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动词的时态:
课标考点
1.掌握动词的第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成。
2.掌握动词的8种时态的基本结构及区别。
3.了解过去将来时、过去完成时的基本用法。
考点一:动词的时态:
初中阶段应掌握的时态有八种,即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。
1、 一般现在时
肯定句
疑问句
否定句
I work.
Do I work ?
I do not work ,
He(She, It) works .
Does he (she, it ) work ?
He(She, It) does not work .
We(You, They ) work .
Do we (you , they ) work ?
We(You, They ) do not work .
(1)结构:(以work为例)
(2)用法:
①表示事实、现状、性质或经常性或习惯性的动作,通常与often, usually ,always, sometimes, today ,every day/…, once(twice, three times) a week , every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用.
She usually goes to school at 7:00. / We often visit that old teacher on Sundays.
②表示客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun. / Shanghai lies in the east of China.
③ 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 / No man but errs. 人非圣贤。
④表示现在时间里所发生的一个动作。如:Here comes the bus .
⑤在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时。如:
I’ll go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow .
注:在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要用第三人称单数数形式,即在动词原形后加-s或-es。
第三人称单数归纳:
(1)人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。如:
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。
It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。
(2)单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;是第三人称单数。如:
①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。
②Beijing is in China. 北京在中国。 ③Uncle Wang often makes cakes.王叔叔经常做蛋糕。
(3)单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时,是第三人称单数。如:
①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 ②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。
③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。 ④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。
(4)不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时,是第三人称单数。如:
①Everyone is here.大家到齐了
②There is something wrong with the watch. 这块手表有毛病。
③This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 ④That is an eraser. 那是一块橡皮擦。
(5)不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如:
①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。 ②The bread is very small. 那面包很小。
(6)当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数。如:
① "6" is a lucky number. "6"是个吉利数字。 ② "I" is a letter. "I"是个字母。
(3)单数第三人称形式变化规律如下:
① 多数动词直接在动词后+s 如: play- plays like-likes ask-asks
② 以字母s, x, sh, ch, o 结尾的动词,在词尾加-es
如: watch–watches wish- wishes do- does go- goes pass-passes
③ 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词变y 为i再加-es
try-tries study-studies fly- flies carry-carries
④ 不规则变化: be- is /are have- has
读音规则:在t , p ,k等清辅音后读/s/; 在s, z等后读/IZ/ ; 在浊辅音及元音后读/z/.
2、现在进行时
(1) 结构:am/ is / are +动词-ing形式
(2) 用法:
①表示现在正在进行或发生的动作(不指状态),常与时间状语有Now, right now, at this time, at the moment, at 5:00等,并常出现在祈使句中,与look! Listen!连用。如:Are you watching TV now? / Listen ! She is singing in the next room .
② 表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作。如:We are planting trees these days .
③ 表示位置移动的动词的进行时表示 动作将要发生。 Come , go , leave , arrive ,fly 等,并常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如:They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon .
(3) 现在分词的变化规律:
①一般情况下,直接加ing. look---looking cook –-- cooking
②以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e再加ing like--- liking hate---hating
③元音+辅音结尾的,且是重读闭音节的动词,要双写这个辅音字母,再加ing . run---running put--- putting sit- sitting swim--- swimming begin---beginning stop---stopping
④特殊:die—dying ; lie –--lying ; tie—tying
3、一般将来时
(1)结构:shall / will+动词原形
(2) 用法:①表示将要发生的动作或状态,常用的时间状语有:later (on) , soon, tomorrow, next Monday / Sunday…, tomorrow, the coming Sunday, in+一段时间: in a few days, in five years, in the future 等. 如:I shall be eighteen years old next year . ② 表示某种必然的趋势。如: Fish won’t live without water .
(3)注意:① 在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的句中,用will 表示请求。如:Where shall we have lunch ? ② 当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿、决心、允诺、命令等。如:I will give Xiaoming a good gift for his birthday . ③ 在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:I will write to Jim when she arrives there . ④ “be going to + 动词原形”也可表示将来时。a. 表示主观意愿、打算等。如:He’s going to learn English next term . b. 根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况。如: Look at the black clouds ! It is going to rain .
[提示] 非延续性动词的进行时常表达将来之意,如:come , go , leave , start , finish 等。如:
She’s leaving for England next month .
4、一般过去时
表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动作。句中的动词要变为过去式(1)句型结构:
① be动词型 如:I was a student last year .
Were you at home this morning ? – Yes, I was . / No, I wasn’t
② 行为动词型:Tom went to Shanghai last year . / John didn’t live here last year .
Did you see him just now ?
(2) 用法:① 主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 His friend was at work yesterday .
② 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often , always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。
He often went to work by bus last year .
③ 和when 等引导的时间状语连用。 When he got home, he had a rest .
④ 常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:ago , yesterday , last week , in the old days , when I was five years old ,I 1995等。 We began our work three hours ago .
