阅读理解专题——猜测词义.doc

江苏省包场高级中学 高一英语集体备课讲义
阅读理解专题③——猜测词义

一、 目标预设
通过本节课学习，提高学生阅读理解猜测词义的解题能力。
二、 知识梳理
（一）在阅读中，我们会经常遇到一些生词，需要根据上下文猜测它们的词义。此类问题考查考生紧扣原文，根据上下文语境判断单词、短语或短句意义的能力。
阅读猜测词义十种方法
1．根据定义或解释猜测词义
这类定义或解释通常由生词后的同位语（从句）或定语从句引出。
例：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.
析：同位语意思是，stethoscope是用来听病人心脏跳动和呼吸的仪器，即“听诊器”。
2．根据对比关系猜测词义
当句中含有but, however, yet, though, although, on the other hand, instead，in contrast等表示转折意义的词时，前后句含有对比意义，据此可以猜测生词的词义。
例：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I knew. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest.
析：in contrast对比之下，supercilious与modest意义相对应，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“傲慢的；目空一切的”。
3．根据因果关系猜测词义
表示因果关系的信息词有：because, so, therefore, thus, so…that等。
例：I found I was paying too much attention to the job and thus sacrificing my study time.
析：thus是信息词，因为我对工作过分注意，因此失去了许多学习的时间，这样就得知sacrifice意为“牺牲；失去”。
4．根据同等关系猜测词义
表示同等关系的信息词有：and, or, or rather, to be more exactly, namely, that’s to say,
in other words，that is等。
例：His secret for a living and healthy life has been well publicized---no alcohol, no cigarette and no anger.
析：由a living and healthy life以及同类名词cigarette可推测alcohol意为“酒精”。
5．根据同义词、近义词或反义词猜测词义
这类同义词、近义词或反义词往往有and, or, but, however等信息词作暗示。
例：In our competitive world of today, examinations have a highly selecting or filtering role.
析：句中selecting 与filtering含义相近，可由selecting（挑选）推测filtering 意为“筛选；选拔”。
6．根据标点符号猜测词义
这类标点符号通常为括号、冒号、破折号、逗号等。
例：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.
析：根据冒号后面所举例子可知periodicals意为“magazines published at regular times”， 即“期刊”。

7．根据经验或常识猜测词义
有时需要根据中学生应具备的基本知识或常识作出合理的推测判断。
例：The heat of sun warms some ocean water. The surface of the water evaporates, forming a cloud of warm, wet air that moves upward.
析：结合地理学科中云团的形成过程可知，“海水因受到光照蒸发，水气上升形成暖湿云团”。由此可知evaporates意为“蒸发”。
8．根据上下文语境猜测词义
俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。特定的上下文往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因素。
例：The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting.
析：第二句有came together（聚到一起），很明显学生们是“聚集到”学校大厅前听校长宣布运动会的成绩。
9．根据举例、举例猜测词义
这类信息词有such as, for example, for instance等短语。
例：Today young couples who are just starting their household often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machine, fridge and colour TV sets.
析： 从for instance后所列举的例子可知，appliances意为“electric equipment used at home”，即“家用电器”。
10．根据构词法猜测词义
英语中构词法有三种，即派生、转化和合成。
例：He was performing before a packed home and his technique was unbelievable, his tone was wonderful and his audience deeply loved him.
析：unbelievable是由词根believe，前缀un-，后缀-able组成，意为“cannot be believed”，即“难以置信的”
三、达标检测
1. It will be very hard but also very brittle--- that is, it will break easily.
2. A strict vegetarian is a person who never eats meat in his life. 3. Some actions are learned, but other actions are innate.
4. Some readers try to understand the general idea while others look for specific details.
5. Anthropologist thought the Indians’ culture would be very primitive; however, they found many modern elements in the Indian’s lives.
6. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
7.The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
8.There are many sources of air pollution; exhaust fumes, for example.
9.But for the captain’s courage, perseverance, and powerful will, people on board would have died.
10.Each person has a cup and saucer, a spoon and a plate for bread-and-butter breakfast.
11.Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles northwest of Rio de Jaciro, designed by the great architect Lucio Costa.
12. It was a blue Monday and he just didn’t like going back to work.
13.There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get--- from, say, travel agents, shoe repairers, hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. （05湖北C）
64.The underlined wore “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “____ _____”.
A. the services B. the workers C. the goods D. the rules
四、巩固训练
1.It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life's doors will remain forever closed.
66.“A prestigious university”is most probably
A. a famous university B. a technical university
C. a traditional university D. an expensive university
2. Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
56. The underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 more likely means somebody or something that is __ __.
A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you
3.Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules (分子) held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.
What does "glyco-"' in the underlined word "'glycoprotein" in the last paragraph mean?
A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. Molecule
4.A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren’t used to the early hour.
49. The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ _____”.
A. turn around B. agree with others C. fall asleep D. refuse to work
5.For years we have been told that encouraging a child’s self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backscat of the car.
61. The underlined words “Praise-sholic kids” refers to kids who are __.
A. tired of being praised B. worthy of being praised
C. very proud of being praised D. extremely fond of being praised
6.When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.
65.The underlined part ”the colours turned the customers off ”(in para 3) means that the colours___
A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effected on the customers
C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest

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