, 最高阶段 (也是Las Vegas 赌城同名最高酒店)Supernova n. 超新星surface albedo n. 表面反照率surface water n. 地表水sulfur dioxide n. 二氧化硫swamp n.沼泽, 湿地, 煤层聚水详析 silviculture n. 造林学, 林学Silviculture refers to management of forest land for timber.详析 smog n. 工业烟雾, 烟雾污染a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals. 详析 solar wind n. 太阳风The wind from the Sun.详析 Stalactite n. 地钟乳Water dripping from the roofs of caves leave behind microscopic particles of calcium carbonate. These build up as icicle shaped stalactites.详析 sunspot n.太阳黑子A relatively dark, sharply defined region n the solar diskTtemperate adj.温和的temperate climate n. 温和的气候temperature variations n. 气温变化the amount of rainfall n. 降雨量the biological diversity n. 生物多样性the Ganges 恒河the ozone layer n. 臭氧层the Pacific Ring of Fire n. 太平洋火环 （世界上最主要的火山带，系环绕太平洋的边缘分布，号称 “火环”）thermal pollution n. 热污染thermal power plants n. 热电站three-D climate n. 立体气候Three Gorges Project n. 三峡工程 Three Gorges reservoir n. 三峡水库 tree-hugger n. 环境保护狂 (有时甚至以抱树的方式来护树或宣示捍卫树木的决心- 的环保人士)tropical rain forest n. 热带雨林 tropical storm n. 热带风暴 thunder n. 雷, 雷声toxic chemicals n. 有毒化学物质tributaries n. 支流tropical storm n. 热带风暴traffic congestion交通拥塞详析