(3) 动词过去式的变化规则:
①一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。
look→looked play→played start→started visit→visited
② 以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。 live→lived use→used
③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词先将 y 改为i ,再加 –ed。 study→studied, try→tried fly→flied
④ 以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母后,再加 –ed 如:
stop→stopped plan→planned, prefer→preferred
⑤不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如:
am(is)--was , are—were, go--went ,come--came, take—took , have (has)--had等
5、现在完成时:
(1)构成:助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词 (过去分词变化规则基本与过去式变化相同。有些特殊变化需单独记忆。)
(2) 用法:①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调对现在造成的影想或结果。有时与just , already , yet , recently , before , twice ,three times 等时间状语连用。 如:
I have seen the film already . 金我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。)
②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since + 时间点”,“for + 时间段”及how long, (ever) since , ever , before , so far , in the last / past few years ,up to now , till now 等时间状语连用。如:We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years . / So far there has been no bad news .
(3) 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等;而现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。因此,若影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了。如:
I saw the movie yesterday.(强调电影是昨天看的)
I have already seen the film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in
(4)延续性动词
在现在完成里中,如果有持续的时间,要把非延续性动词变为延续性动.如:
I have had the book for two days . 这本书我已经买了两天了。 (用had,而不用bought )
I have been in Beijing for tow two weeks . 我已经来北京两周了。 (用been in ,而不用come to )
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表
⑴ have arrived at / in sp , got to / reached sp, come / gone /moved to sp → have been in sp
⑵ have come / gone back , returned → have been back
⑶ have come / gone out → have been out
⑷ have become → have been
⑸ have closed / opened → have been closed / open
⑹ have got up → have been up
⑺ have died → have been dead
⑻ have left sp → have been away sp
⑼ have fallen asleep / gone to sleep → have been asleep
⑽ have finished / ended / completed →
⑾ have married → have been married
⑿ have started / begun to do sth → have done sth
⒀ have begun →have been on
⒁ have borrowed / bought → have had
⒂ have lost → haven’t had
⒃ have put on → have own
⒄ have caught / got a cold → have had a cold
⒅ have got to know → have known
⒆ have gone to → have been in
⒇ have joined / taken part in the league / the Party /the army →have been a member of / have been in the league / the Party / the army ,have been the Party’s member / the league member / the soldier
6、过去进行时
(1)结构:was / were +doing
(2)用法:过去进行时主要表示过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。 如:His father fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself .
(3)常用的时间状语:this morning , the whole morning , all day yesterday , from nine to ten , last evening , when , while .
(4)when 和while 的区别是:
① 引导时间状语从句时,while 连接的是时间段,而when连接的多是时间点。如:What was your father doing your mother was cooking ?
② while 可以连接两个并列的句子,而when不可以。如:I was trying my best to finish my work while my sister was watching TV .
③ when是特殊疑问词,对时间进行提问,while不是。如: When were you born ?
7、过去完成时
(1)结构:had + 动词的过去分词
(2)用法:① 表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,也就是“过去的过去”。常以by , before 短语或when , before, after , until等引导的从句为前提。如:My teacher said she had never been to London . / When the police arrived , the thieves .
②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去的时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样,也常与how long , for three days , before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。如:When Jack arrived ,he learned Mary
for almost an hour .
8、过去将来时
(1)结构:would +动词原形或was / were + going to +动词原形
(2)用法:表示从过去的某一时刻看,将要发生的动作。如:His uncle said that a good harvest the nest year. 他叔叔说明年会有个好收成。
【提醒】在由if引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句中用过去将来时态,if 从句中需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如:Amy said that she would go shopping if it didn’t rain the next day . 艾米说如果明天不下雨,也就去购物。
动词的被动语态:
英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
1. 被动语态的构成:主语 + be + 动词的过去分词
(1) 一般现在时:主语 + am / is / are + 动词的过去分词
(2) 一般过去时:主语 + was /were + 动词的过去分词
(3) 一般将来时:主语 +will / shall / be going to + be + 动词的过去分词
如:A bridge will be built over the river .
(4) 现在进行时:主语 + am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词
如: A bridge is being built over the river .
(5) 现在完成时:主语 + have / has + been + 动词的过去分词
(6) 过去进行时:主语 + was /were + being +动词的过去分词
(7) 过去完成时:主语 + had + been + 动词的过去分词
(8) 过去将来时:主语 + would be + 动词的过去分词
(9) 含有情态动词的被动语态:主语 + 情态动词+ be +动词的过去分词
如: A bridge can be seen over the river .
(10) 在使役动词have , make , get , let 以及感官动词 see , find , watch , notice , hear ,feel 等后面不定式作宾主补足语时,在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略,但变为被动语态时,要加 to 。 如:
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 改为:A stranger was seen into the building .
2. 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义:
(1) 英语中有很多动词,如:break , catch, clean ,drive , lock , open , sell, read ,write , wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动的意义,主语通常是物。如:
This kind of cloth .这种布料很好洗。
【注意】主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较 :The door won’t lock . (指门本身有毛病)
The door won’t be locked .(指不会有人来锁门,表示“门没有锁”是人的原因。)
(2) 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen , last , take place , break out , turn out 等以主动形式表示被动的意义。 如:
How do the newspapers com out ?这些报纸是如何印刷出来的呢?
(3) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词。如:feel , sound , taste 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如:
Your reason sounds reasonable . 你的理由听起来很合理。
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